PTU is preferred because MMI has been associated with a rare scalp condition in the fetus known as "aplasia

cutis."

Thyroid stimulating immunoglobulins, also known as TSIs, are autoantibodies that are produced by the immune system in the setting of Graves' disease. Antibodies are molecules produced by white blood cells called B cells. B cells are stimulated to produce antibodies through a series of interactions with other white blood cells called helper T cells. These interactions transform B cells into plasma cells that secrete large amounts of antibodies. Each plasma cell secretes a unique type of antibody that is configured to bind to a specific target located in an invading organism or abnormal cancer cell. When an antibody binds to its target, it triggers a number of different reactions that ultimately lead to the destruction of the invading organism or abnormal cancer cell. In the setting of different autoimmune disorders, B cells are stimulated to produce antibodies that bind to specific targets located in normal cells and structures in the body. These antibodies are called autoantibodies.

TSIs that are produced in the setting of Graves' disease are autoantibodies that are configured to bind to structures located on the surface of the follicular cells in the thyroid gland. These structures are called TSH receptors. In the normal state, TSH receptors serve as docking stations for TSH secreted by the pituitary gland. When TSH circulating in the bloodstream binds to TSH receptors, signals are generated that stimulate the follicular cells to take up iodine that is used to produce thyroid hormone. These signals also stimulate the secretion of thyroid hormone from the thyroid gland.

TSIs are somewhat unique in that they do not directly promote the destruction of any normal cells or structures in the thyroid gland. Instead they mimic the action of TSH itself, driving the TSH receptors to generate signals that stimulate the production and secretion of thyroid hormone. This process is not governed by the normal feedback mechanism that regulates the secretion of TSH from the pituitary gland. As such, TSIs that bind to TSH receptors may stimulate the production and secretion of excess amounts of thyroid hormone.

TSIs may also bind to other target components located in the tissues that surround the eyeballs and the tissues that lie directly beneath the surface of the skin. This may lead to the development of thyroid eye disease and pretibial myxedema associated with Graves' disease. because the eyes are surrounded by
unyielding bone, fluid accumulation in the fat pads and muscles behind the eyeballs causess protruding eyes and a fixed start

hygiene nausea, dehydration altered B. movement incoherent anemia limitation of ROM

IKO-CONNECT BA YUNG HYPERTHYROIDISM SA PREGNANCY O MAGKAHIWALAY YUNG DALAWA?

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Significance Anemia can strike an otherwise healthy person. Anyone who suffers an excessive loss of blood, like an accident victim or a postpartum woman, develops an acute case of anemia which often corrects itself or responds to therapy soon after the event. Chronic anemia sufferers experience ongoing fatigue, weakness and dizziness. These anemia types evolve from chronic illness, iron deficiency, other nutrient deficiencies, poor nutrient absorption, alcoholism, chemotherapy and other drug treatments, says "Current Medical Diagnosis and Treatment." Cause of Dizziness Hemoglobin, a component of the red blood cells, carries oxygen and delivers the oxygen to the body tissues. The Merck Manual Home Edition explains that when the level of hemoglobin drops or stays consistently low, the body gets deprived of oxygen, causing physical symptoms. Dizziness stems from the brains shortage of oxygen or can stem from low blood pressure resulting from poor oxygenation of the heart muscle and blood vessels.

Read more: http://www.livestrong.com/article/252902-dizziness-anemia/#ixzz2IU6UPdvC

- Once the doctor determines the cause he or she will initiate a treatment program for you. Here are some causes along with their treatment protocol. Blood Loss: the source of the bleeding will be determined and stopped. For example you may be given a blood transfusion and iron to build up your red blood cell count. Iron Deficiency: If you have inadequate iron levels you most likely will be prescribed iron supplements.

Do not do this on your own but under the care of a physician because consuming too much iron can be dangerous. Red blood cell destruction: Known as hemolytic anemia, there are various causes for it. So the treatment would of course depend on the cause. Follow up care: You need to stay under your doctor's care and have repeated blood work done to determine if the anemia has gone away. Your response to the treatments prescribed will determine what the next steps are to take. The hopeful outcome is that you have overcome your anemia.

If not, with continued care over time you should be able to do so. Before doing any dietary or lifestyle changes always consult with your health care provider, particularly if you have been diagnosed with a disease or are taking any prescription medication.

Cook with cast-iron: Believe it or not, food absorbs iron from cast iron pots and pains. This works especially well with acidic foods, such as tomatoes, and tomato-based sauces. Go for the "C": Vitamin C helps the body absorb iron from the food you eat. For example, having orange juice (not calciumfortified) with a meal will help your body get more iron from the food in that meal. But watch the calcium: Calcium makes it harder for the body to absorb iron. Do not take an iron supplement or eat iron-rich foods with milk, other calcium-rich foods, or a calcium supplement. Remember that it's OK to eat calcium-rich foods, just be sure to eat them at different times of the day than you eat iron-rich foods or take an iron supplement. Limit coffee, tea and soda: These beverages make it harder for the body to absorb iron. Do not take an iron supplement or eat iron-rich foods with coffee, tea or soda. Watch the high-fiber bereals: Fiber-rich cereal, such as bran cereals, make it harder for the body to absorb iron. Do not take an iron supplement or eat iron-rich foods at the same time that you eat high-fiber cereals.

Easier iron supplements: If your doctor has prescribed iron supplements and they constipate you or upset your stomach, try taking a slow-release form of iron. Look for one labeled "Slow Fe" or "Slow Iron."