NotesonOperationofInductionand3PhaseSquirelCaseInductionMotors InductionMotor

Rotoraxis Air gap

Rotor

Stator axis

Stator

Cross sectional view of an elementary 2-pole induction motor

Supposethatmistheangularvelocity(orspeed)oftherotor,andistherotorpositionat t=0,theanglebetweenthemagneticaxisofthestatorandrotorwindings, =mt+. LetthecurrentsinthestatorandrotorwindingsbeIs=Ismcos(st),andIr=Irmcos(rt+) respectively. (1)Whenm=sr,bothstatorandrotorwindingscarryACcurrentsatdifferent frequenciesandthemotorrunsatanasynchronousspeed.Inotherwords,thestator windingisexcitedbyanACcurrentandanotherACcurrentisinducedintherotorwinding. Thisisthebasicprincipleofoperationofaninductionmotor. Singlephaseinductionmotorisnotselfstarting.Themachinehastobebroughtuptothe speedm=sr.Toeliminatepulsatingtorqueduetothepulsatingvoltage,3phase inductionmotoristypicallyusedforhighpowerapplications. (2)Whenm=swhichimpliesr=0and=0,therotorcurrentisadirectcurrentandthe machinerotatesatthesynchronousspeed.ThestatorwindingisexcitedbyanACcurrent andthereisaDCexcitationintherotor.Thisisthebasicprincipleofoperationofa synchronousmotor. NotethatselfstartingandsynchronousmotorwillnotbetestedinME2143/ME2143E.

ThreePhaseSquirelCageInductionMotor

2-pole machine a a' c + Stator winding + b Stator Rotor b' + a c Y-connected stator winding c' b a

3-phase AC source b
+ + -

c' a' b'

+ -

Cross sectional view

Ia=Imcos(t) Ib=Imcos(t120o) Ic=Imcos(t+120o) TheACcurrentproducesmagnetismthatcanbedescribedasexertingamagnetiomotive force(mmf).Themmf,Fisessentiallytheforceofamagneticfield.mmfisalsoknownas themagneticpotential.Itisdefinedastheworkthatcarriesameasurableunitofstrength (inampereturns)throughamagneticcircuit. Fofaninductororelectromagnetconsistingofacoilofwireisgivenby: F=NI. Nisthenumberofturnsinacoil,andIisthecurrentinwire. Magnetiomotiveforcecanbetranslatedliterallytomeanmagneticmotioncausing.Itis thedrivingforcethatproducesmagneticfluxandhencethemagneticfield.Theresultant magneticfield(mmf)isavectorcombinationofcontributionfromeachwinding.

t0

t1 Ib

t2

t3 Ic

t4

Note:Fa=Iacos()

Ia

1cycle F

a'
Fc

t=t0=t4 Fb

a'

t=t1 Fc

b
Fa F

+ c

+ b'

c'
Fb +

c' b' a
t=1,Ia=0(nocurrentinphasewindinga) Fa=0 Ib=(sqrt(3)/2)Im,Fb=(sqrt(3)/2)Fmax Ic=(sqrt(3)/2)Im,Fb=(sqrt(3)/2)Fmax TheresultantFhasthesameamplitude(3/2) Fmax,butithasrotatedcounterclockwise90 degreesinspace.

+ a

t=0,Ia=Im(flowinginphasewindinga) Ib=Im/2(inphasewindingb), Ic=Im/2(inphasewindingc). mmf,Fa=Fmaxalongaxisofphasea. Fb=Fc=Fmax/2. F=(3/2)Fmax.

F Fb

a' +

t=t2

a' c + b

t=t3

+
Fa

c' b'
Fc

+ b'

c'
Fc

a
F

Fb

Theresultantvectorrotateswiththepeakphasecurrent.

Theresultantmmfmakesonerevolutionpercycleofthecurrentvariationinatwopole machine. Forappolemachine,onecycleofvariationofthecurrentwillmakethemmfrotatesby2/p revolutions. Synchronousspeedinrpm,ns=(2/p)f60=(120f)/p.fisthefrequencyinHz. Therotorwillturnslightlyslowerthanthesupplyfrequency. Theoperatingangularspeed,nmislessthanthecalculatedsynchronousspeed.The difference(nsnm)whichwillincreasewiththetorqueisknownasslip. Thenormalizedslip(0to1),s=(nsnm)/ns.