Implementation of Fuzzy Logic Controller on ECS Applications

to Reduce CO2 Emission

Yaser Qudaih*, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University
Takashi Hiyama, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University

Abstract- Conventional controllers such as PID, shows flexible on such system, in addition to simplicity of simulations.
ways to deal with electrical equipments; however, intelligent Therefore a ring three-phase instantaneous model has been
controllers show more powerful techniques to deal with such implemented using Matlab/Simulink environment. The single
systems. In this paper a combination of PI and Fuzzy Logic
line diagram is shown in Fig.1.
Controllers have been implemented in order to make the Energy
Capacitor System (ECS) working efficiently in power distribution
system where uncontrollable renewable energy sources have been
used. Results show quite big improvement in the real power that
supply to the system from a bigger infinite-bus system. Carbon
Dioxide (CO2) reduction as a target behind building such systems has
been considered and discussed in such a way to use the largest
amount of energy produced by the renewable energy sources without
affecting the system performance negatively which results in CO2
emission to be reduced.

Index Terms- CO2 Minimization, ECS, Fuzzy logic controller,

Power distribution system.

I. INTRODUCTION
Fig. 1. Single line diagram shows the connection the DG units to the system

S INCE the studies started to take into account the

minimization of CO2 in the atmosphere, the renewable
energy sources were incrementally implemented and rapidly
A. DG penetration
Diesel generator, wind turbine, and photovoltaic systems
occupying an important and huge place in power systems, are connected to represent the effect of DG penetration.
namely, distributed generations (DG) can be found in most of Three-phase current injection method is used to connect the
the recently built and developed distribution systems. DG to the distribution network.
The performance of those systems is affected by the B. ECS
penetration of the DG. Reliability, performance and also
Energy Capacitor System (ECS) consists of capacitors and
stability of the system are the main topics following the new
power electronics. It is used as an energy storage system. The
technology implementations, thus the Energy Capacitor
capacitor part of the ECS is a group of electric double layer
Systems as a new technology of saving energy is participating
capacitors of increased energy density. Similar to PV and
and involving in solving such matters [1].
other elements, the AC side of the three-phase instantaneous
Conventional and intelligent controllers present where the
model is considered in this paper. Charging and discharging
ECS present, which is supposed to be relatively small in size
operation of the ECS is utilized for Load Following Operation
for economical reasons. Such matters have been discussed in
control and for Automatic Generation Control as well. Fig. 2
this paper in order to achieve the target of CO2 reduction
shows the charging and discharging operation.
using the ECS technology to keep the distribution system
performed well in the presence of wind energy and
photovoltaic energy systems. Finding the suitable measures to
evaluate the minimization of CO2 emission in atmosphere is a
continuous job to be started from this research paper, where an
example of increasing power generated from wind has been
illustrated. According to [2], the amount of CO2 emitted is the
product of the amount of fossil fuel consumed and the amount
of CO2 emitted per unit quantity of that fuel.

II. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION

Medium tension Power Distribution System with a three-
phase representation was the most suitable system to be a
target for this paper. The reason behind that was the flexibility
of reconfiguring the system and detecting the effect of the DG Fig. 2. Charging/Discharging operation of the ECS with the DG support
 Keeping the charging/discharging operation in the specified To evaluate the CO2 emission, Table I illustrates an
range vitally depends on the diesel generator support and example of using more clean energy extracted from wind and
using the suitable controllers. The charging and discharging compensates the lack of energy caused by reducing the diesel
level of the ECS was specified from 0.9 kWh to 3 kWh and usage.
the rating power is ± 1.5 MW in the case study of this paper. TABLE I
TOTAL ENERGY PRODUCED BY THE NON-RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES WITH
TWO DIFFERENT LEVELS OF WIND ENERGY GENERATION
III. CONTROL STRATEGY
Both the ECS and the diesel generator are coordinated with Total Energy
Total Energy
Received from
each others by using the suitable combination of Fuzzy logic Simulation time=100s Generated by
Infinite-bus
and PI controllers in order to regulate the power supplying the Diesel (Wh)
system (Wh)
system from the infinite-bus. Controllers at every stage of the wind unit, 1MW
system are shown in Fig. 3, where P is the real power from the rating power 72.1 0.15
infinite-bus system, Pecs is the power modulation of the ECS,E With
is the stored energy and DPset is the control signal to the diesel wind unit, 2MW
ECS 48.5 -0.25
unit. rating power
wind unit, 1MW
With rating power 69.442 3.129
out
ECS wind unit, 2MW
34.72 14.1
rating power

The amount of CO2 emission will be reduced following the

reduction of using the diesel which is fossil fuel to about 35%
according to the above table, which is equivalent to a total
emission saving of CO2 as follow:

Emission saving (tons CO2) = renewable energy generated (Wh)×

Fig 3. Implementation PI and Fuzzy logic controllers emission factor(kgCO2/Wh) ×0.001

The well regulated real power output has been shown in the
result and compared with the conventional case when the
coordination process between the ECS and the diesel unit is
not possible.
IV. RESULTS
Tow kinds of results have been found. First to show the
efficient usage ECS with PI and Fuzzy logic controllers in
regulating the real power by absorbing the fluctuations caused
by the renewable energy sources, that illustrated in Fig.4.
Second results show the overall energy efficiency of the
system after increasing the wind energy delivered to the
system in order to reduce the amount of CO2 emission. Table
I, shows the detailed result of energy generated by the
conventional power sources such as diesel unit and infinite-
bus source.
Related to the example in this paper the emission saving=
23.7×0.00043×0.001=0.0000102 (tones CO2) in case of one
unit wind of 1000kw rating power and 47.4×0.00043×0.001=
0.0000204 (tones CO2) in case of double sized wind turbine.
That is similar to the example given by Carbon Trust [3], with
the assumption that additional emissions caused by the
renewable technology transport and manufacture are ignored
and should be considered by the applicant.
If considering the PV implementation in the system and
according to [4], PV systems, especially grid-connected
systems, can contribute significantly in the mitigation of CO2
emission.
V. CONCLUSION
CO2 emission can be minimized by using more clean
sources such as wind. The system performance kept good in
the presence of the ECS with the suitable controllers.

VI. REFERENCES
[1] Y. Qudaih, and T. Hiyama, “Reconfiguration of Power Distribution
System Using Multi Agent and Hierarchical Based Load Following
Operation with Energy Capacitor System,” in Proc. The 8th international
power engineering conference (IPEC2007)- Singapore, pp. 263-267.
[2] Martin M. Halmann, and Meyer Steinberg. “Green House Gas Carbon
Dioxide Mitigation,” Book, Published by CRC press, 1999.
[3] Carbon Trust website, http://www.carbontrust.co.uk Available in 10
November, 2008.
[4] Alsema E.A. “Energy Requirements and CO2 Mitigation Potential of PV
Fig 4. (a): Received power with ECS, PI and Fuzzy logic controllers’ Systems.” BNL/NREL Workshop "PV and the Environment 1998",
implementation. (b): Received power without ECS implementation. Keystone, CO, 1998.