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Wireless Standards
Different methods and standards of wireless communication have developed across the world, based on various commercially driven requirements. These technologies can roughly be classified into four individual categories, based on their specific application and transmission range. These categories are summarised in the figure below.
Bluetooth: Bluetooth is an industrial specification for wireless personal area networks (PANs), also known as IEEE 802.15.1. Bluetooth provides a way to connect and exchange information between devices such as personal digital assistants (PDAs), mobile phones, laptops, PCs, printers, digital cameras and video game consoles via a secure, globally unlicensed short-range radio frequency. Bluetooth is a radio standard and communications protocol primarily designed for low power consumption, with a short range (power class dependent: 1 metre, 10 metres, 100 metres) based around low-cost transceiver microchips in each device.
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IEEE 802.11: IEEE 802.11, the Wi-Fi standard, denotes a set of Wireless LAN/WLAN standards developed by working group 11 of the IEEE LAN/MAN Standards Committee (IEEE 802). The 802.11 family currently includes six over-the-air modulation techniques that all use the same protocol. The most popular (and prolific) techniques are those defined by the b, a, and g amendments to the original standard.
The table below summarises the different 802.11 standards: Data Rate Data Rate (Typical) (Max) 1 Mbit/s 2 Mbit/s Range (Indoor) ? ~30 meters (~100 feet) ~50 meters (~150 feet) ~30 meters (~100 feet) ~50 meters (~160 feet)
Protocol
Release Date
Op. Frequency
Legacy
1997
802.11a
1999
54 Mbit/s
802.11b
1999
2.4-2.5 GHz
6.5 Mbit/s
11 Mbit/s
802.11g
2003
2.4-2.5 GHz
11 Mbit/s
54 Mbit/s
802.11n
2006 (draft)
200 Mbit/s
540 Mbit/s
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WiMAX: WiMAX is defined as Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access by the WiMAX Forum, formed in June 2001 to promote conformance and interoperability of the IEEE 802.16 standard, officially known as WirelessMAN. The Forum describes WiMAX as "a standards-based technology enabling the delivery of last mile wireless broadband access as an alternative to cable and DSL".
The range of WiMAX probably generates more confusion than any other single aspect of WiMAX. It is common to see statements in the media describing WiMAX multipoint coverage extending 30 miles. In a strict technical sense (in some spectrum ranges) this is correct, with even greater ranges being possible in point to point links. In practice in the real world (and especially in the license-free bands) this is wildly overstated especially where non line of sight (NLOS) reception is concerned. Due to a variety of factors, the average cell ranges for most WiMAX networks will likely boast 45 mile range (in NLOS capable frequencies) even through tree cover and building walls. Service ranges up to 10 miles (16 Kilometers) are very likely in line of sight (LOS) applications (once again depending upon frequency). Ranges beyond 10 miles are certainly possible but for scalability purposes may not be desirable for heavily loaded networks. In most cases, additional cells are indicated to sustain high quality of service (QOS) capability. For the carrier class approach, especially as regards mobility, cells larger than this seem unlikely in the near future.
Technology Summary
These wireless communication technologies evolved over time to enable the transmission of larger amounts of data at greater speeds across a global network. The following figure summarises the technical details of each cluster of technologies.
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