CHEMISTR Y PROJECT

By Chitranjan singh XII Science

Acknowledgement
I, Chitranjan Singh of class XII Science express my gratitude to my school authorities for allowing me to undertake the project titled Alloy Analysis I naturally could not have done justice to my delicate assignment, had I not been privileged to get the animate guidance from Mrs Neerja Chaturvedi, Chemistry teacher of Mayoor School,Ajmer.

Signatures: Student: Internal : External:

Constituents of An Alloy Introduction An Alloy is a homogenous mixture of two or more metals or a non-metal. Alloying one metal with other metal or non metal often enhances its properties. For instance, The properties especially tensile strength,shear strength etc are appreciably affected . An alloy of mercury with another metal is called amalgam. Alloys are usually harder than their components but very often less ductile and less malleable. Thus the hardness of gold is increased by addition of copper to it. The melting point of an alloy is always lower than the melting points of the constituent metals. Unlike pure metals most alloys do not have a single melting point. Instead,they have a melting range in which the material is a mixture of solid and liquid phases. The temperature at which melting starts is called solidus and the point at which it gets completed is called liquidus. However, for most alloys there is a particular proportion of constituents which give them a single melting point or (rarely)two. This is called the alloys eutectic mixture.

Other properties such as reactivity towards atmospheric oxygen and moisture, mechanical strength, ductility, colour etc. also under goes a change when an alloy is made from its constituents (metals). This change of properties is very useful and makes an alloy beneficial.

Some of the alloys along with their composition is given below. 1. Brass :It consists copper-50-90%. Zinc. : 20-40% and small amounts of tin, lead and iron. 2. Bronze : It consists copper 60-90%. Tin : 5-35% and also contains small amounts of lead, iron and zinc. Duralumin : It consists A1 : 95%, Cu = 4% Mn = 0.5%, Mg = 0.5% Gun Metal : It consists copper 85 - 90% Zinc. : 1-3% Tin : 8-12%

3. 4.

The composition of alloys may differ slightly depending upon the quality of the alloy though the main components remain the same

Preparation of Alloys Alloys are prepared from the techniques of fusion, compression or simultaneous electro - deposition. Generally the components are mixed together in proper properties in a fuse clay crucible, melted and stirred with a piece of charcoal to avoid oxidation. The molten mixture is now allowed to cool. When an alloy is obtained e.g. brass is prepared by above melted. Analysis of an alloy The complete analysis of an alloy involves two steps. 1. Qualitative Analysis : This involves identification of the components of the alloys. 2. Quantitative Analysis : This involves determination of the components of the alloy. It involves the separation of the components from the alloy quantitatively followed by determination of percentage of each component volumetrically or gravimetrically. In this project we will carry out qualitative analysis only.

Experiment - 1 [Constituents of Alloy] Aim : To find the composition of a 10 paise old coin Procedure:
1. Place a 10 paise old coin in a china dish and heat this with minimum quantity of 50% HNO3 so as to dissolve the piece completely. 2. Continue heating the solution till a dry solid residue is obtained. 3. Dissolve the solid residue in dil. HCl and filter. Add distilled water to the filtrate RESULT:-

Test
Add dil.HCl Take its filterate Add H2S Take its filterate Boil it to remove H2S,then add NH4Cl and NH4OH (confirmatory test)

Observation
No reaction No reaction White ppt is observed

Inference
Group 1 absent Group 2 absent Group 3 absent

add dil.HCl +drops of blue litmus solution+NH4OH

Take its filterate

blue ppt in colourless medium is obtained

Al3+ confirmed

add H2S with NH4Cl and NH4OH

no ppt is formed

Group 4 absent

Take its filterate

(NH4)2CO3 in presence of NH4OH On the left out part add NH4Clwith NH4OH and add (NH4)2PO4

no ppt is formed

Group 5 absent

a white ppt is formed

Group 6 present Mg2+ confirmed

RESULT:The coin has aluminium and magnesium

Experiment - 2 [Constituents of Alloy] Aim : To find the composition of a 5 rupee coin

Procedure:
1. Place a 5 rupee old coin in a china dish and heat this with minimum quantity of 50% HNO3 so as to dissolve the piece completely. 2. Continue heating the solution till a dry solid residue is obtained. 3. Dissolve the solid residue in dil. HCl and filter. Add distilled water to the filtrate

Test
Add dil.HCl Take its filterate Add H2S (confirmatory test) Dissolve in 50% HNO3 add NH4OH Take its filterate Boil it to remove H2S,then add NH4Cl and NH4OH (confirmatory test) add potassium sulphocyanide Take its filterate add H2S with NH4Cl and NH4OH

Observation
No reaction Black ppt is observed Blue colour is observed

Inference
Group 1 absent Group 2 present Cu2+ confirmed

brownish ppt is observed

Group 3 present

Blood red colour is obtained black ppt is formed

Fe3+ confirmed

Group 4 present

(confirmatory test) Add D.M.G i.e Dimethyl glyoxime Take its filterate (NH4)2CO3 in presence of NH4OH On the left out part add NH4Clwith NH4OH and add (NH4)2PO4 . RESULT:-

Bright red colour is obtained

Ni2+ confirmed

no ppt is formed

Group 5 absent

No ppt is formed

Group 6 absent

The coin has copper ,nickel and iron

Uses of alloys
i) To modify chemical reactivity :When sodium is used as reducing agent it is too reactive to be used but its allay with mercury, called sodium amalgam can be safely used as reducing agent. ii) To increase hardness :Hardness of gold is increased by adding copper to it. Also zinc is added to copper to make copper hard in form of brass. iii) To increase tensile strength :Nickeloy, an alloy of Nickel (1%), Copper (4%) and aluminium (95%) has high tensile strength. iv) To lower the melting point :Solder metal which is an alloy of Sn(30%) and Pb(70%) has very less meting point as compared to melting points of Sn and Pb. v) To modify the colour :Aluminium bronze an alloy of Cu and Al has beautiful golden colour. vi) To resist corrosion:Iron gets rusted and corroded. Its corrosion takes place with time but stainless steel, an alloy of iron and carbon get not rusted the composition of stainless steel is : Iron - 98% Carbon - 2%