Lecture #11

ANNOUNCEMENTS
Homework Assignment #4 will be posted today Midterm #1: Monday Sept. 29th (11:10AM-12:00PM)
closed book; one page (8.5x11) of notes & calculator allowed covers Chapters 1-5 in textbook (HW#1-4)

Midterm Review Session: Friday 9/26 7-9PM, 277 Cory Extra office hours:
Steve: 9/26 from 12-2PM Farhana: 9/27 from 1-3PM, 9/28 from 9-11AM

Practice problems and old exam are posted online

OUTLINE
Review: op amp circuit analysis The capacitor (Chapter 6.2 in text)
EECS40, Fall 2003 Lecture 11, Slide 1 Prof. King

Review: Op Amp Circuit Analysis

Procedure: 1. Assume that the op amp is ideal
a) Apply KCL at (+) and () terminals, noting ip = 0 & in = 0 ip b) Note that vn = vp + io + i c) Write an expression for vo n +
+ vp vn vo

2. Calculate vo

3. Check: Is the op-amp operating in its linear region?

If V vo V+,, then the assumption is valid. If calculated vo > V+, then vo is saturated at V+ If calculated vo < V, then vo is saturated at V
EECS40, Fall 2003 Lecture 11, Slide 2 Prof. King

Op Amp Circuit Analysis Example

Consider the following circuit: Assume the op amp is ideal.
1 k + vs vn + vp + in + 10 k 10 V + vo

10 V

a) Calculate vo if vs = 100 mV b) What is the voltage gain vo/vs of this amplifier? c) Specify the range of values of vs for which the op amp operates in a linear mode
EECS40, Fall 2003 Lecture 11, Slide 3 Prof. King

Op Amp Circuit Analysis Example contd.

What if the op amp is not ideal? Ri = 10 k Ro = 1 k A = 103
1 k + vs Ri vn + vp + + A(vpvn) + vo

10 k Ro

EECS40, Fall 2003

Lecture 11, Slide 4

Prof. King

Re-draw the circuit & analyze: vs +

a 1 k + vn 10 k 10 k

b 1 k + vo

+ 103(vn)

KCL @ node a:

KCL @ node b:

Lecture 11, Slide 5

vo 9.87 < 10 vs
Prof. King

EECS40, Fall 2003

Effect of Load Resistance RL

a 1 k vs + + vn KCL @ node b:
vo 9.75 < 9.87 vs

b 10 k 10 k + 3(v ) 10 n 1 k + vo RL=1 k

For an ideal op amp (Ro = 0 ), vo does not depend on the load. However, for a realistic op amp, it does.
EECS40, Fall 2003 Lecture 11, Slide 6 Prof. King

The Capacitor
Two conductors (a,b) separated by an insulator:
difference in potential = Vab => equal & opposite charge Q on conductors

Q = CVab

(stored charge in terms of voltage)

where C is the capacitance of the structure,

positive (+) charge is on the conductor at higher potential

Parallel-plate capacitor:
area of the plates = A separation between plates = d dielectric permittivity of insulator = => capacitance
EECS40, Fall 2003

C=

A d

Lecture 11, Slide 7

Prof. King

Symbol: C

or

Units: Farads (Coulombs/Volt)

(typical range of values: 1 pF to 1 F)

Current-Voltage relationship:

dQ dv dC = C c + vc ic = dt dt dt

ic

+ vc

Note: vc must be a continuous function of time

EECS40, Fall 2003 Lecture 11, Slide 8 Prof. King

Voltage in Terms of Current

Q(t ) = ic (t )dt + Q(0)
0 t

1 Q(0) 1 vc (t ) = ic (t )dt + = ic (t )dt + vc (0) C0 C C0

EECS40, Fall 2003

Lecture 11, Slide 9

Prof. King

Stored Energy
You might think the energy stored on a capacitor is QV, which has the dimension of Joules. But during charging, the average voltage across the capacitor was only half the final value of V. Thus, energy is 1 QV =
2 1 CV 2 2

Example: A 1 pF capacitance charged to 5 Volts has (5V)2 (1pF) = 12.5 pJ

EECS40, Fall 2003

Lecture 11, Slide 10

Prof. King

A more rigorous derivation

ic + vc

t = t Final v = VFinal dQ v = VFinal w= v c i c dt = dt = vc v c dQ dt t = t Initial v = VInitial v = VInitial

v = VFinal 1 2 2 1 w= Cv c dv c = CVFinal CVInitial 2 2 v = VInitial

EECS40, Fall 2003 Lecture 11, Slide 11 Prof. King

Integrating Amplifier

1 vo (t ) = v IN (t )dt + vC (0) RC 0
C vC + ic vo

R vin +

in

vn + vp

EECS40, Fall 2003

Lecture 11, Slide 12

Prof. King