Progress In Electromagnetics Research Symposium Proceedings, KL, MALAYSIA, March 2730, 2012 1837

An Equivalent Circuit of Microstrip Slot Coupled Rectangular Dielectric Resonator Antenna

M. F. Ain1 , Y. M. Qasaymeh1 , Z. A. Ahmad2 , M. A. Zakariya1 , and Ubaid Ullah1 School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering University Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia 2 School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering University Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
1

Abstract In this paper, an approximate model of the rectangular dielectric resonator antenna
fed by microstrip slot coupled is presented. The equivalent model will be based on the input impedance of the antenna sub-elements. Since the antenna sub-elements impedances are functions of relative dimensions, the resonant frequency can be predicted using this model. The validity of the modeling is supported by comparing the values of the return losses measured of antenna geometry using computer simulation technology (CST) against those obtained by proposed model using Agilent advanced design system (ADS). 1. INTRODUCTION

Since the dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) was introduced by Long et al. in 1983 [1], over the past few years, considerable attention has been directed towards the development of analysis techniques capable of dealing with these antennas. These antennas show the benets of light weight, small size, low cost, ease of excitation and the deciency of conduction losses in the resonator [2]. Moreover, various antenna features such as input impedance, bandwidth, and radiation patterns can be easily regulated by varying the antenna specications and feed mechanism. Normally, the dimensions of the individual DRs are determined using the equations in [3, 4]. In this paper, a simple approximate model based on the input impedance of the antenna is presented. The equivalent circuit of the structure is given and calculations for the determining its elements impedance are outlined. The approach is particularly useful for fast evaluation of the rectangular DRA fed by microstrip slot coupled resonant frequency.
2. MODELING

In most designs, the dimensions of the rectangular DRA determined by using the Equation (1) stated in [4] by an iterative manner:
2 2 2 2 r ko = kx + ky + kz

(1)

where: ko = 2 = 2fo , is the free-space wave number, kx = m , propagation number in X o c a direction, ky = n , propagation number in Y direction. b The aim of analyzing the input impedance of the proposed antenna is to ensure the dimensions of the DR at a certain frequency. The rst step used in the experiment was to model the DR with a RLC network. The formulas used to represent a resonator as parallel resonant circuit can be found in [5], when the resonator is coupled to the excitation source. Rr = 2n2 z0 s11 , 1 s11 Q0 Cr = , 0 Rr 1 Lr = . Cr 0 (2a) (2b) (2c)

It was mentioned in [5] that the value of Rr can be chosen since the value of Rr plays an important role in determining the values of Cr and Lr . Thus, nding a suitable value of Rr in order to obtain reasonable Cr and Lr values is a complicated process. Agilent advanced design system (ADS) program was used to build the model and extract the optimum values of RLC at a specic resonant

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PIERS Proceedings, Kuala Lumpur, MALAYSIA, March 2730, 2012

Figure 1: Equivalent circuit of microstrip slot coupled DR.

frequency, while a Matlab program was developed to analyze values of RLC which related to DR at that resonant frequency. The factor n in Equation (2a) represents the coupling between the DR and excitation source which plays an important role to determine Rr and, later on, Cr Lr . The second step is to nd the input impedance of the slot. From transmission line theory, the slot impedance Zs is given by: 2R Zslot = Zc 1R where R is the voltage reection coecient. But when the transmission line is terminated by a stub length g /4 (i.e., antinode), one simple computes the input impedance under the innite line assumption and this result is added as series reactance, X = jZc cot (f Lt ) and thus the total impedance is: ZSlot + X (3)

where: Zc is the characteristic impedance of the transmission line [6]. ZSlot can be calculated using the program in [7]. The third step was to nd the input impedance of the microstrip line. At the antinodes points, the input impedance is high resistance, hence the line acts as a parallel resonant circuit. As demonstrated in [8], the input admittance Ym is equal to Grm + jBm where Grm is the equivalent radiation conductance and Bm is the susceptance of the fringing eld capacitance of the microstrip. The expressions of Grm and Bm are: Grm = 160 2 h2 , 2 Zcm 2 cm 0 (4a) (4b)

Bm = Cl ,

leq C cm Cl = Zcm

where: h Substrate height, Zcm Characteristic impedance of the microstrip, cm Eective dielectric constant, leq , Equivalent extra length of microstrip, C Velocity of light. The last step was to transform the impedance of the slot along the microstrip line. The mutual inductance between the microstrip and the slot is: M = (0 Ws /2) ln (sec 0 ) , 0 = arctan (Ls /2h) (5)

Since every antenna impedance function has an equivalent circuit in Darlington form, Figure 1 shows the equivalent input impedance circuit of a single DR microstrip slot coupled presented in Darlington form.
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

First Antenna was modeled into its equivalent model in ADS and then antenna geometry was built in CST in as in Figure 2. Using the dimensions and relative permitivities stated on Figure 3, the equivalent impedance circuit over a substrate of permittivity equals to 3.38 with the dimensions of the slot to be 8 mm in length, 1 mm in width, the impedances of the microstrip, slot and coupling between them can be calculated using Equations (3), (4a) (4b) and (5) mentioned in Section 2. The DR RLC network, representing the DR, can be tuned with the help of ADS to make the antenna resonate at a certain frequency. Since the value of Rr plays a role in determining Cr and Lr , 55 Ohm was chosen because reasonable and realistic Cr and Lr values could be achieved. Then, by solving Equations (1) the dimensions of the DRA were found to be 8 mm (width), 14 mm (length),

Progress In Electromagnetics Research Symposium Proceedings, KL, MALAYSIA, March 2730, 2012 1839

Figure 2: The dimensions of the antenna (DR height = 8) [all dimensions in mm].

Figure 3: Simulated Return loss in ADS model and antenna in CST.

Figure 4: Simulated E-plane radiation pattern of antenna in CST.

Figure 5: Simulated gain of antenna in CST.

and 8 mm (height), then the values of R, L and C calculated using Equations (2a), (2b) and (2c). As stated earlier the validity of the proposed model judged by comparing the resonant frequency from antenna geometry using CST and antenna equivalent model using ADS, Figure 4 shows the return loss for model and structure. A good agreement between both results was achieved. The validity of the modeling is judged by comparing the values of the return losses obtained using computer simulation technology (CST) against those obtained theoretically. The ADS simulation and CST simulation results for the input return loss are given in Figure 3. The minimum ADS simulated input return loss frequency could be ne tuned to 5.79 GHz equals to 21.4 dB with a bandwidth of 80 MHz and impedance of 52.23j4.55 . The minimum CST simulated inputs return loss is 5.85 GHz of 19.8 dB and a bandwidth of 60 MHz and impedance of 51.23+j3 . The E-plane simulated radiation pattern of the antenna in CST is shown in Figure 4. The

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antenna main loop direction was 180 with main loop magnitude of 4.2 dB and a HPBW of 108.7 . The simulated H-plane main loop direction was 155 with a main loop magnitude of 6 dB and HPBW of 73.3 . Figure 5 shows the simulated gain of the antenna in CST. The maximum gain a long operation band was at 5.3 GHz with 6.3 dBi. The gain of antenna at 5.8 GHz was about 6 dBi.
4. CONCLUSION

In this paper, a model of rectangular DRA fed by microstrip slot coupled is presented. This model represents a validity of resonant frequency of microstrip slot coupled feeding Dr. Reasonable agreement between simulation and theoretically data was obtained.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The authors gratefully acknowledge that this work was nancially supported by theUSM Short Term Grant under project No. 304/PBAHAN/6039035 and the USMResearch University (RU) Grant under project No. 1001/PELECT/814117.
REFERENCES

1. Long, S. A., M. W. McAllister, and L. C. Shen, The resonant cylindnical dielectric cavity antenna, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., Vol. 31, 406412, May 1983. 2. Luk, K. M. and K. W. Leung, Dielectric Resonator Antennas, Research Studies Press, Hertfordshire, UK, 2003. 3. Ittipiboon, A., R. K. Mongia, Y. M. M. Antar, P. Bhartia, and M. Cuhaci, Aperture fed rectangular and triangular dielectric resonators for use as magnetic dipole antennas, Electronics Letters, Vol. 29, No. 23, 20012002, Nov. 11, 1993. 4. Ittipiboon, A., et al., Aperture fed rectangular and triangulardielectric resonators for use as magnetic dipole antennas, Electronics Letters, Vol. 29, No. 23, 20012002, 1993. 5. Collin, R. E., Foundations for Microwave Engineering, 2nd Edition, 514515, McGraw-Hill, 1992. 6. Junker, G. P., A. A, Kishk, and A. W. Glisson, Input impedance of aperture-coupled dielectric resonator antennas, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 44, No. 5, 600, May 1996. 7. Mirshekar-Syahkal, D., Spectral Domain Method for Microwave Integrated Circuits, John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1990. 8. Akhavan, H. G. and D. Mirshekar-Syahkal, Approximate model for microstrip fed slot antennas, Electronics Letters, Vol. 30, No. 23, 19021903, Nov. 10, 1994.