Orthomolecular

Enhancement Linus

of Human Pauling

Development

Linus

Pauling

Institute Road,

of Science Park

and Medicine California 94025

2700 Sand Hill

Menlo

I believe of human Institutes beings,

that there the health

are great of human of Human

possibilities beings, Potential very for

for improving the work

the lot of the

including

for Achievement

and I admire

the work

that has been done in these Institutes emphasis Institutes is placed on good nutrition

much. the people

I know that considerable who come to the

and that large The human body,

doses of vitamin like the rest

C are given to them. of the universe, oscillations memory. They with is composed of

matter

and radiant

energy.

There

are electric

in the brain are guided it. I can that

that constitute by the material understand is given electric behavioral

consciousness structure

and ephemeral of the brain

and they interact the sort of physical

that the sort to the children oscillations, patterns A human

of training,

experience

in the Institutes,

can operate, structure

by way of these so that good

to change the material are laid down.

body is made up of thousands have structures

of different

kinds

of of the

molecules. individual

Some of them person.

that are characteristic has inherited from his

The genes that a person

2.

parents

have determined including somewhat may change molecules Moreover, extent by smoking

his structure those of thousands from person

to some

extent.

The protein kinds of enzymes, Differences in

molecules, may differ enzymes chemical amounts. considerable example, their

of different

to person

in structure. reactions people

the rates

of chemical in different

so that the simpler in larger or smaller to For into

are produced the structure

of our bodies

is determined

by the molecules cigarettes many

that we put into our bodies. people introduce molecules

bodies

that are the cause of large and associates, of the period

amounts

of suffering life

for them expectancy

and their

relatives length

because

of decreased

and decreased

of well-being

and effectiveness. by way of the interested

The molecules foods that we ingest

that we introduce

into our bodies

are especially in recent years.

important. After College,

I have become I had graduated

in these molecules engineer Institute from

as a chemical

Oregon

Agricultural

I came to the California work on the determination in this field and

of Technology

in 1922 and began graduate by x-ray diffraction.

of the structure the theoretical structure include for

of crystals field

I worked

of quantum or more.

mechanics

in relation

to molecular was expanded to

a decade

In 1930 this work

the determination the diffraction interested

of the structure patterns

of gas molecules waves. and other

by the method

of analyzing I became

of electron molecule

Then in 1934 proteins, and

in the hemoglobin

in 1936 Karl in which

Landsteiner

got me interested

in the field

of immunology, decade I

I worked

for about ten years.

During

the following

3. worked on the heditary hemolytic decade anemias, especially Toward sickle-cell anemia,

and then for another time,

on mental

illness.

the end of that and schizophrenia, Saskatchewan the amount

when I had been working about what Hoffer

on mental

retardation

I learned

and Osmond by giving

had done in Saskatoon, them a thousand factor, rather times that

in the control of niacin

of schizophrenics

or niacinamide, - as much

the pellagra as 17,000 a substance

preventive mg per day,

is usually

recommended

than 17 mg per day. thought of as an

The idea that a vitamin, organic important needed me. compound additionaL to prevent This

that I had always amounts

that is needed in small effects

for life, times

could have the amount astonished and and the

when taken in a thousand deficiency

death by the corresponding to me to be something enough to start about many

disease

idea seemed

new in physiology reading other the literature,

medicine. I found

I was astonished that there were

reports

substances

affecting

functioning amounts. that a gram

of the brain For example,

when they were Milner

taken in larger

than usual study patients

had shown by a double-blind to schizophrenic

of ascorbic

acid per day given greater

led to a statistically that was given in amount

significant

improvement patients.

than the placebo Glutamic acid taken to mental the

to similar

schizophrenic

10 grams

per day was reported effect oq the intellectual substances

by several ability were

investigators

have a significant retardates, functioning

of borderline

and many of the brain. These facts

other

shown to affect

seemed

to me to be so important

that I invented

4.

a word right

- orthomolecular, amounts.

meaning

having

the right two papers, Medicine

molecules

in the

In 1967-1968 Somatic

I published

one entitled and the other about

Orthomolecular Orthomolecular dependence concentrations explanation present

and Psychiatric in which

Psychiatry, equilibria

general

arguments

of chemical

and rates

of reaction

on the

of the reacting substances were advanced as the the value of of/large doses of nutrients and other substances normally body. Now we have an orthomolecular of orthomolecular in several cities psychiatry, in the United medical and there States. to many are

in the human

association orthomolecular

and a journal institutes

The brain change molecules

is probably

the most

sensitive There

of all organs

in its molecular that must function

composition.

are no doubt a great concentration

be kept in about the right well,

in order to this mechanisms

that the brain end. function with

and we have developed

mechanisms

In both guinea so well

pigs and human beings of vitamin

these homeostatic C can be varied of vitamin of scurvy,

that the intake

a thousandfold C (ascorbate after prolonged in the

only a twofold

change in the concentration Only in the last stages

ion) in the brain deprivation brain fall

cells.

of vitamin sharply.

C, does the concentration The twofold range

of ascorbate

of concentration is important, for

may not seem to really effective .at the high than at the end of this

be important, mental range,

10~ end.

but in fact it probably

function,

to have the concentration to a high intake

of the ascorbate rather

corresponding

of the vitamin,

5.

I could I shall restrict

give many myself

examples

of orthomolecular is a disease

medicine, called tardive

but

to a few.

There

dyskinesia, especially, distressing movements, difficult for

which

is caused mental because

by the drugs illness.

that are given dyskinesia

to young people, is a very

to control disease, especially

Tardive

the young people extrusion

find that the involuntary of the tongue, just make it

the repeated

them to go out in public. of 10 grams Choline,

It was reported

a few months tardive dyskinesia important to be per day, of

ago that an intake in many patients.

of choline while

per day controls is,

not a vitamin,

of course, transmitters

to the brain. discovered. and the human 10 Grams

Acetylcholine The usual

was the first of choline

of the neural

intake

in food is about a gram choline,

body can also synthesize

so that the dosage This increased intake

per day is not an excessive synthesis

amount.

may lead to increased influence the action value

of acetylcholine Studies of choline

or in some other

way

of acetylcholine. of a high intake

ought to be made now of for other neurological

the possible diseases.

Also, Burch microscope,

C. R. Burch,

a well-known

physicist

who invented on himself

the that of

has discovered seizures

by experimenting completely

his epileptiform two grams present changing diseases.

can be controlled Inositol

by an intake

of inositol

per day.

is an orthomolecular as with in controlling

substance, choline, that

in some foods, its concentration

and it is understandable, might be effective

neurological

6.

At about the same orthomolecular to the common on Staten years ago, Island psychiatry cold. Irwin

time

that I was working interested

in the field

of

I became Stone,

in vitamin

C in relation

a biochemist who was then living Mountain View, California, and has now moved to / . c wrote to me, a dozen me copies of four papers that he had published disease. of vitamin intake. cold if I were this regime, in

sending

1965 and 1966 about hypoascorbemia, some arguments perhaps 100 times to the effect as great

a molecular intake

He gave C is

that the natural as the usually

recommended

He suggested

that I would of vitamin

be protected C per day.

against My wife

the common and I tried cold.

to take 3 grams It was clear asked

that it did protect

us against ceremonies

the common

In 1969 I was school in

to speak at the opening - Mt.Sinai

of a new medical I mentioned the common

New York large

- and in my talk

there

that by taking cold. A physician quacks, a

doses of vitamin wrote

C you could prevent letter

on the staff on whom year, vitamin literature literature, which this

a strong

to me about encouraging States waste six hundred study

the vitamin million

the people

of the United

dollars

and asked

if I could point

out any double-blind value than a placebo.

that had shown the

C to have any greater about the common and found that four that vitamin

I had not checked

cold before double-blind

1969, but I began looking studies had been made,

in the each of

showed

C had more in New York,

value

than a placebo. to accept

When I pointed the evidence. of

out to the physician

he refused

I was so impressed the facts

by this display textbooks

of bias and by the misrepresentation and the reference books that I wrote

in the medical

a book about vitamin of 1970. This

C and the common

cold,

published Cold, Cold,

toward

the end

book Vitamin one Vitamin Irwin

C and the Common C, the Common

was followed and the Flu. Healing

in 1976 by a larger In the meantime Factor: Vitamin During members National report nutrients,

Stone had published Disease. from

in 1972 his book The

C Against the years

1970 on I was in correspondence Board of the National which every Research

with Council-

of the Food and Nutrition Academy on nutrition including of Sciences, with

U.S. A.,

five years intake

puts out a of various

recommendations C. In earlier

about the daily years

vitamin

this Board

had recommended day for an

75 mg per day, adult.

and in 1960 they were the Board for most

recommending

60 mg per

In its publication to prevent

states that

the amounts

recommended deficiency in out

are enough diseases, protecting

people

the corresponding C in large

and also states against

that vitamin

doses has no value disease. I pointed

the common studies

cold or any other

that epidemiological improvement accompanying day. with In 1974, the Board,

have indicated

that there

is a considerable mortality C per

in health

and decrease

in the age-specific

the ingestion

of even an additional that I might by issuing

100 mg of vitamin be making some

just when I thought the Board

progress

responded intake

new recommendations, 60 mg to 45 mg per

dropping day.

the recommended

of vitamin

C from

I have no explanation There are many

for this action. reasons for believing that the human body

requires,

for

optimum

functioning, that most

about 10.000 animals

mg per day. vitamin

One argument C. The

is based upon the fact amount A 70-kg manufactured

manufacture

by an animal 13,000

is proportional mg per day, Other animals

to its body weight. and in addition manufacture with gets between average a about about

goat manufactures amount

considerable 4 grams

in its food. per day,

and 20 grams This

calculated reason would for their

to 70 kg body,

10 g per day. I do not believe amount

is the main

why I myself manufacture health

take 10 grams ascorbate

per day -

that the animals not important

in this

if it were Irwin

that they do so. the many diseases in this field Fukuoka, published by large reports doses of

Stone in his book has discussed of viral diseases and bacterial study

about the control vitamin C.

Probably Morishige

the most of Fukuoka

important Torikai

is that carried Japan, with

out by Dr. collaboration Japan. Dr.

Hospital,

of Professor Fukumi while

A. Murata

of the Agricultural

College

in Saga,

Morishige

had made a study of vitamin school. giving

C in relation

to wound healing in another to surgical observed hospital

he was in medical he tried received

When he was working amounts of whole serum of vitamin blood. hepatitis, Torikai He C

in Fukuoka who were

various

patients

transfusions effect of another

what seemed

to be a protective the Chief Surgeon

against

and when he became Hospital, surgical

hospital, studies,

Fukuoka with some

in 1967 he carried patients who received and others

out some systematic transfusions large

of whole blood amounts. little

receiving

little of

or no ascorbate serum hepatitis

receiving

The incidence or no vitamin

in the patients

who received

C was

9. none among the there were / patients, after surgery,

seven percent, who received two grams

whereas blood

in a series

of 1380

transfusions

who had been given

per day or more. A striking example is provided Hospital, of the value by the work Loch of vitamin C in preventing and Chief Cameron be In Surgeon

treating in Vale developed achieved

disease of Leven

of Dr. Ewan Cameron, Scotland. of cancer Dr. might

Lomondside, control

the idea that a considerable by stimulating the body s

natural subject,

protective Hyaluronidase

mechanisms.

1966 he published in which cement enzyme attacks tissues vitamin

a book on this

and Cancer, the intercellular by inhibiting cells, the

he emphasized in the normal hyaluronidase the hyaluronic together. C might

the possibility tissues around

of strengthening a malignant tumor

that is liberated

by the malignant cement

and that the

acid of the intercellular

that binds

Then in 1971 R.otman be involved

suggested

to Cameron of

that

in the production in which of large

of an inhibitor

hyaluronidas might

e , and I gave a lecture by the ingestion cement C is required read an account

I said that Cameron s amounts of vitamin of collagen,

goal

be achieved

C, in that and we know fibrils.

the intercellular that vitamin Cameron Times, November

is strengthened for

by fibrils

the synthesis

of these collagen

of my lecture ho3v much

that was published

in The New York In C

and wrote

asking

ascorbate administering cancer.

to give to the patients. 10 grams of vitamin well,

1971 he began cautiously

per day to a patient with terminal during and/the next few months he tried

The patient

responded with other

the same treatment

patients.

10.

He now has given ascorbate with advanced cancer,

as the only therapy number

to more with

than 500 patients at earlier of 100 patients C per day and

and to a smaller are very promising.

cancer

stages. with

The results cancer controls,

,In a comparison of vitamin

advanced

who received

10 grams

1000 matched of cancer

the same age, per patient)

the same sex, treated

and the same kind in the same way, that they did not on the have

(10 controls

who were

by the same physicians receive average lived ascorbate,

, and in the same hospital patients Fifty

except

the ascorbate-treated than the controls. after

have lived times

300 days longer than a year

the fraction

more

being pronounced

terminal

- 22 out of 100 In 1974 Morishige on the first are

ascorbate-treated

patients

and 4 out of 1000 controls. treatment, cancer and his observations to be treated by

in Japan began the same 55 patients essentially with advanced

with ascorbate

the same as those reported The use of ascorbate and other

Cameron. in controlling cancer

nutrients

needs to be thoroughly dosage of ascorbate of other

investigated. is for cancer

We do not yet know what the best patients , nor do we know about possible A. In our Institute in mice, decrease we

effectiveness

vitamins,

such as vitamin

have been studying by ultraviolet number transferred vegetables. of sodium light.

nutrition

in relation

to skin cancer is a significant by the mice

caused in the

We find that there tumors developed mouse

of malignant from

when they are and

ordinary

food to a diet of raw fruits however,

The increase ascorbate

is far greater,

when 2.5 percent or vegetables (or

is added to the diet of raw fruits

11.

to the regular mouse as many 17 percent /malignant we think against diet. I believe increased be possible intake that it might skin cancer

food). tumors well

The mice as those be possible

on the best diet have only on ordinary to protect light mouse them by finding food, and

completely the optimum

caused by ultraviolet

that by improvement of vitamin

in nutrition, health for

especially practices 25 years it will longer who

C, and by other

for people

to remain I think

in good health

than at the present suffer in their from

time.

also that it is likely or another

that people

handicaps

of one sort

can show great nutritional

improvement and

condition

by following

the appropriate of suffering

regimes,

that in this way the amount s igztiicantly.

in the world

can be decreased