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1 How environmental scenario changed?

UNLIMITED RESOURCES

1. EM Introduction

&

LITTLE OR NO WASTE

UNLIMITED RESOURCES
&

LIMITED RESOURCES
&

WASTE ACCUMULATION

UNLIMITED WASTE
WASTE TREATMENT & DISPOSAL

(POLLUTION CONTROL)

MORE POLLUTION CONTROL

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Major environmental problems? Global climate change Ozone depletion Loss of habitat and reduction in biodiversity

1. Impact of human action on environment

Surface water chemistry changes Soil degradation Precipitation acidity Visibility Herbicides and pesticides

impact Human activity

Photochemical smog Groundwater pollution Radionuclides Toxins in sludge, sediments Oil spills Hazardous waste sites

Environmental impact =
POPULATION x AFFLUENCE x TECHNOLOGY

2. Treating symptoms, not the disease !

3. POLLUTION CONTROL AT :

POINT SOURCES
80 %
End of the pipe NOT AT :

NON POINT SOURCES

Stop waste generation ! Close the tap!

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EM evolution 3 phases? 4 . The goose and the golden egg story

CAPITAL

INCOME

Environment

Economics EVOLUTION OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT-THREE PHASES

What are the major/significant environmental acts/rules in India? Environmental legislation in India: The water (prevention and control of pollution) Act 1974 The water (prevention and control of pollution) cess Act 1977 The air (prevention and control of pollution) Act 1981 The environment (Protection) act 1986 The environment (Protection) rules 1986 The hazardous wastes (Handling) rules 1989 Amnd. 2003 Manufacture, storage and import of Hazardous chemicals rules 1989 amnd 2000 EIA notificaion The chemical accidents (Emergency planning preparedness and response) rules 1996 The biomedical waste (Management & handling) rules 1998 The ozone depleting substances (regulations and control) rules 2000 The batteries (Management & handling) rules 2001

2. ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATION IN INDIA

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What are the enforcing agencies?

3. AIR
State pollution control boards for states Central pollution control board for union territories

What is air pollution?

c. General
Undesirable material in air Quantity large enough to produce harmful effects like : Human health Vegetation Human property Global climate Principal source Human activities standard of living

2 types of pollutants: 1. Primary eg. CO 2.Secondary eg.

(HC+SOx+NoOx
fine particulate matter)

Cant be eliminated

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e. Air pollutant list

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Sulfur oxides Fine particulate matter Carbon monoxide Ozone Nitrogen dioxide Lead

f. Movement of pollutants?
Emission: Sources Measurement control Atmosphere: Transport Dilution Modification Effects on: Human health Materials Global climate

Air toxics: 1. Asbestos 2. Benzene 3. Beryllium 4. Coke oven emissions 5. Inorganic arsenic 6. Mercury 7. Radionuclides 8. Vinyl chloride Pollutant removal by natural mechanisms

g. Criteria pollutants : major sources?

CO - Majority from mobile sources - Incinerators, wood-burning stoves - Fires (incomplete combustion of carbon fuels) PM10 and PM2.5 - Fossil fuel combustion sources, construction activities - Natural windblown dust (fugitive dust, dry goods in bulk) - Factories, power plants, fires Pb - Gasoline combustion - Mining and production of lead products
Objective type questions?

NO2 - Found in many urban/industrial atmospheres - Fossil fuel combustion - Mobile sources O3 - Photochemical reaction with sources of VOCs & NO2 SO2 - Combustion of fossil fuels (oil, coal) - Steel mills, refineries, pulp & paper mills

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2. Criteria pollutants : properties and effects?

CO - Colorless, odorless, & poisonous gas - Product of incomplete combustion of carbon in fuels - Combines with blood hemoglobin - Decreases oxygen delivery to bodys organs & tissues Particulate Matter (PM10 and PM2.5) - Dust, soot, smoke, & liquid droplets - Described by the larger category TSP - Deposition in lower portion of lungs - Breathing and respiratory symptoms

Pb - Generated similarly to particulate matter - Operations using metal shavings, lead based paint - Affects central nervous system - Can result in brain damage/retardation NO2 - Brownish, highly reactive gas - Nitric oxide combines with oxygen - Leads to respiratory illness, ozone formation - Can cause bronchitis, pneumonia

O3 - Forms from reaction of VOCs & NO2 w/ sunlight - Not emitted directly into the air - Major component of smog - Throat/Lung irritation, difficulty in breathing SO2 - Sulfur trioxide & sulfuric acid - Damage to respiratory system - Corrosion to structures, reduced plant growth, reduced visibility

How will you control the following in your industry?

Control of:
1.Particulate matter 2.Volatile organic compounds 3.SOx 4.NOx

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1.Particulate matter 1. 0.01-10u size 2.Usually:

Coarser particles are primary Finer particles are secondary

Control of primary particulate Wall collection devices Gravity settlers Centrifugal separators Electrostatic precipitators (particles less than 5u) Dividing collection devices Filters: Surface filters Depth filters Scrubbers: Crossflow Counter flow Coflow

2.VOCs
Mainly from motor vehicles Control by: 1.Substitution 2.Process modification 3.Leakage control 4.Concentration & recovery
Condensation Adsorption Absorption

3. Control of SOx
Source:
1. Combustion of S containing fossil fuels 2. Melting of metal sulfide ores

5. Oxidation
Combustion Biological

Control strategy: 1. SO2 2. Reduced sulfur 3. Above 4%

CaSO4.2H2O elemental S H2SO4

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4. Control of NOx
Treatment strategy: 1.By combustion modification to prevent formation 2. By post flame treatment (NO to NO2) 4. WATER, SEWAGE AND WASTEWATER

Water treatment
Give a schematic of water treatment?

Schematic for sewage?

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Sewage management Status in India?

DOMESTIC WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT

60% of urban population supplied with sewer and sanitation facilities 22,900 MLD sewage generated from urban centers 6000 MLD treatment capacity 26% gets treatment Conventional treatment technologies: Trickling filter Activated Sludge Oxidation Ditch Stabilization pond UASB

Generation Treatment Reuse

What is sewage management?

Agricultural

Domestic 4%

Industrial
urban 80% 60% 40% 20% 14% 31% 75% rural

5%

91%

0% Collection Treatment

Sector wise distribution

Urban & Rural

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What are the emerging issues?

1. PLANNING
Domestic 40000 30000 20000 10000 0 Wastewater generation, mld 22900 9478 4580 BOD generation, t/d 1776 3510 BOD untreated, t/d
25 m in 1901 285 m in 2001

Industrial

Population
13468

Urbanization

Domestic & industrial

2.TECHNICAL
Centralized vs decentralized STP Capital, land or energy intensive STP Room for up gradability Mixing of storm water with sewage Mixing of industrial effluents with sewage Treatment plants designed for disposal only Lack of infrastructure for recycling Technical bottlenecks between treatment & reuse Operation and maintenance Data on impact studies of treatment, recycle & reuse

3. INSTITUTIONAL

Multidimensional problem Integrated planning and optimization Public Health

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4. FINANCIAL
Inter state water disputes

Lack of funds Water Subsidies-Full cost recovery Economic incentives for sustainability Demand driven Private sector and public participation

5. SOLID AND HAZARDOUS WASTE

What are the different types of solid waste?

What is the composition of Municipal solid waste?

Different types of Solid Waste

Composition of Municipal Solid Waste in India Description Percent by Weight 40.15 3.80 0.81 0.62 0.44 0.64 41.81 11.73

Municipal Solid Waste Industrial Solid Waste

Vegetable, Leaves Grass Paper Plastic

Hazardous Solid Waste

Glass/Ceramics Metal Stones/Ashes Miscellaneous

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What are the waste disposal options available for municipal solid waste?

What are the major issues of concern?

Waste Disposal Options

Major issues
Sanitary Land-filling (Open Dump) method Composting and Vermi-composting Incineration Pelletization Anaerobic treatment of solid waste Conversion to biogas

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Amount of municipal solid waste to be disposed off increasing The number of available landfills is decreasing Concerns about risks associated with waste management rise Opposition to siting of new waste management facilities spreads Cost of waste disposal goes up

What are the solutions to the problem?

What is haz. Waste?

6. Hazardous waste

Solutions:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Source reduction Recycling Composting Waste to energy Conversion Landfilling

Case studies on Municipal Solid waste http://reports.eea.eu.int/topic_report_2001_15_Part1/en/Topic_%2015_1_web_corrected.pdf http://reports.eea.eu.int/topic_report_2001_15_Part2/en/part2

Hazardous wastes mean wastes (solids, sludges, liquids, and containerized gases) other than radioactive wastes which, by reason of their chemical activity or toxic, explosive, corrosive, or other characteristics, cause danger or likely will cause danger to health or the environment, whether alone or when coming into contact with other waste. -UNEP definition

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How can you determine that a waste is hazardous or not?

Main haz. Waste management issues?

By testing for the following:

Testing: 1. Corrosivity 2. Ignitability 3. Reactivity 4. Toxicity 5. Radioactivity 6. Infectious

ISSUES 1.Management of currently generated hazardous waste 2. Remediation of contaminated sites

PROVIDE FACILITY
How will you approach the hazardous waste problem in your industry? A facility is defined as the contiguous land, structures, and other improvements and appurtenances used for storing, recovering, recycling, treating, or disposing of hazardous waste.

Current Management practices 1. Environmental audit-taken separately as a topic 2. Pollution prevention or CP-taken separately as a topic 3. Facility development & operations
Order of priority of the management practices: 1. Env. Audit to determine the source of waste 2. CP to Stop/reduce its production 3. Facility development for recovery, treatment & disposal

Waste generation

Recovery/Recycling

Treatment

Land disposal

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What will determine the recovery/treatment/disposal option to be exercised?

Issues in providing facilities: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Facility types Facility operations Needs assessment Site selection Public participation Permitting

Physical & chemical properties of the contaminant: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Solubility Vapour pressure Diffusion coefficient Partition coefficient Bioconcentration factor Concentration

Recovery
Solvent recovery Oil recovery Acid generation Metals recovery Fuels blending Co-incineration in industrial Kilns/furnaces

Treatment facilities
What are the Management options for hazardous waste? Thermal destruction Aqueous treatment Stabilization Biological treatment

Land disposal facilities

Landfill Deep well injection

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