Experiment 1.2 Effect of concentration on the rate of reaction.

. Aim: To investigate the effect of concentration of a reactant on the rate of reaction. Problem statement: Hypothesis: Variables: Manipulated variable: Responding variable: Controlled variable: Concentration of sodium thiosulphate solution Rate of reaction Temperature, total volume of the reacting mixture, concentrated and volume of sulphuric acid, size of conical flask How does the concentration of a reactant affect the rate of reactant? When the concentration increases, the rate of reaction becomes higher.

Apparatus: 150 cm3 conical flasks, 50 cm3 measuring cylinder, 10 cm3 measuring cylinder, stopwatch. Materials: 0.2 mol dm-3 sodium thiosulphate solution, 1.0 mol dm-3 sulphuric acid, distilled water, white paper with a mark X at the centre.

DIAGRAM (Figure 1.7 pg 11 practical book)

Procedure:

1. By using a measuring cylinder, 45 cm3 of 0.2 mol dm-3 sodium

2. thiosulphate solution was poured into a conical flask. The conical flask was placed on top of a piece of white paper with a mark X. By using another measuring cylinder, 5 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm-3 sulphuric acid was poured quickly and carefully into the conical flask and the stopwatch was started immediately. The mixture in the conical flask was swirled a few times and placed it back on the white paper. The mark X was observed vertically from the top through the solution as shown in the diagram above. The time t required for the mark X to disappear from sight was recorded. The experiment was repeated four more times using different volumes of 0.2 mol dm-3 sodium thiosulphate solution to be diluted with different volumes of distilled water as shown in the table below. The other conditions remain unchanged.

3.
4.

5. 6. 7.

8. The results were recorded. Data and Observation: Volume of Volume Total -3 0.2 mol dm Volume of 1.0 volume sodium of mol dm-3 of thiosulphate, distille sulphuric reacting Na2S2O3 d water acid, mixture, 3 solution, V1 (cm ) H2SO4 V2 (cm3) (cm3) (cm3) 45.0 0.0 5.0 50.0 40.0 5.0 5.0 50.0 30.0 15.0 5.0 50.0 20.0 25.0 5.0 50.0 10.0 35.0 5.0 50.0 Concentratio n of sodium thiosulphate solution, M2 (mol dm-3) M2 = M1V1 V2 0.18 0.16 0.12 0.08 0.04

Set

Time (s)

1/time, 1/t (s-1)

I II III IV V

18.18 20.05 26.98 40.82 83.24

Interpreting Data: 4. Based on graph concentration of sodium thiosulphate solution against time, as the concentration of sodium thiosulphate solution decreases, a longer time is needed for mark X to disappear from sight. Therefore, as the concentration becomes lower, the rate of reaction also decreases. Based on graph concentration of sodium thiosulphate solution against 1/time, it implies that the concentration of sodium thiosulphate solution is directly proportional to 1/time. 5. Based on the deduction in (4), the relationship between the rate of reaction and the concentration of sodium thiosulphate solution is, when the concentration of a reactant increases, the rate of reaction increases.

Disscussion: 1. Necessary precautions to be taken in this experiments are: a. Be careful when handling acid because it is corrosive. b. The stopwatch must be started immediately when acid was poured into the conical flask. c. The conical flask must be swirled to ensure that the reactant mixes well. 2. The ionic equation for the reaction between sodium thiosulphate solution and sulphuric acid is: S2O32-(aq) + 2H+(aq) S(s) + SO2(g) + H2O(l) 3. Different volumes of distilled water are added to the 0.2 mol dm

Conclusion: When the concentration of sodium thiosulphate increases, the rate of reaction increases. Hypothesis is accepted.