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Rotor
Stator axis
Stator
Supposethatmistheangularvelocity(orspeed)oftherotor,andistherotorpositionat t=0,theanglebetweenthemagneticaxisofthestatorandrotorwindings, =mt+. LetthecurrentsinthestatorandrotorwindingsbeIs=Ismcos(st),andIr=Irmcos(rt+) respectively. (1)Whenm=sr,bothstatorandrotorwindingscarryACcurrentsatdifferent frequenciesandthemotorrunsatanasynchronousspeed.Inotherwords,thestator windingisexcitedbyanACcurrentandanotherACcurrentisinducedintherotorwinding. Thisisthebasicprincipleofoperationofaninductionmotor. Singlephaseinductionmotorisnotselfstarting.Themachinehastobebroughtuptothe speedm=sr.Toeliminatepulsatingtorqueduetothepulsatingvoltage,3phase inductionmotoristypicallyusedforhighpowerapplications. (2)Whenm=swhichimpliesr=0and=0,therotorcurrentisadirectcurrentandthe machinerotatesatthesynchronousspeed.ThestatorwindingisexcitedbyanACcurrent andthereisaDCexcitationintherotor.Thisisthebasicprincipleofoperationofa synchronousmotor. NotethatselfstartingandsynchronousmotorwillnotbetestedinME2143/ME2143E.
ThreePhaseSquirelCageInductionMotor
2-pole machine a a' c + Stator winding + b Stator Rotor b' + a c Y-connected stator winding c' b a
3-phase AC source b
+ + -
Ia=Imcos(t) Ib=Imcos(t120o) Ic=Imcos(t+120o) TheACcurrentproducesmagnetismthatcanbedescribedasexertingamagnetiomotive force(mmf).Themmf,Fisessentiallytheforceofamagneticfield.mmfisalsoknownas themagneticpotential.Itisdefinedastheworkthatcarriesameasurableunitofstrength (inampereturns)throughamagneticcircuit. Fofaninductororelectromagnetconsistingofacoilofwireisgivenby: F=NI. Nisthenumberofturnsinacoil,andIisthecurrentinwire. Magnetiomotiveforcecanbetranslatedliterallytomeanmagneticmotioncausing.Itis thedrivingforcethatproducesmagneticfluxandhencethemagneticfield.Theresultant magneticfield(mmf)isavectorcombinationofcontributionfromeachwinding.
t0
t1 Ib
t2
t3 Ic
t4
Note:Fa=Iacos()
Ia
1cycle F
a'
Fc
t=t0=t4 Fb
a'
t=t1 Fc
b
Fa F
+ c
+ b'
c'
Fb +
c' b' a
t=1,Ia=0(nocurrentinphasewindinga) Fa=0 Ib=(sqrt(3)/2)Im,Fb=(sqrt(3)/2)Fmax Ic=(sqrt(3)/2)Im,Fb=(sqrt(3)/2)Fmax TheresultantFhasthesameamplitude(3/2) Fmax,butithasrotatedcounterclockwise90 degreesinspace.
+ a
a' +
t=t2
a' c + b
t=t3
+
Fa
c' b'
Fc
+ b'
c'
Fc
a
F
Fb
Theresultantvectorrotateswiththepeakphasecurrent.