Mandriva Linux. Полное руководство пользователя.pdf
Mandriva
Linux
Mandriva
http://www.mandriva.com
-
-
2006
681.3.06
32.973.26-018.2
23
23
Mandriva Linux. . .:
-, 2006. 544 : .
ISBN 5-94157-866-0
Mandriva Linux Linux Windows/Mac OS X.
GNU/Linux, Mandriva Linux ,
GNU/Linux, Linux : , , -. Linux , Linux,
, .
681.3.06
32.973.26-018.2
Lafox.Net:
,
,
02429 24.07.00. 30.11.05.
70x100'/,. . . . . 43,86.
3000 . 1489
"-", 194354, -, . , 5.
-
Ns 77.99.02.953..006421.11.04 11.11.2004 .
.
" ""
199034, -, 9 , 12
ISBN 5-94157-866-0
2003-2006 Mandriva
, , 206
"--", 2006
Mandriva Linux:
2005
Copyright 2005 Mandrakesoft SA dba Mandriva
NeoDoc (http: //www. neodoc. biz)Camille Begnis, Christian Roy, Fabian Mandelbaum,
Roberto Rosselli del Turco, Marco De Vitis, Alice Lafox, John Rye, Wolfgang Bornath,
Funda Wang, Patricia Pichardo Begnis, Debora Rejnharc Mandelbaum, Mickael Scherer,
Jean-Michel Dault, Lunas Moon, Celine Harrand, Fred Lepied, Pascal Rigaux, Thierry
Vignaud, Giuseppe Ghib6, Stew Benedict, Francine Suzon, Indrek Madedog Triipus,
Nicolas Berdugo, Thorsten Kamp, Fabrice Facorat, Xiao Ming, Snature, Guylhem Aznar,
Pavel Maryanov, Annie Tetrault, Aurelio Marinho Jargas, Felipe Arruda, Marcia Gawlak
Hoshi, Bob Rye, Jean-Luc Borie, Roberto Patriarca
( , )
, Open Publication License, 1.0
( opencontent.org
(http: //www. opencontent. org/openpub/)).
.
() ,
.
Alice Lafox (mailto: aliceeiafox.net)
(mailto:jackaiafox.net). ,
.
"Mandriva" "DrakX" /
. "Star logo" . .
, ,
.
Lafox.Net (http://lafox.net).
2002 . ,
(mailto: doct eamQlaf ox. net).
NeoDoc (http://www.neodoc .biz).
NeoDoc, Mandriva .
DocBook XML.
Borges
(C3S) (http://sourceforge.net/projects/borges-dms). XML-
xsltproc jadetex ( )
(Norman Walsh). xwd GIMP
convert ( ImageMagick).
Mandriva Linux.
1. Mandriva Linux
1.1. Mandriva Linux
1.2. !
1.3. Mandriva Online
1.4. Mandriva
1.5. Mandriva Linux
2. Mandriva Linux
3.
4. ,
4.1.
4.2.
1.
2.
2.1. BIOS
2.2.
3. DrakX
3.1. Mandriva Linux
3.1.1.
3.1.2.
3.2.
3.3.
3.4.
3.5.
3.6.
3.7.
3.8.
3.9.
3.9.1.
3.9.2.
3.9.3.
3.9.4.
3.10. root
3.11.
3.12.
3.13.
3.13.1.
3.13.2.
3.13.3. X,
3.13.4. ,
3.14.
3.15. !
1
1
1
1
2
2
3
3
4
5
5
6
9
11
11
12
13
13
14
14
16
18
18
20
21
22
24
25
25
26
27
29
30
32
33
34
34
36
37
39
40
41
3.15.1.
3.16. Linux
I. Mandriva Linux
4. Linux Windows Mac OSX
4.1. ...?
4.2. !
5. Linux
5.1.
5.2.
5.3.
5.4.
5.5.
5.6. ( )
6.
6.1. Mandriva Linux
6.2. GNU/Linux
7. KDE
7.1. Desktop Environment
7.2.
7.3.
7.4. KDE
7.5. KDE
8. GNOME
8.1. GNOME
8.2. GNOME
8.3.
II.
9.
9.1.
10. - Firefox
10.1. Firefox
10.2. -
10.3.
10.4.
10.5.
10.6.
10.7.
10.8.
10.9.
11. IRC
11.1.
11.2. IRC C-Chat
III. Linux
VI
41
42
45
45
45
48
51
51
51
51
52
53
56
57
57
58
63
63
65
67
69
71
73
73
76
81
83
83
83
97
97
98
99
101
101
102
103
103
103
107
107
109
117
12. OpenOffice.org
117
12.1.
117
12.2.
125
12.3.
132
13.
141
13.1.
141
IV.
147
14.
147
14.1.
147
14.2.
152
14.3. -
155
15.
163
15.1.
163
15.2.
175
15.3.
180
15.4.
189
15.5. CD
197
V.
209
16. Mandriva Linux
209
16.1.
209
16.2.
212
16.3. Drakbug
214
17. Rpmdrake
217
17.1.
217
17.2.
222
17.3. Mandriva Linux
222
17.4.
223
18.
229
18.1.
229
18.2.
231
18.3. - DrakxTV
236
18.4.
238
18.5.
239
18.6. PrinterDrake
240
18.7.
255
19.
259
19.1.
259
19.2.
269
20. ,
275
20.1. MenuDrake
275
20.2. ,
279
20.3. , ,
DrakFont
281
20.4.
282
VII
20.5.
284
20.6.
289
20.7.
290
20.8.
293
21.
305
21.1. DiskDrake
305
21.2.
310
21.3. SMB-
312
21.4. NFS-
314
21.5.
314
21.6. WebDAV
316
22.
319
22.1. DrakSec
319
22.2. DrakPerm:
322
22.3.
DrakFirewall
324
23.
327
23.1.
327
23.2.
328
23.3.
329
24. Mandriva Online
331
24.1.
331
24.2. -
334
24.3. Mandriva Online
337
25.
341
25.1.
341
25.2.
341
25.3. Windows
344
25.4.
345
25.5.
346
26.
347
26.1.
347
26.2.
347
26.3.
348
26.4.
351
26.5. ,
353
26.6. ,
355
26.7. ,
357
26.8.
358
26.9.
360
26.10.
361
26.11.
362
26.12. Mandriva Linux
363
vin
26.13. Mandriva Linux
363
26.14.
366
VI. Linux
367
27. UNIX
367
27.1.
367
27.2.
369
27.3.
372
27.4.
373
28.
381
28.1.
381
28.2.
384
28.3.
387
28.4.
388
28.5.
390
28.6. : ... .392
28.7.
393
29.
395
29.1.
395
29.2.
398
30. : Emacs VI
401
30.1. Emacs
401
30.2. Vi:
406
30.3.
411
31.
-.
413
31.1.
413
31.2. find:
421
31.3.
424
31.4.
427
31.5. ,
430
32.
431
32.1.
431
32.2. : ps pstree
432
32.3. : kill, killall top
433
32.4. : nice, renice
434
VII. Linux
437
33.
437
33.1. /, / ... 437
33.2. : /
437
33.3. /usr:
439
33.4. /var:
440
33.5. /etc:
440
34.
443
34.1.
444
34.2. ,
446
IX
34.3. mount umount
35. Linux
35.1.
35.2.
35.3.
35.4. ""
35.5. :
35.6. . ""
35.7.
36. /
36.1.
36.2.
36.3.
37. : init sysv
37.1. init
37.2.
A. GNU (GPL)
.
.2. ,
B.
446
451
451
455
457
458
460
461
463
465
465
467
472
473
473
474
479
479
480
487
517
8-1. GNOME
8-2. GNOME
9-1. KMail
9-2.
10-1. - Firefox
12-1.
12-2.
13-1. Konqueror
14-1. GnomeMeeting
15-1.
15-2.
16-1.
35-1.
74
75
88
90
98
120
137
141
157
197
199
210
453
XI
1. Mandriva Linux
Mandriva Linux - GNU/Linux, Mandriva
S.A., 1998 .
GNU/Linux.
Mandriva -
7 2005 Mandrakesoft Mandriva,
Conectiva . Mandriva - Mandrakelinux - Mandriva Linux.
1.1. Mandriva Linux
- , Mandriva Linux. Mandriva, - (http://www.mandriva.com/).
- Mandriva Linux (http://www.mandrivalinux.com/) ,
.
Mandriva Expert (http://www.mandrivaexpert.com/) -
Mandriva. ,
.
(http: //www.
mandriva. com/en/community/resources/newsgroups), Mandriva
Linux .
(http://www.mandriva.
com/security). , Mandriva Linux. ,
, , , Mandriva Online (https://online.mandriva.com) (CM.
" Mandriva Online", . 331). , ,
.
1.2. !
Mandriva Mandriva Club
(http://club.mandriva.com):
, , , ,
freeware -;
;
50 000 RPM- Mandriva Linux;
Mandriva Store (http: //store .mandriva.
com);
, ;
;
(https://club.mandriva.com/xwiki/bin/view/KB) Mandriva
- wiki-, : , , ;
Mandriva Linux Club Chat (https://www.mandrivaclub.com/
user.php?op=clubchat);
GNU/Linux
Mandriva (http: //etraining. mandriva. com)
Mandriva Mandriva Club,
Mandriva Linux GNU/Linux-.
1.3. Mandriva Online
Mandriva ,
. " Mandriva Online", . 331.
1.4. Mandriva
Mandriva Linux Mandriva Store (http: //store.mandriva. com/).
Mandriva Linux, "live"
CD ( Move), , , , , , GNU/Linux, Mandriva.
1.5. Mandriva Linux
, Mandriva Linux,
Mandriva Linux:
. GNU/Linux , . .
. ,
Mandriva'oM: .
. -, .
(http: //qa. mandriva. com/),
, Mandriva Linux.
2. Mandriva Linux
, Mandriva Linux.
, , ,
(. " ", . 9 " ", . 11).
(. " DrakX", .
13), ,
Mandriva Linux.
Mandriva Linux - Linux.
.
Mandriva Linux
.
Linux ,
OpenOffice.org .
, Mandriva Linux. , , ,
, , CD/DVD-.
Mandriva Linux Mandriva Linux.
( Linux)
GNU/Linux. ,
Linux G N U / Li n , , , .
, GNU/Linux:
.
Mandriva Linux. !
3.
open-source ! Mandriva Linux - . . ,
:
;
;
;
XML/XSLT-.
, .
, .
, - .
Borges (C3S) (http://sourceforge.net/projects/
borges-dms) - . ,
, !
Mandriva Linux , , (mailto:documentationQmandriva.com) - Mandriva Linux (http: //www.mandrivalinux.
com/en/doc/project/).
, , 2004 Mandriva Linux Borges
NeoDoc (http://www.neodoc.biz).
4. ,
4.1.
,
. .
inode
Is -lta
(.
" "', . 6).
a_file
.
RPM-.
ls(l)
(man).
,
man I I s .
$ Is *.pid
,
, ,
,
..
localhost
,
. ,
,
OpenOffice.org
.
,
, . ,
,
.
. (
) ""
,
.
he petit chaperon
,
. .
. .
. ,
, ,
.
. ,
.
4.2.
4.2.1.
,
:
< >
[ o p t i o n = { a p r l , 2, )]
[ . . . . ]
, , .
"<" () ">" () ,
, . , <_>
. f oo. txt, f oo. t x t ,
<f . t x t > <_>.
("[ ]") ,
.
("...") .
("{ }") , .
.
4.2.2.
, , Ctrl-R,
, , Ctrl, R.
Alt Shift.
;
, .
, R - .
.
, , > (Ctrl-R) : ,
( ). . ,
Ctrl-R
( ).
4.2.3.
, , :
Queen Pingusa
queen
Peter Pingus
peter
,
.
,
.
1.
. Windows, GNU/Linux
(
), , ,
Windows GNU/Linux. Windows GNU/Linux, DrakX
Mandriva Linux Windows.
.
:
chkdsk Windows.
, chkdsk .
chkdsk .
chkdsk ,
, .
chkdsk Windows " ".
defrag, Windows 9x'. . , , ..
.
! ,
, , ..
, GNU/Linux.
1. NT .
1.
NTFS. Windows 2000, NT : , DiskDrake (
ntfsresize) NTFS, ,
. , the LinuxNTFS (http://linux-ntfs.sourceforge.net/info/ntfs.html#2.6), NTFS Resize FAQ (http://mlf.linux.rulez.org/mlf/ezaz/
ntfsresize.html) .
Windows Norton
PartitionMagic NTFS.
, ! (. :
).
DiskDrake Mandriva Linux. , FAQ.
10
2.
, Mandriva Linux. , ..
. (
, , ),
(, , ,
..).
2.1. BIOS
BIOS {Basic Input/Output System, /) , , .
.
plug'n'play , BIOS . Linux plug'n'play, BIOS .
BIOS Del ( BIOS F2, F10 Esc)
POST-. ,
BIOS. .
Plug'n'Play OS installed. No, BIOS plug'n'play, Linux .
CD-ROM. Boot
sequence First boot device BIOS CD-ROM . CD-ROM,
.
, , , + ( ), SPP,
.
, , , ,
,
. ,
.
11
2.
2.2.
Mandriva Linux ,
, .
- Mandrakelinux ( h t t p : //www.
mandrakelinux.com/ru/hardware.php3).
: Mandriva Linux
, / Mandriva Linux. Mandriva ,
.
USB: USB 1.x USB
2.0.
Linux-USB device
overview (http://www.qbik.ch/usb/devices/). - Linux USB ( h t t p : //www. l i n u x - u s b . org).
12
3. DrakX
3.1. Mandriva Linux
DrakX, , GNU/Linux:
. DrakX
Mandriva Linux.
DrakX ,
. , , -
, DrakX
Mandriva Linux.
'
: /
'.:.. / .
>
'
Press <*
X > for more options
Press <i
to install of upgrade
Cre Mandriva Linux
3-1.
,
. . - , ,
" ", . 14.
3. DrakX
3.1.1.
(. . 3-3). , . : ,
.
, . ,
. , !
3.1.2.
- , F1
(. . 3-1). (. 3-2). , :
Ueic
t M a mIrlva
Linux
inst 11 help
In Most casas, the best way to (jot st art e d is to s irij)ly press the <Enter> key.
I f you experience probletis with si aridard insta11, try one of t he to 1 iowing
ext and pres s <Enter>):
insta 11 types (type the high 1 i girted t
vgalo for low reso lut ion graphica 1 in s t a l l a t i o n
text for text inst u1 let ion i nstead of t h e jjre phica1 one.
I inux for st andrtrit raphtea I i nstalia 1 ion at i tor1 resoIut ion.
To repair an a 1 ready insttt1led s;js l typ a rescue! f 1 lowed
by <Enter>.
Yuu can also pass S U M H <spHci f ic kernel opt ions> to the Linux kernel,
Knr 1, try linux noapic it' s y s t e H has t r o u b l e opera ting
your network adapter r.orrectly.
HOTK: Yuu cannot pass opt ions Io M o d u l e s (SCSI,*theinet u a r d ) 0 deui r.es;
such as f'D-HUH (frizes in th is w<\ij. If y o u need to do s o , u s e n Oiutt nod .
IFl-Help] [F2-flduanced Hlpl EF3 M.t inj
boot : __
3-2.
14
3. DrakX
vgalo: (. . 3-3), . . Mandriva
Linux , . ,
vgalo.
t e x t : , .. , " ".
: .
noauto: PC "" . , noauto ,
. DrakX
. , , . noauto
,
: vgalo noauto DrakX'oM.
:
BIOS ,
.
RAM, PC, mem=xxxM. , 256 ,
l i n u x mem=256M.
15
3. DrakX
3.2.
Nederlands
Norsk, Bokmal
Norsk, Nynorsk
Occrtan
PlatduUtsch
Polski
Portugues
Romana
3-3.
, , . ,
.
, Multi languages,
, ,
, . ,
, , - .
16
3. DrakX
UTF-8 (unicode, ): Unicode - ,
.
GNU/Linux .
UTF-8 Mandriva Linux
:
1. ( latinl, , , , , , , iso-8859-2), .
2. Unicode.
3. ,
,
Unicode.
4. , ,
Unicode
Unicode, ,
.
, . ,
. , , , .. ,
, , .. , ,
.
,
, l o c a l e d r a k e root.
.
17
3. DrakX
3.3.
* , * t * MandtlVo LinUX
' 1
^ , , ,
, i* . MMixetco .
MandriVB S.A., i ,
/
- cThD , ^ , 1
[
..
* . * nonwiKM ,
* *, . . ;
3-4.
, .
Mandriva Linux.
, .
.
,
,
.
3.4.
, GNU/Lin .
18
3. DrakX
; [* Mendrtva Linux release 2006.0 (Cooker)]
'"'
3-5.
DrakX , - Mandriva Linux:
,
Mandriva Linux.
.
.
, , ( , /home).
,
.
"" Mandriva Linux 10 .1 .
.
19
3. DrakX
3.5.
,
- .
.
3-6.
(. . " ", . 16) DrakX ,
, .
, : , , -,
. , -, ,
,
. ,
.
, .
20
3. DrakX
, ,
.
3.6.
, * * >> 6w
: ,
# / -
; > *
. .
:
.
3-7.
DrakX . , , .
.
, .
draksec Mandriva Linux.
, . , .
2 3, 1489
22
3. DrakX
3.7.
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.
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3-8.
,
Mandriva Linux. , .. , Mandriva Linux.
, . , DrakX , .
, , ,
, .
, :
, .
22
3. DrakX
Linux. - .
. ,
.
Windows
Windows,
GNU/Linux. Windows (. "
") FAT NTFS. , Windows. .
,
Mandriva Linux Windows.
, , , Windows , ..
.
, ,
.
.
,
.
Windows(TM)
, Windows.
" ".
, .
23
3. DrakX
,
: , . ,
GNU/Linux. , DiskDrake, " DiskDrake", . 305.
3.8.
, Linux.
3-9.
GNU/Linux,
24
3. DrakX
. , ,
.
, ,
. , ( /, /usr /var), ,
, ( /home).
, .
.
, .
, Mandriva Linux.
, , .
3.9.
. ,
.
3.9.1.
CD, , .
,
, , ..
.
25
3. DrakX
3.9.2.
Maodriva Linux
* . : Installation Free C01. Installatio
:
Free CD2, Installation Free CD3.
3-10.
CD
Mandriva Club, . ,
1.
, .
.
2.
(URL NFS ) .
26
3. DrakX
3.9.3.
**
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L S B
4>
Capap
Web/FTP
KDE
G n o m e
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tt MowTQ no Linux \*
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3-11.
, . Mandriva Linux ,
.
Mandriva Linux . ,
.
1. : , .
LSB , Linux Standard Base (http: //www.
linuxbase. org/).
2. : , , .
3. : . ,
.
27
3. DrakX
.
, ,
,
.
,
, - .
( ), ,
:
X: ,
.
:
.
: , Linux.
.
28
3. DrakX
3.9.4.
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ImageMagick
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OpenOffice.org is an Open Source.
community-developed, multi-plntfotm office i
productivity si^ite It includes tlip k^y desktop i
applications, such as a word processor,
spreadsheet, presentation manager.
forumula editing and drawing program, with a '
office suites. Sophisticated and flexible,
OpenOffice org also works transparently ith
a variety of file formats, including Microsoft
Office Languages available in
: 339/675 MB
3-12.
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(
),
, ,
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. , ,
Mandriva Linux.
, ,
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29
3. DrakX
. , .
,
. ,
, .
. , , . ,
,
.
3.10. root
(root)
3-13. root
GNU/Linux:
r o o t . Root - ,
, ,
, .. , r o o t -
30
3. DrakX
! , :
DrakX , .
, . ,
GNU/Linux . .. root , , root .
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: ,
!
, .
, . :
.
. .
LDAP. LDAP . LDAP
.
NIS. NIS.
NIS
.
-. SmartCard .
Windows. Windows
Active Directory, LDAP Microsoft.
, ,
, .
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31
3. DrakX
3.11.
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3-15.
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, :
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3. DrakX
Windows,
GRUB/LILO. , GNU/Linux, .
, .
(MBR).
. , , .
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: , , .
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3. DrakX
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: . Mandriva Linux .
: , . ,
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, , GMT, GNU/Linux'y ,
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41
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1
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- Mandriva Linux,
. Mandriva Linux :
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Linux ( ext3 swap),
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mkfs.vfat /dev/fdO.
42
a.
3. DmkX
root.
b.
f disk /dev/hda (
Mandriva Linux I IDE-, /dev/hda).
c.
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43
4. Linux Windows Mac OSX
, Windows Mac OSX.
,
Windows Mac OSX.
4.1. ...?
Windows Mac OSX / , GNU/Linux .
4.1.1.
Windows
; - ,
, : ,
, Mac OSX, Mandriva Linux'a
Apple,
, , Finder.
4.1.2.
GNU/Linux
Windows. Mandriva Linux ,
, .
: PNG, Rich Text, PostScript-
. , ..
,
/ .
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(. " ", . 117, " ", . 125).
45
4. Linux Window^ Mac OS&X
, . .. ,
Windows GNU/Linux. , GNU/Linux-
, Windows Mac OSX. GIMU/Linux-
Windows, , ,
(http://linuxshop.ru/linuxbegin/win-lin-soft/table.shtml).
Mac OSX Mac OSX
GNU/Linux, Mac OSX BSD- UN IX- ,
GNU/Linux. , -,
Mac OSX.
RpmDrake (, "
Rpmdmke", . 217).
4.1.3. /
Windows Mac OSX
Mandriva Linux Mandriva Linux.
+^
> . , .
4.1.4.
GNU/Linux . Windows , Mac OS.
Mandriva Linux bash -
. , ++.
DOS Linux.
,
.
46
4. Linux Windows? Mac OSX
4.1.5.
GNU/Linux TCP/IP, SMB (
Windows), , . LinNeighborhood.
Konqueror . smb: /
, Windows .
. " ",
. 144.
4.1.6. :
" " - , Windows.
UNIX ( :, D :, ..., Z :) " ". .
, "" , ,
, /mnt/.
, Mac OSX, - . , GNU/Linux /mnt, Mac OSX /Volumes,
Finder'e " ".
4.1.7. CD/DVD
, :. CD-ROM'bi
/mnt/cdrom/. CD-ROM
CD-ROM'a.
CD : CD
CD . " ", . 147.
4.1.8. (, USB- ..)
CD-ROM'aMH , USB
/mnt.
, ; media .
47
4. Linux Windows Mac OS&X
4.1.9.
Mandriva Linux , : . , Peter /home/peter.
Windows Mydocuments.
C:\Winnt\Profiles\
user_name\ : \Documents and Settings\user_name\ Windows, " KDE", . 63.
Mac OSX . - /Users/user_name,
Documents.
4.2. !
, GNU/Linux, ,
GNU/Linux.
4.2.1.
GNU/Linux, Mac OSX, UNIX.
- , . ,
. ,
, ( ) , ( )
.
4.2.2.
GNU/Linux - .
4.2.3.
. ,
, ,
.
48
4. Linux Windows Mac OSX
4.2.4.
GNU/Linux !
,
.
: , , -
,
.
Freshmeat (http://
themes. freshmeat. net/).
4.2.5.
, GNU/Linux . , , ! Mandriva Linux
, .
, GNU/Linux.
GNU/Linux ,
- " ".
4.2.6. !
Windows Mac OS ( Mac OSX)
, . GNU/Linux
, . "",
. : .
, GNU/Linux.
Windows (
)
IBM's RedBook: Linux Client Migration Cookbook (http://www.redbooks.ibm.com/
abstracts/sg246380. html). He !
49
5. Linux
5.1.
GNU/Linux.
, , KDE, ,
Mandriva Linux , . - !
.
Windows Mac OS,
" Linux Window^ Mac OSX", . 45,
GNU/Linux.
5.2.
, Mandriva Linux,
. GN U/Linux , .
. linux Mandriva
Linux, ,
-. Enter, Mandriva Linux. ,
Enter.
5.3.
GNU/Linux . ,
. .
, .
" " " ".
. ,
51
5. Linux
, 1 .
2. ,
"".
, , . ,
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, . ,
.
5.4.
, Mandriva
Linux,
. , ,
- :
Mandriva Linux release 2006.0 for i586
Kernel 2.6.12-8mdk on an i686 / ttyl
_ login:
; , .
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, , " -",
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, (. . 5-1).
1. - - ;
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2. .. (. ).
52
5. Linux
localhost
:^
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(. " ", . 327).
, .. , ,
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5.5.1. Mandriva Linux
, , .. , .
3 . 1489
53
5. Linux
5-2. KDE
1. .
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.
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2. .
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3. , - , , . (.. , ). ,
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5.5.2.
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54
5. Linux
5.5.3.
,
:
;| > : j &/home/jack
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5. Linux
, , .
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: ( ) ( ).
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56
6.
, Mandriva Linux,
. ,
.
6.1. Mandriva Linux
6.1.1. Mandriva
, , .
(http://www.mandrivalinux.com/ru/fdoc.php3).
Mandriva Linux mandriva-doc-ru.
: +-> Mandriva
Linux .
6.1.2. -
;
-, GNU/Linux, .
- .
-
Mandriva Linux (http://www.mandrivalinux.com/).
(http: //mandrivaexpert. com).
- Mandrake Community Twiki (http://mandrake.vmlinuz.ca/bin/view/Main/
WebHome). , Mandriva Linux.
6.1.2.1. Mandriva Club
- Mandriva Linux, , ,
Mandriva Club (http://mandrivaclub.com/). Mandriva Linux. , , Mandriva Linux GNU/Linux.
Mandriva Linux. ,
.
57
6.
, :
Mandriva Club (http://kb.mcindrivaclub.com/) -
Mandriva Linux. , , , Mandriva Linux.
, Mandriva Linux. .
,
.
,
shell, X - GNU/Linux.
6.1.2.2. Mandriva
- Mandriva (http: //www .mandriva. com/security/) Mandriva, .
6.1.2.3. Mandriva
- Mandriva GNU/Linux Open
Source. - (http: //campus .mandriva. com),
Mandriva Club. Samba.
6.2. GNU/Linux
, Mandriva Linux,
.
6.2.1. /usr/share/doc
/usr/share/doc, .
Mandriva Linux ( ) /usr/share/
doc/mandriva/.
58
6.
6.2.2. -
6.2.2.1. -,
Security Focus (http: //www. securityf ocus. com/)
, Mandriva Linux.
Linux Security (http: //www. linuxsecurity. com/)
Linux'y , , : , , ..
(http: //www. linuxsecurity. com/docs) .
Linux dot com (http: //www. linux. com)
, . , , . HOWTO (http://howtos.linux. com/).
6.2.2.2. - Linux
- ,
:
Linux Online! (http: //www. linux. org/)
, Linux,
.
Freshmeat (http: //f reshmeat. net/)
, , Linux.
Linux Weekly News (http://www.lwn.net/)
Linux. :
,
, ( ).
, , . , .
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59
6.
GNU/Linux- , Linux ( h t t p :
//www.google.com/linux).
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( "man pages") - , GNU/Linux.
" "
(. " ", . 381).
,
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shell. .
,
.
.
: , (2) fstab(5) open 2 f s t a b 5.
\ I ^
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man.
, fstab(5),
: man: /fstab (5).
( shell'e), man. :
man [] [] < >
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man. ,
l e s s .
. ( . SEE ALSO).
, ,
Linux: ls(l), chmod(l) .
60
6.
(, mknod , mknod), , . : man
2 mknod. , man -a mknod mknod.
6.2.4. Info
info , .
info info.
Info ,
dir. info.
info : , ;
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info emacs
info :
Buffers::
. (
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info.
:
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;
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I info Konqueror,
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info.
61
6.
6.2.5. HOWTO
HOWTO, Linux (TLDP, The
Linux Documentation Project), . (
howto-html-en), HOWTO
.
/usr/share/doc/HOWTO/HTML/en/. HTML-, -.
. ,
: > Howtos .
, HOWTO ( ). , . :
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(.. , ), . . HOWTO, : Linux .
- , :
", " , IT
:
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org/HOWTO/HOWTO-INDEX/categories.html) FAQ'n (http://www.tldp.
org/docs ,html#f aq).
62
7. KDE
7.1. Desktop Environment
( Desktop Environment, KDE)
. ,
, KDE .
KDE ,
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.
7.1.1.
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KDE
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63
7. KDE
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GNU/Linux.
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Copyright 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003 KDE
This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it 1
under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the
Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or fat your
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WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of R
7-7. KDE
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, Konqueror:
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7. KDE
- KDE (http:
//kde.org/documentation/), ,
Desktop Environment.
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KDE .
,
, ,
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, , KDE
KDE'uiHbie .
, .
KDE ,
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( +++^ ), , , .
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71
8. GNOME
GNOME,
. KDE,
, , , . GNOME KDE (
, ). ,
GNOME KDE . ,
( , , GNOME).
8.1. GNOME
GNOME, , , . 8-1.
8-1. GNOME
, ( ).
, .
73
8. GNOME
. Nautilus
(/home/queen).
CD-ROM. Nautilus CD-ROM,
CD-ROM . ,
-CD . ,
: Nautilus
-CD.
Floppy . Nautilus ,
. ,
.
Trash ( ). ,
. ,
, Nautilus.
(, GNOME),
, .
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, , -
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, 9 .
74
8. GNOME
Or MandrakeLinux
Mandriva ,
. GNOME. ,
Mandriva GNOME.
,
,
GNOME.
,
GNOME.
.
Help GNOME Help Browser,
GNOME Desktop,
,
Info.
- Galeon, ,
Tab,
-
Mandriva Linux Control Center,
Mandriva Linux.
Evolution, ,
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.
16:08
,
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(. " ", . 80),
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75
8. GNOME
: .
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8-2. GNOME
, , GNOME The GIMP,
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(workspace). , , - . "" , , . "
", . 80.
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8.2.1.
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76
8. GNOME
:
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:
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:
77
8. GNOME
,
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GNOME. , GNOME , GNOME Desktop. - , .
GNOME Help Browser
GNOME, (man pages) info. man
pages. , . Info
, GNU, () Emacs.
81
8.
GNOME
, , GNOME . - GNOME
( h t t p : //www. gnome. org/) !
82
9.
9.1.
KMail
Kontact, Akregator - RSS.
,
.
83
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, MIME.
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2 is OFFTOPIC | NO FOUL LANGUAGE | FAQs: http://linuxfotnewbies.org/fi 5 -, L31
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16. Mandriva
Linux
16.1. MCC
Mandriva Linux (MCC) , .
Mandriva Linux (+>
).
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209
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", . 314
"
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222
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"DrakPerm: ",
. 322.
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16. Mandriva Linux
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j/boot/initrd.img
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Mandriva Linux, Drakbug .
Drakbug, , Drakbug
(http://qa.mandriva.com/createaccount.cgi).
Drakbug
Mandriva Linux. Drakbug Mandriva
Linux.
214
16. Mandriva Linux
Mandriva Linux release 2006.0 (Cooker) for i586
Mandriva: j Mandriva Unux
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215
17. Rpmdrake
Mandriva Linux RPM
,
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.
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17. Rpmdrake
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17. Rpmdrake
( synthesis, hdlist,
Mandriva Linux), , .
, , .
,
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17. Rpmdrake
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17.1.2.
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220
17. Rpmdrake
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225
17. Rpmdrake
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18.
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Mandriva Online Mandriva Linux,
, > , , : . .
18.1.2. /
, , HardDrake,
Mandriva Linux {"
Drakbug", . 214).
HardDrake - ISA. ISA -, s n d c o n f i g a l s a c o n f .
sndconf ig a l s a - u t i l s .
18.2.
. , .
, .
( ), root'
XFdrake. , ,
" ", . 234,
.
Mandriva Linux:
231
18.
18.2.1.
?
1
! j
Piug'tiPlay
1024x768 @ 60 Hz
1024x768 @ 70 Hz
1280x1024 @ 60 Hz
1280x1024 @ 74 Hz
1280x1024 @ 76 Hz
1400x1050
18-2.
I
. , ,^~;~J
(. . 18-2).
, Plug'n'Play
.
, .
,
, .
232
18.
18.2.2.
'
(: NVIDIA GeForce FX (generic))
1280x1024
16 (24 )
,|
OK .
18-3. 1
(800x600,
1024x768 ..) . . ,
SS2H
(. . 18-3). , .
, .
. , . ,
4 : 3
.
233
18.
18.2.3.
NVIDIA GeForce FX (...
Hansol Electronics M...
1152x864 24bpp
18-4. XFdrake
,
root'oM XFdrake. , . 18-4.
. :
, .
: - . , .
, , ,
, Xorg.
, .
18-2.
234
18.
. 18-3.
KDE,
, ++vKRandRTray.
GNOME'OM, Screen Resolution Preferences,
++GNOME>
.
, .
.
:
. , . , ,
, . ,
XFdrake.
,
. . ,
,
" ", . 347, XFdrake.
. .
, .
.
. - , , a XFdrake ,
. . , . , .
,
.
235
18.
18.3. - DrakxTV
-,
,
Mandriva Linux, Hardware Compatibility ( h t t p :
//www.mandrivalinux.com/ru/hardware.php3) BTTV ( h t t p :
//linux.bytesex.org/v412/bttv.html/).
.
DrakxTV , xawtv
- btxxx saa71xx.
,
, .
236
18.
<
Cj
- bttv ApaGNU/Linux * ^
| , >
| . , -
>
SKNet
[> Terrata:
:
. ' .
'
'
. -
>
Tevion
>
Philips
|> SHARP
t> Samsung
> Tfemic
' ;
OK
18-5. -
, -,
(. 18-5).
. ,
, DrakxTV .
237
18.
Qtvtm
.
?
8 :
j SEC AM
: ; jack
18-6.
DrakxTV
, . ,
xawtv, .
OK, DrakxTV . ,
xawtv. ,
Mandriva Linux: kdetv, tvtime zapping.
18.4.
, ,
, .
238
18.
*
, .
| (QWERTZ)
()
()
()
Internet Keyboard Pro, Swedish
Natural
Natural Keyboard Pro OEM
Natural Keyboard Pro USB / Microsoft Internet Keyboard Pro
18-7.
,
. 18-7. , , . Generic.
.
,
.
18.5.
, ,
, .
Synaptics . Wacom.
239
18.
, .
> PS/2
> USB
busmouse
Synaptics Tcxichpad
PS/2 USB
i>
i>
OK
18-8.
(. . 18-8). .
.
PS/2 & USB .
18.6. PrinterDrake
:
;
,
;
, ( GNU/Linux, Windows).
240
18.
I ^ ,
Mandriva Linux, , , ,
.
18.6.1.
PrinterDrake :
18.6.1.1. .
I There are no printers found which are directly connected to
| your machine (Make sure that all your printers are connected
I and turned on).
j Do you want to enable printing on printers in the local
j network?
NOTE: Depending on the printer model and the printing
system up to 80 MB of additional software will be installed.
II
Quit
jj
Yfes
18-9.
, . .
242
18. o6opxjdoeaHua
1 CUPS :
1 . CUPS .
, CUPS
. .
: ,
CUPS ,
1 tPP ( 6 3 1 ) .
| 2 . CUPS.
; . CUPS
\ ,
\ , .
! ,
CUPS
, IP :
18-10.
CUPS,
,
, , .
, (. . 18-12).
.
,
, CUPS. ,
. IP-
( ).
(. . 18-12). .
18.6.1.2.
PrinterDrake , .
242
18.
The following new printer was found and printerdrake can automatically set it up for you. If
you do not want to have it set up, unselect it, or click "Cancel".
Note that for certain printer models additional packages need to be installed. So keep your
installation media handy,
x hp psc 1300 series on /dev/usb/lpl
!"" [Do not do automatic printer setup againj
Ok
I Cancel
18-11.
(. . 18-12). , (. " ", . 252).
18.6.1.3.
(. . 18-12). , (. "
", . 252).
18.6.2.
(. . 18-12) . - ( ), - , ( ).
, . ,
.
243
18.
CUPS
I
. .
j Def,
X
Color_printer HP DeskJet 990C #0 HP DeskJet 990C My desk
18-12.
: ,
" ", . 247.
: , .
Def .
: , " "', . 252.
:
:
, .
CUPS: ( )
.
. , , .
.
244
18.
> . " ", . 253.
18.6.3.
CUPS , .
; , , ,
| . ,
; .
^
/:
'
CUPS CUPS:
OK
j!
18-13. CUPS
, - CUPS
CUPS.
9 . 1489
245
18.
18.6.3.1.
CUPS
. ,
, .
, IP
iprlnt.enterprlse.net
OK
18-14.
., .
IP- .
, , ,
(. . 18-12).
18.6.3.2.
, ( USB-), ,
. (. . 18-13).
:
.
, /
246
18.
(. ).
, ,
, "" .
, , ,
CUPS (.
).
/
, .
CUPS
CUPS,
.
IP- CUPS-.
,
, . ,
18.6.4.
, .
18.6.4.1.
,
, SMB- (Windows).
, ( ,
, Ipd ..).
247
18.
, ,
Windows.
, , ,
, .
Windows- .
, ,
, .
/ Windows-, .
"", , "",
.
I* , Microsoft Windows
>
Ipd ( -)
18-15.
, . , (. . 18-17). ,
, .
HP
Sony,
(. "ScannerDrake", . 181). .
PrinterDrake
, .
(. . 18-16), .
248
18.
?
, Prlnterdrake
. ,
" ".
, ( ]
.
Deskjet 980C
DeskJet 990C
DeskJet 995C
PPD
18-16.
, , PPD- , PPD, .
, PPD-.
249
18.
(, "printer").
.
.
jColor_Printer
| DeskJet 990C
My desk
18-17.
, "_". 12
, \/1\/5-
Samba.
,
,
. No,
.
,
.
18.6.4.2.
(.
. 18-18). , (
, ..), .
, , .
250
18.
General
Page Size
j A4
Printout Mode
Media Source
\ Printer default
Normal (auto-detect paper type)
Double-Sided Printing | Off
18-18.
,
.
18.6.4.3.
(. . 18-19).
, , - .
.
252
18.
, , .
:
,
.
.
|{
18-19.
18.6.4.4.
,
No (. . 18-20) . .
(. . 18-12).
18.6.5.
, ,
(. . 18-20). (. " ", . 247), . , .
252
18.
Colorprinter: HP DeskJet 990C
#0 ( ), Oescr.; HP DeskJet 990C, L o c : My desk
?
, ,
,
...
,
! [
i ! I
18-20.
:
1. . , . , . , .
2. , . ,
HP,
.
3. . .
, !.
18.6.6.
:
.
253
18.
(.
. 18-16). .
. LPD,
Windows-cepBepoB, , .
PrinterDrake , .
. ,
.
, .
?
CUPS
;
.
Ipd
(TCP/Socket)
. SMB/Windows
URI
>"* (. TCP/Socket, SMB-, URI )
if
18-21.
:
.
USB- . .
254
18.
Ipd.
Ipd.
(TCP/socket). . , .
SMB/Windows 95/98/NT. , ,
SMB-, Samba- ( Samba ).
, .
URI .
(Universal Resource Identifier, URI)
. . , URI .
,
(4000 4 ) . , , -,
.
.
18.7.
(Uninterruptable Power Supply, UPS)
- , . ,
, UPS ( 10 ),
,
, .
DrakUPS, Mandriva Linux .
nut-server ("nut" Network UPS
Tool).
255
18.
UPS
UPS.
UPS .
.;
18-22. DrakUPS
DrakUPS'y UPS.
, . .
U PS .
256
18.
- * S
UPS
"
'
"
UPS
UPS.
/ : j Back-UPS ES/CyberFort 350
18-23.
, 1 .
1. . , , , .
257
18.
UPS
UPS
"Back-UPS ES/Cyberfort 350* UPS '""
, , .
: jmyups
: Ihidups
:
IttySO / COM1
' . . ' . . '
i I
18-24. ,
, UPS
.
258
19.
19.1.
, , .
, DrakFirewall. , , " DrakFirewall",
. 324.
drakconnect , .
drakconnect, Mandriva Linux
. . 19-1. ,
, " ", . 269.
! Mandriva Linux
?\ *
W *
^
jit'
(LAN. ISDN. AC
*<
( j - j ,
19-1. DrakConnect
19.1.1.
259
19.
. -.
gj* , "*"
. , ISP , .
19.1.1.1.
.
(network interface card, NIC) ;
, , .
NIC.
,
( IP (BOOTP/DHCP)) ( ): , ISP . IP . 19-2.
! etho ( via-rtiine)
, IP .
\ IP-
, (. 1.2.3.4).
IP-
92.16.0.100
255 255 255 0
I
id ( )
* Network Hutplugging
| |
.,
ij j ;
19-2.
Network Hotplugging, . .
IP
, : , IP- DNS- IP- , (. . 19-3).
260
19.
; ,,
!
! , "mybox.mylab.myco.com".
IP- ,
[ DNS IP .
cookerbox
DNS 1
!51..
DNS 2
152..
DNS 3
(. 192.168.0.1) 192.168.0.1
19-3. IP- DNS
DHCP,
. zeroconf: ,
, .
, " ", . 268. ,
, .
I ~ , :
~^~" (
g^ ) (
(JL ). , ,
.
19.1.1.2.
WiFi- PCMCIA PCI.
1.
, . ,
Windows.
CD .
262
19.
2.
(. " ", . 260).
3.
. ,
.
19.1.1.3. ADSL
, ADSL-,
.
/ISP. , :
.
, - ,
, ISP.
. :
DSL CAPI. CAPI
ISDN (Common ISDN Applications Programming Interface). API ISDN, ADSL.
(DHCP). , ADSL.
, " ", . 260 ( ).
TCP/IP. ,
. ,
" ", . 260 ( ).
ATM (PPPoA). , ATM (AAL5). ADSL, USB ADSL-.
Ethernet (PPPoE). ,
Ethernet. ADSL. , .
(). Microsoft, ADSL.
, RFC.
262
19.
,
DNS () Johti..
DNS () dns2 .
( )
pe4er.pingus@entenyise.net
' '
:h
19-4. ADSL
.
DNS (. . 19-4). .
, , VPI (Virtual Path
ID) VCI (Virtual Circuit ID), .
, . .. ADSL " ",
. ,
.
19.1.1.4.
BPALogin. , , .
NIC . , , .
NIC.
, "
", . 260. , ,
ISP.
263
19.
19.1.1.5. ISDN
, ,
.
. , .
19.1.1.6.
. , , , , , . .
/ISP. ,
: ( , ) .
, .
, - ,
, ISP (. . 19-5).
Dialup:
[540000
ID
i
:
j PAP/CHAP
i
. . .
'
i l l
l
i':::::--
19-5.
264
19.
, .
, :
( ,
ISP, "expect" "send");
(
); PAP, CHAP / ( , CHAP ,
, / ).
IP, DNS . ISP ,
. ,
. ,
. , .
,
: . : ,
. , :
+ >.
19.1.1.7. DVB
.
1,
, , .
2.
(. " ", . 260).
265
19.
19.1.2.
;
:
modem
'
'
"
()
cookerbox
DNS () J213.179.244.18
DNS ()
DNS ()
195 5 6 10
J213.179.244.18
||
19-6.
, . , ,
.
266
19.
19.1.3.
Qnuvw
: ethO; Advanced Devioss|?9c970 [PCnet LANCE] * '
|: :
IP
; | DHCP
. DNS
11
172.16.1.1
IP-
: !
'
rJ
....'
: !
- ...
...
,..
. . ..
tocaktomain
| :
OK
19-7.
,
. , ,
.
.
267
19.
19.1.4.
ethO pppO
! : modem
: -
03 : 38KB i ; |
i :
: 12
! :
246's
1.6KB/S
2.3KB/S
1.5KB/S
|| :
' modem |
19-8.
. : , . (. . 19-8). ,
.
19.1.5.
.
. , , .
268
19.
19.1.6.
IP- FTP- HTTP- .
.
- - , ,
-.
, -. " -", .
. - ,
. , -. " -".
- - ,
.
19.1.7.
, .
19.2.
, .
, , , ,
269
19.
19-9.
:
1.
(" ", . 259). ,
, ,
Ethernet.
2.
3.
(" ", . 272).
.
, {'
DrakFirewall", . 324).
. , DHCP,
, , - Squid.
19.2.1.
, :
1. -
270
19.
, .
, : .
2.
Ethernet, ,
-,
, . ,
. ,
, , "", .. ,
, .
3.
IP
192.168 1 1
;255 255 255.0
fig warn, lafox net
< :.
I [[_
19-10.
, , . , ,
.
,
.
. .
4. DNS
272
19.
,
.
. ,
.
5.
DHCP
DHCP .
: IP-, ,
DNS.
6.
- (SQUID)
, . , ,
,
.
Squid.
19.2.2.
,
DHCP . DHCP, Mandriva Linux
-. Windows, GNU/Linux , DHCP.
DHCP,
, .
DHCP: Mandriva Linux ,
DHCP , . 19-11.
272
19.
; ethO:Advanced Micra Devices|79c970 [PCnet LANCE] j :
TCBIP DHCP
, IP
| ; DHCP
172.16.1.1
| |
IT:
|
(-
DNScepeepa
localdomain
', .'
OK
19-11. DHCP
273
20. ,
20.1. MenuDrake
, Mandriva Linux ,
( KDE GNOME).
( ), . MenuDrake Mandriva Linux
Control Center ++Menudrake.
root1 .
:
'.....:
| I
'
roof a
20-1. MenuDrake
- root MenuDrake :
root. , :
, ;
root, r o o t .
MenuDrake,
. (. . 20-2)
: , - ,
.
275
20. ,
']
!
--'_-"
J
rttrfl
"
"pi
*]
:
=>>
'
U'
^%
: kde
"
"
* J
"_. root1 a
|
<$
^
ip LocaleDrake ()
LocaleDrake ()
Menudrake
:
:
i /usr/bin/menudrake
'
|
J|b
)
[ ^
^ *
20-2. MenuDrake
[+], , [-], .
,
. , ,
, ,
, .
20.1.1.
, .. Mandriva
Linux . ,
, , , . , t op
>.
^
. ,
.
276
20. ,
:;
:
jtop
; ...
]:
20-3.
( " "), . ,
: top. , .
, . . 20-4.
, .
|"" '"'"''" ,
' " "
' *~
j
Hfid
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j
rnm
4EB
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*
V
'
' root'a
: kde
1 "
"
"""'"'
Gkrellm
i
)
:
: .
: \ :
} X OfficeJet
top
x
XLoad
Xconsole
Xkill
f ) Xrefresh
Xtraceroute
{ \
20-4. MenuDrake
" "... ,
,
Ctrl-R ( > ). ,
.
.1489
277
20. ,
, , . ! ,
.
, .
,
.
20.1.2.
20.1.2.1.
, ,
. Mandriva Linux , .
.
:
" "
" ?" ( )
( / Gnome, )
1
20-5.
:
MenuDrake , , , .
. , Mandriva Linux ,
.
278
20. ,
?. ,
,
, , , ..
. ,
KDE GNOME. , , .
, .
, .
20.1.2.2.
.
, .
, , .
20.1.2.3.
MenuDrake drag-and-drop. , , ,
"", .. . ,
.
20.2. ,
(, , ).
.
. " : init sysv", . 473).
279
20. ,
alsa
; '\ '
atd
bluetooth
| '
crond
cups
I cups-lpd
CVS
20-6. ,
,
:
.
: , .
: ,
.
: , ,
1
. , xinetd xinetd,
.
xinetd. , xinetd.
: , .
: .
,
.
1. 3 5.
280
20. ,
20.3. ,
, DrakFont
, . .
(. . 20-7) .
DrakFont
:
malayalarn
mdk_teams
:
Regular Italic
Monospace
I Bold
New Century Schoolbook
Bold Italic
Newspaper
gj J12.0
Ji
A.
10
I11
i13
Nimbus Mono L
14
Nimbus Roman No9 L
16
18
Nimbus Sans L Condensed
i 20
Raghlndl
22
j Sans
J ; 24
| Serif
1 abcde ABCDE
!
20-7. DrakFont
drakfont , .
( ),
. , .
282
20. ,
, , . , .. . ,
.
, Mandriva Linux,
, , Windows . : t t f , p f a , pfb, pcf, pfm, gsf. ,
. ,
, .
, , . ,
. , . ,
.
20.4.
.
282
20. ,
< 2005 >
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
27
28
29
30
"
/.
>,
'
-Network Time Protocol
I
, NTP
Europe/Kiev
'; ' * Network Time Protocol
j : jntp.colocall.net
;:|.. . j | .
'
| j
20-8.
, - :
, ; . ,
, .
.
.
, , ,
, (GMT). ,
GNU/Linux, .
, ,
, .
, ,
Network Time Protocol
. , IP , .
283
20. ,
NTP (Network Time Protocol).
, .
p o o l . n t p . o r g , NTP
, .
.
, .
20.5.
""7"*"\
v ^
-, .
284
20. ,
20.5.1.
rpm
II
i
Mandriva Linux
.
^ 4-'
1.
1U
Syslog
13
14
,1
19
ill
L_.T. '^,
1 Sep 26 14:21:53 filibuster
11058 running- /bin/rpm q -qf %{name} alsa-utils
! Sep 26 14.21.56 filibuster ha;; jk^2[ 11058] atnning: /bin/rpm -q --qf %{name) gstreamer-alsa
20-9.
:
1. , (
) / , (
). .
2. ,
. .
Mandrakelinux
Mandriva Linux , Mandriva Linux Control
Center. , ,
-.
285
20. ,
3. .
.
4. .
, (*. txt).
20,5.2.
, Mandriva Linux , ,
- .
LogDrake (.
. 20-9) . . .
286
20. ,
R~t\
,
httpd
World Wide Web Apache
postfix I* Postfix
sshd
SSH
xlnetd !* Xlnetd
20-10. :
(. . 20-10) , , . .
, . :
Postfix;
Webmin;
FTP;
BIND;
World Wide Web Apache Apache;
SSH;
Samba;
Xinetd.
287
20. ,
^ ,
, , ..
. , . , . . .
20-11. :
, , (. . 20-11). ,
- ,
. , "". ,
3- .
288
20. ,
;
j
| , email
j ( IP) SMTP ,
Email address jpeter@p|ngus.net
Email server
jsmtp.myisp.net
20-12. :
, (. . 20-12). (
) .
.
.
20.6.
root.
, ! r o o t
, .
, , "
", . 381. e x i t Ctrl-D.
289
20. ,
20.7.
UserDrake
, .
. .
20.7.1.
UserDrake (. 20-13),
, .
, ,
.
<&
, _2_
j i
I D w j
20-13. UserDrake
, , .
, , ,
.
:
.
" ", . 291.
290
20. ,
.
. , , , (/home)
(mailbox).
20.7.2.
Queen Pingusa. ,
Peter Pingus. f i l e s h a r e ,
(. " ", . 314,
).
(. . 20-14).
,
.
. ,
.
292
20. ,
:
j Peter Plngus
| peter
)***
]*****
/bin/bash
*
: !/home/peter
'*
'* ID
UID:
-.,
.
J502
AS
I
I
20-14.
. . , .
20-15. .
- I
, :
j D cdrom
| cdwtiter
ctools
Q daemon
: D disk
aames
: queen
*^
20-15.
:
292
20. ,
, .
, . . , . ,
.
, .
, , .
f i l e s h a r e . , .
20.8.
,
,
. , , .
, - .
293
20. ,
20.8.1.
I i
20-16.
, Mandriva Linux. ,
.
.
294
20. ,
20.8.1.1. :
, ,
*
( )
'
20-17.
, /etc,
"" , :
, .
"" (.. , ..). , ,
,
.
, /home .
:
.
295
20. ,
/ .
. ,
.
, ( "" ). , ,
" " ,
.
20.8.1.2. :
"I
, ,
,
HaCD-R
:
.;
___
j ,
20-18.
, :
NFS .
-
296
20. ,
,
'
. ,
.
,
. ,
( ). , ,
NFS , .
( ) : , , .
(CD-R)
, , (.
. 20-19).
297
20. ,
CD-R/DVD-R
CD/DVD
i ATAPI:/dev/hdc
CD/DVD
I TOO M8
CDRW
RW- (1- ) j j
CD
DVD+RW
.-1
DVD-R
DVDRAM
"
20-19.
, CD/DVD CD/DVD. , .
, ,
I . , ( 20 30 ) ,
" "
.
298
20. ,
20.8.1.3. :
Drakbackup
:
- :
/etc
: - :
root
- : /var/llb/drakbackup
1000 MB
- CDRW : ATAPI:/dev/hdc
| - :
tar gzlp
'
20-20.
: . , ,
. , . .
299
20. ,
20.8.1.4.
>
,- ||11
.:
...
...
^........
... . . ^ . . . . - .
...
Running cdrecord
Starting to write CD/DVD at speed 24.0 In real TAO mode for single session.
OK
20-21.
, ,
( CD),
, .
, "". . , ,
, .
(. . 20-21) , : , , , , . :
300
20. ,
, .
20.8.2.
<2
'
"|
' i
"
I " "
" ' 'I
20-22.
, , ,
, .
, (. 20-22) , , .
"\
( ,
) .
301
20. ,
20.8.3.
, .
(. . 20-23) , .
setup/crontab:
145
! 23,,..
45 23 * 5 export USER-peter; /usr/sbin/drakbackup --d
1 I
"II*
j cd
' j
.
, anaci
, '' ,
j
'
20-23.
( ) . ( ), 23:45
CD. ( 1 ), ( 4:02),
( 4:22) ( 4:42).
20.8.4.
, ,
(. . 20-24).
302
20. ,
. ;
'.-,'
tar,bz2 |
.backupignore
:
SMTP :
| admin
ismtp.myisp.net
tar- .
20-24.
, : t a r ( ), t a r . gz ( g z i p ) H t a r . b z 2
(bzip2 : , ).
.backupignore,
. .backupignore , . :
.
.backupignore (* = " ") (? = "
, , "), . , -_*
, -_, a imageOO?. jpg
image001.jpg, image009.jpg,
imageOOa.jpg, imageOOh.jpg ..
, ,
. , , (, Mail Transport Agent).
303
20. ,
I ^ , ~"^
.
tar- ,
.
304
21.
21.1.
DiskDrake
. DiskDrake , , , .. DiskDrake RAID-
LVM, . , ,
DiskDrake - .
.
DiskDrake:
1. . , ZIP- ..
2. (, ) (.
" DiskDrake", . 307).
305
21.
21.1.1.
hdal
|!
:/
: h d a l
: Journalised FS: XFS
: 7.4GB (19%)
' '[
( 1i
1 :
10
21-1. DiskDrake
DiskDrake
IDE-, hda
. -
, '
. DiskDrake .
(. . 21-1) :
. . DiskDrake DiskDrake
.
. , .
. .
. . .
, , .
306
22.
21.1.2. DiskDrake
.
, :
. (, ).
(, ).
. , ,
,
.
.
, .
. , , DiskDrake ,
. , .
( , , ). .
DiskDrake.
307
21.
21.1.3.
DiskDrake. , FTP
/var/f t p , FTP. ,
.
/home (. . 21-2) . ,
.
, root'.
/home,
.
hJa
:
hda
q'--.---^.---::.::.-.:.:..
; hda6
: Journalised FS: .3
: 23GB (63%)
[,
<;
\ ' ;
21-2. /home
308
21.
, ,
. (. . 21-3),
/home. , .
MB.
21-3.
, , . /home ,
. (. . 21-4) , , (
J o u r n a l i z e d FS : ext3), ,
/var/f tp.
:
* :
* i
Journalised FS ReiserFS
Vvaptlp
OK
j .
21-4.
. 21-5 ,
11 . 1489
309
21.
Laal
hda!
;|]
~
'
.jr-:.v
-
|1|-----
/
: hda7
: Journalised FS: RelserFS
: 4.2GB (11%)
. .
21-5.
( ) .
. , /etc/f stab. , , , .
hda !
21-6.
21.2.
,
, , CD DVD. , ,
310
0
1=3
21.
CD/DVD
MOHTnpoBaHHS:/mnt/cdrom
; hdc
: auto
: user,unhide,iocharset=koi8-u,users,ro.mode=0644,noauto
.
#'! []
~
OK
- -
21-7.
:
. , .
.
, .
. , (supermount). , supermount, (user
noauto).
. . , Linux'y ,
.
, . , .
. ,
/etc/f stab. ,
: .
311
21.
21.3. SMB-
SMB- (
Windows).
,
,
,
. , Windows .
Samba
0 | | _
a filibuster
Stabletpc
user
21-8.
( ).
. t e s t o s t e r o n .
.
, , .
312
21.
, ,
,
j peter
|*
IMDVGROUP
21-9. Samba
, .
.
, .
, , ,
,
- ,
.
- filibuster
$ public (Public Stuff)
21-10.
, .
,
, .
:
. . , -
313
21.
, , .
. SMB.
, . , ,
/etc/f stab ( ). ,
. , .
21.4. NFS-
, " SMB-", . 312, ,
NFS,
SMB. NFS-. ,
, " SMB", . 312. : UNIX NFS,
a Windows SMB.
, NFS . .
21.5.
.
, GNU/Linux Windows.
324
21.
, , , . 3 , .
? " "
| konqueror nautilus.
" .
;#'
|:: !
.,.
~_J
21-11.
,
. :
.
.
.
.
.
f i l e s h a r e . , , ( 3 ) UserDrake,
(. . "
", . 290).
315
21.
NFS
SMB. , ,
.
SMB; ,
Windows, Mac OS X Unux.
;g NFS: Unix ,
Windows.
21-12.
, . :
SMB. ,
Windows-CHCTeM.
NFS. ,
1\11- ( GNU/Linux).
, . . ,
,
(. . " ", . 144).
21.6. WebDAV
WebDAV (Web-based Distributed Authoring and Versioning) - -
HTTP, , ,
-.
WebDAV
,
316
22.
WebDAV (http://www.webdav.org/),
.
g^
WebDAV
WebDAV ,
-, ( , WebDAV).
WebDAV, '".
21-13. WebDAV
( ) .
, - - . ,
, . (. .
21-14).
, URL -. URL -, h t t p : // h t t p s : //, .
327
21.
g^
WebDAV
: https;//www.enterprlse.net
'"$'
[|
OK, i[
21-14. WebDAV
, -.
.
. , .
, username password
. , -
, .
,
, -.
, /etc/f stab .
318
22.
22.1.
DrakSec
draksec - msec (Mandriva Linux Security
Tool, Mandriva Linux).
msec.
msec : . ,
.
22.1.1. "
.
+ ,
Mandriva Linux.
329
22.
' : , .
,
.
: ,
, .
:
:
:
peter
22-1.
. , , , .
, , : , . , . ,
. "
", . 321.
, ,
msec'oM, ,
.
320
22.
,
,
. .
22.1.2.
( ) msec'a.
, .
'
1-
'
IPv4
IPv4
- icmp
- Icmp
promiscuity ethernet-
": '>-
:.'"./-
. .->-""'>?/--
, . " : .
,;.. -
'..;
.'-',
',:
*. . .S',<-
OK
22-2.
:
1. . .
321
22.
2. . 1 :
. , .
. , .
. .
. , , .
, , . . , , ,
.
, .
22.2. DrakPerm:
. " DrakSec", . 319
, , .
drakperm ,
:
, , ..
, msec ( Mandriva Linux Security Tool) , .
""
.
.
, Mandriva Linux.
1. .
322
22.
, msec.
,
.
: 2.
/
| |-
root
//
root
/bin/ping
root
root
root
root
4755
/bln/rpm
rpm
rpm
755
"
755
755
22-3.
, msec'oM.
/ . () (),
() .
msec ( ), ( )
, . 22-3.
,
"" . ,
.
, .
323
22.
] j/home/queen
| !
: !I
: : queen
: I queen
* I
i
;
*
'*
'
Set-GID
'
IS
Set-UID
j i
!|
OK
22-4.
, - 3 (). ,
Queen'a ,
/home/queen/.
msec ,
, .
,
.
Konqueror,
.
, ,
:
22.3.
DrakFirewall
324
22.
.
.
, .
~j^i
?
!
( )
** SSH
" FTP
'
POP IMAP
'
CUPS
Echo (ping)
j[
OK
22-5. DrakFirewall
, ( ),
,
, ,
v I > ,
""~)~- .
*
, .
:, 24300 : 24350/udp.
,
.
. -
( ), .
325
22.
, , ( ).
, , , , .
, , ,
, .
, , .
:
+ DSL-,
ethO e t h l ,
ippp-t- ISDN-.
jethO: Realtek| RTL-8139
ethO: Ftealtekl RTL-8139
||lppp+
JJPPP+
22-6. -
, -.
, (. . " ", . 266). , ,
.
326
23.
23.1.
.
,
^~ , (,
)
j peter
23-1.
:
1. : , X
Window System ( ), .
.
2. : , , , . , (, ). ,
, .
327
23.
23.2.
,
, ..
.
./J?
LILO
/dev/sda
12
!
I
APIC
Local APIC
i[
23-2.
23.2.1.
1
GRUB LILO.
Mandriva Linux, .
, , , , .. .
, 5 ,
.
, .
328
23.
ACPI
, ACPI-. ACPI , .
APIC
IO-APIC ( h t t p : //www. wlug. org. nz/APIC)
. .
Local APIC
Local APIC Linux'oM
.
.
-
Linux. . , .
, /tmp ( , , ,
) Linux,
.
23.2.2.
,
. , , (*).
, .
23.3.
,
, .
(. 23-3).
329
23.
,
"" . ,
Ctrl-Alt-Fn.
'"
|;
23-3. DrakBoot
, , . " ", . 328
.
, , .
bootsplash-themes, c o n t r i b .
.
.
. .
330
24. Mandriva Online
Mandriva
.
,
.
:
(. , . 329)
.
- (. "- ", . 334)
-
, .
(. " Mandriva Online", . 337)
.
Mandriva Online FAQ (https://online.mandriva.com/page.
php?page=inf ) Mandriva Online.
24.1.
Mandriva Online .
, Mandriva Online .
root.
331
24. Mandriva Online
Mandrakeonline
./
24-1. Mandriva Online
(
) .
332
24. Mandriva Online
Mandriva Online
Mandriva Online
;
lpeter_pingus
:
: *********
: lpeter@pingus.net
24-2. Mandriva Online
, . ,
Mandriva Online.
, . .
333
24. Mandriva Online
Mandriva Online
j , Mandriva Online,
.
Mandriva:
1) , ,
2) .
, , ''. '',
{
.
,
www.mandrivaexpert.com.
24-3.
, ,
. , .
Mandriva Online.
24.2. -
- Mandriva Online (https: //online.
mandriva. com/page .php?page=inf ),
, Mandriva Online. -, , e-mail
Mandriva Online.
, (https://my.mandriva.
com) - My Mandriva.
334
24. Mandriva Online
24.2.1.
. Registered hosts
linuxbox
i586
2006.0
Permanent
no
>
Iinuxbox64
X86_64
10.2
Permanent
no
101
I586
10.1
Permanent
no
24-4. Mandriva Online
24.2.2.
,
, details.
Registered hosts > linuxbox
:
User: fabman@mandriva.com
Host: linuxbox
Architecture: 1386
Mandriva Linux Version: 2006.0
Service Activated on: Sep 09,2005
Status:
ty
Installed packages: .See
Automatic scheduled updates: no
If you set your system to automatically schedule
updates, you wit! not be abie to exclude
packages from being updated.
Active Service until: Permanent
E-mail Alert: no
Send Alert to: fabman@mandrlva.com
Remove from Mandriva Online |
24-5. Mandriva Online
,
, , ,
:
yes ( ),
.
335
24. Mandriva Online
yes ( ), (. " Mandriva Online", . 337), .
See Installed packages Errata(s).
24.2.3.
(. "
Mandriva Online", . 337). - , .
Registered hosts > 101
tabman@mandriva.com
101
Installed packages:
See
i566
Outdated packages:
144
Architecture:
Mandrt
User:
Host:
wiT
Activated on:
Active Service
until:
1W
S e p
Status:
schedule all outdated packages to be updated |
5
2 0 0 5
P e r m a n e r |
Automatic scheduled updates: no
' s e t system to automatically schedule updates, you will not
be able to exclude packages from being updated.
E-mail Alert: no
Send Alert to: fabman@mandrlva.com
Remove from Mandriva Online I
24-6. Mandriva Online
. , schedule all outdated packages to be updated
See Outdated packages.
336
24. Mandriva Online
Registered hosts > "101" > Erratas
bugfix
Advisory / Date
Sep 5, 2005
MDKA-2005:037
Package Mama
rpmdrake-2.1.5-13,2.101mdk.i586.rpm
fixes package rprodrak.e-2.1.3-: imak
Due to the changeover or the Mandriva domain names and theunavailablllty of the old
Mandrake Linux domains, rpmdrakeneeded an update In order to update the mirrors
list file.
Dec29,2004
MDKA-2Q04:Oao
udev-030-24.1.101mdk.iS8S.rpm
fixes package
Updated udev packages fix problem with firewlre cameras
Dec 17.2004
MDKA-2004:059
urpmi-4.5-29.1.101rndk.noareh,rpm
fixes package
Updated urprni packages fix ssh parallel support
Schedule Packages|
24-7.
( MDKA-: MDKSA-: ),
. , - . Schedule Packages.
, Mandriva Online,
.
24.3. Mandriva Online
:
. .
.
.
337
24. Mandriva Online
.
, .
, .
.
- (. " ", . 334).
.
.
. (. "
", . 331), Mandriva Online.
, ,
.
_
:
: Wed Sep 28 15:59:56
^llibuster
: four system is up-to-date
2005
24-8. Mandriva Online
Rpmdrake (. " Mandriva Linux", . 222).
(. " ", . 331).
,
, .
338
24, Mandriva Online
.
, ,
, .
339
25.
. Rfbdrake - Mandriva Linux.
25.1.
:
(Virtual Network Computing, VNC)
, ",
".
,
: TCP/IP.
, . .
"".
,
() . "" (viewer).
25.2.
, rfbdrake, Rfbdrake Mandriva Linux: ,
(Linux/Unix, Windows)1.
1. Rfbdrake + .
12 3. 1489
341
25.
25.2.1.
, Rfbdrake. ( ) :
1. , t i g h t v n c - s e r v e r .
2. ssh.
3. VNC , ,
vncserver. v n c s e r v e r
, , . , . v n c s e r v e r - k i l l :_,
VNC.
(. " ", . 343).
, (),
(linux-).
. , Rfbdrake . , , / .
(Linux/Unix, Windows)
I (linux-)
| ' (linux-)
< Windows
[ ]'
25-1.
342
25.
_1 , , ,
VNC.
VNC. ,
.
, , , tcp/5900+N, N -
VNC.
25.2.2.
, (),
(linux-).
IP- .
( 0)
, ( : 0).
(Linux/Unix, Windows)
j (llnux-)
(llnux-cepaep)
| Windows
192.168.0.200
( 0)
'
; |
25-2.
343
25.
VNC,
. ,
.
, .
25.3. Windows
If (Linux/Unix, Windows)
I.C (-)
:
(llnux-)
'S Windows
Windows
'
Windows
. '
"1""
""
jxp-test
i
''
~~~
11024x768
jru
^: i
25-3. Windows
Windows-MauraHe, Windows.
Windows IP- Windows-xocTa.
.
344
25.
25.4.
,
, .
Man: X TlghtVNC: ajice.ligwann,
peter@bcalhost: /hom&p
25-4.
, , "" . ,
.
. ( 100 Mbps) ,
.
( 56 Kpbs 1-2 Mbps)
"" .
, , VNC. , F8
345
25.
25.5.
, VNC . , , - TightVNC (http:
//www.tightvnc.com/docs.html) VNC (http://www.realvnc.
com/documentation.html).
346
26.
: , - , ; , , , - , .
26.1.
, , , - GNU/Linux.
,
. , , .
, , . . , .
, , ...
26.2.
, ,
. ,
.
Rescue Mode ( )
CD-ROM- Mandriva Linux, , ,
, (, CD-ROM).
347
26.
26.2.1.
( root'oM):
# mkbootdisk d e v i c e /dev/fdO
unarae - r '
Enter. .
, mkbootdisk - d e v i c e [], mkbootdisk, .
/dev/f dO, . 99.9% .
.
[-], mkbootdi sk,
. 'uname
- \ ,
, .
, ,
.
26.2.2.
, , . , ,
, - . , ... !
26.3.
26.3.1. ?
,
, , -
.
( , , , , ..) .
. , ,
. - , . , ,
348
26.
, , .
26.3.2.
, , . ( , ?).
t a r () , gzip bzip2. "
tar", . 350.
, Taper, Time Navigator, Arkeia, Mandriva Linux - Drakbackup (, " ", . 293).
26.3.3. ?
, , ,
, : , ? ?
/
?
, ,
, ,
. , , .
, :
/etc, /home, /root /var. ,
, . ,
, ,
.
, , , . , (
). "" / .
, , .
, ( )
. .
349
26.
26.3.4. ?
, . ,
, ,
, , ,
, , .
, .
, : CD-R/DVD+RW,
, CD-R/DVD+RW .., , , .
26.3.5. ?
. , , ,
. ,
,
,
. , ,
-
( ).
,
- :
CD-R/DVD+RW .
26.3.6. tar
, t a r bzip2 . , .
, .
.
350
26.
#!/bin/bash
#
# .
$_0="$ /etc /var"
$_00_= 4 date '+%b%d%Y'
$__=" /backups"
# ,
# GZip'oM, , BZip'oM.
#tar cvzf $0__0/$_00_.1. $_0
# BZip'oM...
# ,
# GZip'oM, , BZip'oM.
tar cvjf $__0/$_-^.2 $_0
_0 ,
, __
, . : chmod 7 00 b a c k u p . sh.
, t a r .bz2 t a r .
gz .
,
__. ,
.
, , , , , " tar", . 352.
26.4.
, : , . , ,
, , /
, .
352
26.
26.4.1. tar
, t a r ,
" ", . 350.
,
.
.
# ! /bin/bash
#
# .
__= " /backups "
_00_=$ I
# , ,
# GZip'OM
#tar xvzf
$0__0/$_00_
# , BZip'oM...
tar xvjf
$0__0/$_00_
, . , , -
,
( , ), . , :
chmod 700 r e s t o r e , sh.
26.4.2. CD-ROM
" ", ,
. , mkCDrec,
, . - mkCDrec (http: //mkcdrec. ota. be).
mkCDrec CD-ROM'ax,
( , , ) .
mkCDrec, CD-ROM , CD-ROM,
.
352
26.
26.5. ,
, . - , .
- .
26.5.1.
RPM
, Ctrl-C.
. root'oM rpm
rebuilddb, RPM. ,
, . ,
/boot /lib/modules (..
). , , ,
, ,
.
RAMDISK: Compressed image found
a t block 0, i n i t r d . l i l o . conf
i n i t r d = /etc/lilo.conf.
26.5.2.
ext2 ext3. , , .
- ,
, root
. e2fsck -py [], [] - , . -
e2f sck , , , ; - , yes .
Ctrl-D, . .
353
26.
, . , e2f sck - []. , ,
. e2f sck
,
, . , -f.
.
26.5.3. -
X - X, X,
XFdrake'oM X. , X XFdrake
X.
26.5.3.1.
, GNU/Linux,
/etc/inittab. i d : 5 : i n i t d e f a u l t : .
3 (), . LILO Esc l i n u x
i n i t 3. GRUB , i n i t 3, Enter, a
, .
, , " : init sysv", . 473.
26.5.3.2. -
X XFdrake, r o o t
XFdrake.
XFdrake , , , .
; Tab /.
/ .
Enter, .
354
26.
, " ", .
231 , .
26.6. ,
26.6.1.
- MBR (Master Boot Record)
, - ,
Windows ,
. , , ,
? !
, .
-
1.
, : LILO GRUB.
, , , root'a.
26.6.1.1. LILO
LILO,
: / s b i n / l i l o . LILO
.
26.6.1.2. GRUB
GRUB,
LILO.
, GRUB
MBR IDE-, stagel
/boot/grub/.
GRUB, grub. : r o o t (hdO, 0) GRUB. GRUB'y,
(0) (hdO). 1. MBR.
355
26.
: s e t u p (hdO). GRUB MBR
. !
-install /dev/hda,
GRUB MBR ,
.
26.6.1.3.
Windows 9x, NT, 2000 .
,
GNU/Linux () Windows ( ). .. Windows
MBR, , , GNU/Linux Windows.
26.6.2. MBR
(MBR, Master Boot
Record) , :
# dd if=/dev/hda of=/dev/fdO/mbr.bin bs=512 count=l
MBR ,
:
# dd if=/dev/fdO/mbr.bin of=/dev/hda bs=512
, MBR
IDE- (/dev/hda) mbr.
bin (/dev/fdO),
root.
356
26.
26.7. ,
26.7.1.
ext2 ext3. , , .
- ext2FS/ext3FS. , ,
.. ( , FAT). . , ext2FS/ext3FS
, .
. 1 8- (8192 ) ,
2 16 (16384 ) .. mke2f s
- [___], ,
. , - 1 ,
8193. ,
e 2 f s c k -b 8193 / d e v / h d a 4 ; hda4, ,
. , , 16385 ,
. ,
.
26.7.2.
, ,
, , .
, .
GNU/Linux ext2 , . , .
, "", . -
357
26.
.
, , ,
r e i s e r f s , ( ) .
ReiserFS (http://www.neunesys.com),
.
- Recover. .
Mandriva Linux PowerPack Edition,
CD-ROM c o n t r i b s . - Rpmfind
(http: //www. rpmfind. net). RPM. RPM, . recover .
, 2.
, ,
. , . ,
, , , , .
, .
-HOWTO " " ext2, Ext2fs-Undeletion (http: //www.
tldp.org/H0WT0/mini/Ext2fs-Undeletion.html) (http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/mini/
Ext2fs-Undeletion-Dir-Struct/index.html).
26.8.
"" , ,
, .
, , ,
,
.
2. , -,
...
358
26.
. , X. :
1. -, Ctrl-Alt-Backspace.
2. , Alt-Ctrl-Fn (
- 1 6). , root'oM k i l l -15 $ ( p i d o f X) k i l l
-9 $ ( p i d o f X), .
t o p , X.
3. , s s h ,
s s h , su, root'oM.
4. , SysRq (System Request). SysRq
: Alt, SysRq
(PrintScreen ) .
a. Alt-SysRq-R "" (raw). Alt-Ctrl-Backspace, X. ,
.
b. Alt-SysRq-S (
"sync").
c. Alt-SysRq-E termination ( ) , i n i t .
d. Alt-SysRq-I kill () , i n i t .
e. Alt-SysRq-U , . " dirty",
f. Alt-SysRq-B . "reset".
, , ..
: Raw, Sync, tErm, kill,
Umount, reBoot3. .
5. , "reset"
, GNU/Linux .
359
26.
, , ,
. , Mandriva
Linux: ext3, r e i s e r f s ., .
ext2FS r e i s e r f s . tune2f s - j /dev/hdaN, IDE- ext2FS ext3FS.
26.9.
, , . .
, PID , ,
, k i l l .
x k i l l
, .
26.9.1.
,
PID ID . : ps aux
I grep m o z i l i a , , - Mozilla. -
:
peter
3505
7.7 23.1 24816 15076 pts/2
21:29
0:02 /usr/lib/mozilla
, , , Mozilla peter PID - 3505.
, PID , k i l l ,
. : k i l l -9 3505,
! Mozilla . , , .
.
, , - KILL
3505. KILL k i l l ,
. kill(l), " ", . 431.
360
26.
26.9.2.
( , KSySGuard GTOP),
era
- KDE, Ctrl-Alt-Esc:
, .
26.10.
, legacyfree, nVidia ATI 3D ,
...
Legacy-Free. " legacy-free"4, 5, legacy-free. ,
BIOS , ,
. Mandriva Linux .
- nVidia ATI. nVidia
ATI ,
- OpenGL OpenGL- . Mandriva Linux Power Pack Edition, DrakX
. , , . - nVidia (http://www.nvidia.com) - ATI
( h t t p : //www. a t i . com) , RPM Mandriva Club (http://www.mandrivaclub.com). Mandriva Linux X.
" " . ,
, 4. legacy systems - .
(, , , ) - , , - ,
.. .
2000- (. ).
5. - Linux on Laptops (http: //www. linux-laptop.net) .
361
26.
GNU/Linux, "", ACPI.
/ e t c / l i l o . conf:
append="acpi=off"
append=, acpi=of f. root l i l o -v ,
.
26.11.
26.11.1.
. GNU/Linux
, , ,
..
Mandriva Linux (http://
www.mandrivalinux.com/ru/flists.php3).
, , . :
, (). , , ,
. (http://www.iwillfollow.com/email.htm), (netiquette), .
,
RFC (http://www.rfc-editor.org/).
: ,
, ..
, .
: ,
HTML-, .
: !
, .
362
26.
26.11.2.
, ,
( ) Google Groups
(http://groups.google.com/). ,
, Mandriva Linux'y (news: a l t . os. linux.
mandrake). ""
.os.linux.*:
comp.os.linux.setup (news: comp. os. linux. setup): Linux (, ) ;
.os.linux.misc (news: . os. linux.misc): , ;
...
, , ,
.
RTFM. !
26.12. Mandriva Linux
(,
Mandriva Linux) .
,
,
Mandriva .
, , ,
Drakbug -
, " Drakbug", . 214.
26.13.
Mandriva Linux
. , , ,
.
363
26.
26.13.1.
.
. , ,
, , Google , , Google, Linux. He ( h t t p : //www. google. com. ua/advanced_sear ch)
, .
26.13.2.
,
. ,
.
, ,
GRUB'a minix.
"grub mailing list"
Google GRUB (http://mail.gnu.org/
archive/html/bug-grub/). ,
"Minix" .
_^ . ,
\ V\ Google" , ' ^ domain, .
, .
, Google Groups ( h t t p :
//groups.google.com/) .
364
26.
26.13.3.
: " ", . 362 " ", . 363. How To Ask Questions The Smart Way
(http://www.catb.org/~esr/faqs/smart-questions.html) .
26.13.4.
- ! , cd ... !
,
.
: LUG (Linux Users Group, Linux). , , . ,
...
26.13.5. Mandriva
, , ( ) Mandriva.
, ! , ,
, , .
, Linux . , Mandriva Linux . Mandriva (http://www.mandriva.com/products/
business).
365
26.
26.14.
,
, 6. , ,
, , , . , ... . ,
.
!
6. ..
366
27. UNIX
"UNIX" , , . ,
UNIX , , ,
, , . , ,
, GNU/Linux.
, .
27.1.
, ,
.
Linux
, GNU/Linux, .
,
. , :
" " ( );
;
.
- ( )
.
, . , ,
. , ,
. , , . :
. , ,
, .
, ,
.
(X) , (. 27-1).
367
27. UNIX
local host
:!
:!
?t"*MandrJva
Uotsx
10 19:54
27-1.
, .
, .
, , ,
, (*). ( ). , .
"" , :
Mandriva Linux release 2006.0 (CodeName) for i586
Kernel 2.6.12-6mdk on an i686 / ttyl
[_] login:
Login: Enter. (login) Password:
. ;,
, .
,
X.
, X ( , .. ).
Mandriva Linux
, -
368
27, UNIX
, Ctrl-Alt-F<n>, <> -
, .
7- . , ,
Ctrl, Alt F2.
DrakX : r o o t . , , , .
, root !
root'ou, , : -
. , r o o t ,
( !). ,
.
, . , : (User ID, UID). (Group ID, GID), .
27.2.
Windows ,,
GNU/Linux -. .
, , " Linux", . 451.
, Linux - :
. ,
, , ( ).
. ,
, ,
. ,
.
, ,
. , . ; , ,
( ), -
360
27. UNIX
; , ,
, .
:
1. (Read, r): . ,
(.. ).
2. (Write, w): .
, .
3. (execute, x): ( ).
, . ,
: , !
. ,
, (
).
I s -1 :
$
Is -1
total I
-rw-r
drwxr-xr
$
1 queen
2 peter
users
users
0 Jul
1024 Jul
8 14:11 a_file
8 14:11 a_directory/
I s -1 ( ):
- : , (-). , d. ,
.
.
. ; , ;
. (-) ,
.
370
27. UNIX
. , - , ( inode),
, .
- .
, , ( ), .
: , ,
a_f i l e : rw-r
. :
(rw-) - ,
queen. , queen (), (w),
(-);
(--) , queen, u s e r s . (),
, ();
(
) , queen
u s e r s .
.
a_directory rwxr-xr, :
peter, , (),
(w) ();
, peter, u s e r s , (),
(-), ();
(). wx,
.
- root, root ( , ) , ,
1 root , , , ,
, .. r o o t ,
. r o o t ,
, .
371
27. UNIX
, -
UNIX Windows. - UNIX -
.
, , ASCII- , , /, . , UNIX
readme Readme , R
UNIX .
, ,
. GNU/Linux
, .
, " " . UNIX
(.) - , .
UNIX , , "" 1 ;
, .
- , ( , ..) - .
- , .
27.3.
.
GNU/Linux Windows (
, , . "
", . 431).
:
, . , PID (proccess ID). PID , (.. ) , ,
a_f i l e . peter 1. ,
. I s -,
, . . .mozilla . openof f ice
home/.
372
27. UMX
, -, ..
. , root.
, GNU/Linux .
. ,
, , .
, UNIX.
Linux, ,
. : root.
, GNU/Linux
, DOS/Windows! , GNU/Linux, DOS/Windows?
GNU/Linux, Windows Samba (. . ).
Linux . - "", . .
root'a, Linux UNIX , . . " ",
. 431 , PID .
27.4.
-
GNU/Linux, ,
, . ,
X,
( ), , ,
.
, , ,
. , . +.
, Konsole RXvt. ,
(. 27-2).
13 3. 1489
27. UNIX!
27-2. KDE
, shell.
, . :
[queen@localhost queen]$
, - queen, l o c a l h o s t ( ,
). , root, $ # (
, GNU/Linux
). r o o t , su shell.
[queenSlocalhost queen]$ su
# r o o t ' ; ( )
Password:
# e x i t ( Ctrl+D)
[root@localhost queen]# e x i t
[queen@localhost queen]$
shell , home/. ,
, pwd ( (Print
Working Directory)):
$ pwd
/home/queen
27.4.1. cd:
cd , DOS'e, . , - . . .., . cd . cd - . , , peter, cd - p e t e r (~
home/). , , , , home/
( , ),
r o o t , root'oM :
374
27. UNIX
$ SU
Password:
# pwd
/root
# cd /usr/share/doc/HOWTO
# pwd
/usr/share/doc/HOWTO
# cd ../FAQ-Linux
# pwd
/usr/share/doc/FAQ-Linux
# cd ../../../lib
# pwd
/usr/lib
# cd -peter
# pwd
/home/peter
# cd
# pwd
/root
, e x i t (
Ctrl-D).
27.4.2. echo
, a shell
echo. :
1. : ,
.
2. PATH: , shell , . ,
DOS, shell !
3. USERNAME: .
4. UID: ID .
5. PS1: , ,
.
bash(l) ( ),
man bash.
shell , $.
echo:
$ echo Hello
Hello
$ echo $HOME
/home/queen
375
27.
$ e c h o $USERNAME
queen
$ echo Hello $USERNAME
Hello queen
$ cd /usr
$ pwd
/usr
$ cd $HOME
$ pwd
/home/queen
, shell
cd $HOME . $ (/home/queen),
cd /home / q u e e n , . e c h o
$USERNAME.
, , export __=.
, :
S export USERNAME=queen $ echo $USERNAME queen
27.4.3. cat:
, :
, :
$ cat /etc/fstab
/dev/hda5 / ext2 defaults 1 1
/dev/hda6 /home ext2 defaults 1 2
/dev/hda7 swap swap defaults 0 0
/dev/hda8 /usr ext2 defaults 1 2
/dev/fdO /mnt/floppy auto sync,user,noauto, nosuid,nodev 0 0
none /proc proc defaults 0 0
none /dev/pts devpts mode=0620 0 0
/dev/cdrom /mnt/cdrom auto user,noauto,nosuid,exec,nodev,ro 0 0
$ cd /etc
$ cat modules.conf shells
alias parport_lowlevel parport_pc
pre-install plip modprobe parport_pc ; echo 7 > /proc/parport/O/irq
#pre-install pcmcia_core /etc/rc.d/init.d/pcmcia start
#alias char-major-14 sound
alias sound esssolol
keep
/bin/zsh
/bin/bash
376
27. UNIX
/bin/sh
/bin/tcsh
/bin/csh
/bin/ash
/bin/bsh
/usr/bin/zsh
27.4.4. less:
, - UNIX more (more - ; less - ).
(page - ) - ,
(, ). , l e s s , more, , l e s s
. l e s s ,
. :
less /etc/termcap
. Q. l e s s :
.
27.4.5. Is:
I s (LiSt) d i r DOS, ,
. ,
. I s :
Is [] [|] [|...]
, I s
. ,
:
-: , . , UNIX
- , .; - "" , .. , - "." ".."
-R: , .. ,
.
-h: . , "", ""
377
27.
"G", , "234" "132". , , 2, 10. , 1
1024 , 1000 .
- 1 : : ,
,
- i : inode ( , . . " Linux", . 451).
-d: , ,
, .
:
I s -R:
I s - i s images/ . . : inode
images/,
.
I s - I images/* .png: images/,
., .png, .
27.4.6.
, . , shell'oM,
Mandriva Linux - bash,
.
-, , bash ,
.
, HISTSIZE. ,
, ,
.
, . : Ctrl-A Ctrl-E, ,
. Backspace Del , . Backspace Ctrl-H . Del Ctrl-D
. Ctrl-K , a Ctrl-W ( , Alt-Backspace).
Ctrl-D ,
, e x i t . Ctrl-C
378
27. UNIX
, ,
. Ctrl-L . Ctrl-Z , .. . ,
"&" . :
$ xpdf MyDocument.pdf
, .. xpdf.
, Ctrl-Z bg.
, Ctrl-S Ctrl-Q, . ,
Ctrl-S ( , S D
). , , - , ' , Ctrl-Q.
, , Ctrl-S Ctrl-Q, .
379
28.
" LZN/X", . 367 shell.
.
shell - : ,
. .
UNIX - ,
.
28.1.
, .
(, ).
28.1.1. mkdir, touch:
mkdir (MaKe DIRectory - ) . :
mkdir [] <> [ ...]
-.
:
1. , .
mkdir , .
2. , , , . , -, mkdir
, , .
:
mkdir foo: f ;
mkdir -p images/misc docs: misc images.
, (-); docs .
381
28.
touch , 1. touch
, . :
touch
[]
[...]
, :
touch filel
images/file2
f i l e l f ile2 images, .
28.1.2. rm:
rm (ReMove - ) DOS d e l d e l t r e e , . :
rm
[] <|>
[|...]
:
- -R: .
, .
rmdir.
- i : . ,
Mandriva Linux, rm - rm - i ( mv).
. , "/.alias, .
"/.bashrc
: u n a l i a s rm cp mv.
-f, - i , ,
2.
:
1. UNIX : (atime), .. ,
; inode (ctime); , , (mtime).
2. ,
, .
382
28.
rm - i i m a g e s / * , j p g f i l e i : ,
.jpg, images f i l e l , .
.
rm -Rf i m a g e s / m i s c / f i l e * :
misc/ images/ ,
f i l e .
rm .
! (, - -
,
.)
- i , , -
28.1.3. mv:
mv (MoVe - ) :
mv [] <|> [| ...] <>
, , . ,
.
:
-f: .
, .
- i : .
.
-v:
, .
:
mv - i / t m p / p i c s / * . p n g .: /tmp/pics/,
.png, (.), .
mv f b a r : f bar. bar ,
f ( , )
bar.
383
28.
mv -vf f i l e * images/ t r a s h / :
, file, images/ trash/, .
28.1.4. :
{ - ) DOS copy , . :
[] <|> [| ...] <>
:
-R: ; ,
.
- i : ,
.
-f: - i , .
-: , , .
:
- i /timages/* images/: /timages/ images/, . ,
.
-vR docs/ /shared/mp3s/* mystuff/: docs
/shared/mp3s mystuff.
foo bar: f bar .
28.2.
. " UNIX", . 367.
384
28.
28.2.1. drawn, chgrp:
chown (CHange OWNer - ) :
chown
[] <[:]> <1 > [| ...]
:
-R: . .
-v: . , chown; ,
.
- : -v, , .
:
chown nobody /shared/book.tex: /shared/book,
tex nobody.
chown -Re queen:music *.mid ^/:
, .mid,
concerts/ queen music,
, .
chgrp (CHange GRouP - ) ( ); chown:
chgrp [] <> <|> [| ...]
, chown,
. , : chgrp di sk /dev/hd* /dev/ , hd, di sk.
28.2.2. chmod:
chmod (CHange MODe - ) . :
chmod
[]
< >
<|>
[|...]
, .
:
385
28.
1. .
<>00, <> : 4 , 2 1 . <>0
"" <>. , , -
, . , rwxr-xr- 400+200+100 ( , rwx) +40+10 ( , -) +4
( , --) = 754; . , .
2. . , . : [category] <+ | - | =><>.
:
u (User - ), ;
g (Group - ), ;
(Others - ), "".
, , +
, - = ,
. :
(Read - );
w (Write - );
(eXecute - ).
chown chgrp:
-R: .
-v: .
-: -v, ,
.
:
chmod -R o-w /!11/1:
/shared/docs/.
chmod -R og-w, o-x p r i v a t e / :
private/
.
chmod - 644 misc/f i l e * : misc/,
f i l e r w - r ( , -
386
28.
), , .
28.3.
, , , , . Windows , *
. , * . t x t
, . t x t .
. * .
I s * . t x t Enter, , * . t x t , I s ,
shell'oM. ,
shell'oM. :
$ Is *.txt
readme.txt
recipes.txt
(Is * . t x t ).
*, , , I s
readme . t x t r e c i p e . t x t , .
:
?: , ,
;
[ . . . ] : , .
(.. 1-9), , . : [a-zBE5-7] z, , , 5, 7;
[ ! . . . ] : , . [! a - z ] , , ,
3;
{ 1, 2 }: c l 2, 1 2 . , , , { [ 0-9 ] *, [ ] }.
:
3. ! ,
(). .
[ a-z ] , , , , (...), z. He
, ..;
387
28.
/ e t c / * c o n f : / e t c , conf.
/ e t c / i n e t d . c o n f , /etc/conf .linuxconf, ,
/etc/conf , . , * .
i m a g e / { c a r s , s p a c e [ 0 - 9 ] } / * . j p g : ,
. jpg, image/cars, image/spaceO, (...), image/space9,
.
/ u s r / s h a r e / d o c / * / R E A D M E : README ,
/ u s r / s h a r e / d o c . , , /usr/share/doc/mandriva/README, /usr/share/doc/myprog/doc/
README.
* [! a - z ] : ,
.
28.4.
28.4.1.
,
, .
UNIX ( , ) ; ,
. - 0,1
2. ,
,
- .
.
28.4.2.
, , -png4
images. , , .
:
$ Is images/*.png l>file_list
4. , ", . png",
"PNG-". , UNIX : . ,
. png, JPEG, ,
. , Windows!
388
28.
, (1) (>)
f i l e _ l i s t . > -
, , , . ,
, , . , :
$ Is images/*.png >file_list
.
, , l e s s .
, , .
, ,
we (Word Count ) - 1 ,
. :
$ we -I 0<file_list
. < -
, , ,
, .. , :
$ we -I <file_list
, ""
. sed (Stream
EDitor - ). sed
f i l e _ l i s t , , .. the_list:
$ sed -e 's/\.png$//g' <file_list >the_list
, .
. , , /shared :
, :
$ Is -R /shared >/dev/null 2>errors
, (>)
/dev/null, , (.. ), (2) (>)
errors.
389
28.
28.4.3.
(pipes) - , , . , :
,
. - | .
. , , ,
. :
$ I s images/*.png | we -1
, I s (.. ) we. .
" ",
:
$ Is images/*.png | sed -e 's/\.png$//g'
>the_list
, , :
$ Is images/*.png | sed -e 's/\.png$//g'
I less
, . , , ':
$ xwd -root I convert - ~/my_desktop.png
my_desktop. png 5 .
28.5.
- , shell' ( bash)
. , . - .
5. , PNG (
ImageMagick).
390
28.
28.5.1.
,
, . ,
__. ,
:
$ l e s s <>
(.. l e s s , Tab). shell :
$ l e s s __
( ,
). :
$ less
__<>
shell :
$ less
________
, , Enter
.
q .
28.5.2.
Tab - , . ,
( nsl<TAB> n s l o o k u p ) ,
- , "" ~, @ $. shell ,
6. (/)
(!).
- Esc-<x>
nCtrl-X-<x>, <> - . Esc-<x> 6. : UNIX .
home - .
392
28.
. . (beep)
, , . Ctrl-X-<x>
- . Tab - , Esc-<x> Ctrl-X-<x>,
, Ctrl-X-$. :
man nslookup, man
n s l , Esc-!, man
nslookup.
28.6. :
, , , , ', , shell .
, .
, .
, ,
. ,
/dev/null:
-R images/ /shared/ 2>/dev/null
,
. : - ,
() , , . Ctrl-C: , . , !
.
, , , - . . Ctrl-Z,
:
$ -R images/ /shared/
2>/dev/null
# C-z
[1]+ Stopped
$
cp -R images/ /shared/ 2>/dev/null
. , (
392
28.
Stopped). , , .
bg (BackGround - ) ;
$ bg
[1]+ -R images/ /shared/ 2>/dev/null &
$
, , & () . . ,
, , .
, , &
. ,
, :
$ -R images/ /shared/ 2>/dev/null &
,
, f g (ForeGround - ).
, Ctrl-Z, bg.
: . shell'a jobs , shell'oM. +,
, .
fg <n>, <> - ,
, fg 5.
, , l e s s Vi,
, .
28.7.
, shell .
: Mandriva Linux ,
.
: ( convert, GIMP pixtnap), ( Ogg Vorbis, CD), CD, e-mail, FTP ( lynx links), .
393
28.
, , . , : CD
, ( man
nohup(l) man screen(l)).
394
29.
, .
PC. , ,
29.1.
. . , , ,
67 (3 1 , 64
): .
29.1.1.
, 512 . "" "" "-1".
29.1.2.
. :
( ): Windows GNU/Linux.
.
, .
GNU/Linux, , swap'oM. .
395
29.
,
. : , . , , .
,
, ,
.
.
, . , , . " ", . 443 "
Linux", . 451.
29.1.3.
29.1.3.1.
: swap, - 1, : >@=5< (root) /.
,
(RAM, Random
Access Memory), .. 128 , 256 . (>512
) , . , ,
. , 2 8, PowerPC 6800; 512MB
MIPS; 128 Alpha Ultrasparc. ,
, (
RAM) .
1. , Mandriva Linux , ext3.
396
29.
29.1.3.2.
. , .
, .
, 1
(swap),
.
: /
. ,
, (. " ",
. 443).
- 400
. , , /opt,
/opt.
: /usr
/usr. ,
.
, , 100
. 2-3 (
).
: /home
.
, /usr: /usr
(/).
, swap r o o t (/) ,
, .
397
29.
/home, /usr
.
29.1.3.3.
,
- , ,
. , FTP /var/f tp, /usr
.
, .
- . , . "
DiskDrake", . 305.
29.2.
GNU/Linux . -,
,
. -, ,
. :
(primary master) (primary slave) IDE ( , CD-ROM - )
/dev/hda /dev/hdb.
/dev/hdc, /dev/hdd.
IDE ( IDE, , Soundblaster),
/dev/hde, /dev/hdf .. IDE-,
RAID-.
SCSI- /dev/sda, /dev/sdb ..,
SCSI ( ID). SCSI CD-ROM /dev/
scdO, /dev/scdl SCSI.
398
29,
SATA IDE-,
SCSI.
, , (
IDE,
):
( ) /dev/hdal /dev/hda4.
, , /dev/hda5, /dev/hda6 .. .
, GNU/Linux :
/dev/hdai
IDE- (/dev/hda)
/dev/hdbi
/dev/hdb2
IDE- (/dev/hdb)
29-1. GNU/Linux
399
29. ,
/dev/hdai
(/dev/hda2)
/dev/hdaS
/dev/hda6
1- 2-
IDE- (/dev/hda)
/dev/hdbi
/dev/hdb2
IDE- (/dev/hdb)
29-2. GNU/Linux
,
. , GNU/Linux ,
, ( ,
GNU/Linux).
Mandriva Linux udev ( udev FAQ (http: //www.kernel. org/pub/
linux/utils/kernel/hotplug/udev-FAQ.)). Linux Standards
Base Project (http://www.linuxbase.org/). .
400
30. : Emacs VI
, ' - UNIX. ,
, ,
, , . , , ,
(perl, C++, XML .).
30.1. Emacs
Emacs - , , .
, , lisp. Emacs
, , Usenet, ..
, , , , Emacs,
, Emacs.
Emacs,
: Tutorial Introduction to GNU Emacs (http: //www. l i b . uchicago. edu/
keith/tcl-course/emacs-tutorial.html).
30.1.1.
Emacs :
emacs [1] [2...]
Emacs , , .
, , , . Emacs -
, * s c r a t c h * . X, , ,
F10,
.
1. " " ,
, . ,
, .
402
30. : Emacs VI
30.1.2.
. , : f i l e l f ile2. , ,
- :
$ emacs filel
file2
30-1.
, . (
(New f i l e ) ) . -.
.
Emacs'oM . Ctrl-. "", Del Backspace.
: Ctrl-A , Ctrl-E
, -< Ctrl-Home Alt-> Ctrl-End
. ,
2.
, Ctrl-X Ctrl-S, ,
, Ctrl-X Ctrl-W.
2. Emacs , . Vi.
402
30. : Eniacs VI
Emacs , . ,
Tab, bash.
30.1.3.
.
:
, , Ctrl-X 0.
, , Ctrl-X 1.
*
Ctrl-X ,
Ctrl-X Ctrl-B. *Buffer
L i s t * ( ). Ctrl-X ,
Enter, - .
, *Buf f er L i s t * .
Ctrl-X . Emacs , . , . , TAB: Emacs
*Completions* (),
. Enter.
Ctrl-X 2.
(, ,
"").
.
Ctrl-X Ctrl-F. Emacs
, ,
.
30.1.4. , , ,
, . 30-2.
403
30. : Emacs VI
30-2. Emacs,
, . .
. , ,
. 30-2, : Ctrl-Space (Control
+ ). Emacs - Mark s e t ( ). , Ctrl-A. ,
-
, ,
: Alt-W ( ) Ctrl-W ( ). , Emacs ,
.
, , ,
Ctrl-Y. :
404
30. Emacs VI
File Edit Options Buffers Tools Help
This is the text I want to copal
111.
this is the text I want to
uext
Fill;LI--fill--
30-3. emacs
, , kill
ring. kill ring , Emacs.
kill ring. Ctrl-Y "" .
, Ctrl-Y,
Alt-Y , .
Ctrl-S. Emacs ,
.
Ctrl-S. Emacs
, Ctrl-S ,
. Enter .
Alt-%. Emacs , ,
, .
Ctrl-X U Ctrl-Shift,
. , .
30.1.5. emacs
- Ctrl-X Ctrl-C. , Emacs , .
14 3. 1489
405
30. : htnacs /I
30.2. Vi:
Vi .
, UNIX
Vi
, , .
Vi " ", , Emacs, .
, Mandriva Linux - Vim ( VI iMproved, VI), Vi.
Vi, :
Hands-On Introduction to the Vi Editor (http: //www. library. yale. edu/wsg/docs/vi_
hands_on/) Vim home page (http: //www. vim. org/).
30.2.1. , , ex...
Vi, , Emacs. :
$ v i 1 2
30-4. VIM
406
30. : Einacs VI
..
. .
.
:
, ,
, , Vi , - ,
.
i: ( I
);
: .
INSERT (
, ). , . ,
Esc.
Backspace DEL
.
.
, .
:. : . , Enter, Vi ex.
:, ,
: Tab, .
: w.
, : w <_>.
30.2.2.
, , : n e x t : p r e v
. :
407
30. : Emacs VI
<_>, , , .
.
Emacs, . : s p l i t .
, Ctrl-w j Ctrl-w k
. j . : c l o s e , : q
.
,
, , a Vi :
No w r i t e s i n c e l a s t change (use! t o o v e r r i d e ) ( ( ! ))
, , : q! : c l o s e ! .
30.2.3.
Vi Backspace DEL
, , .
:
. :
: (Change).
.
d: (Delete),
: (Yank). .
.: .
, .
h, j , k, 1: , , 3.
, b, w: ,
, 0, $: , .
f <>: <>. , f e .
3. dl ( ) - ; dh ( ) - X; dd .
408
30. : Emacs VI
/<>, ?<>:
<>. , /lafox
lafox.
{,}: .
G, : , .
"" . G ("Go") . ,
.
:
6: 6 ;
c8fk: ,
;
91G: 91- ;
d3$: .
, . , , "
" .
30.2.4. , ,
Vi , - . d.
27 : 26
.
" ". , yl2w 12 4. dl2w,
.
26 , "<>, <> . ,
12 ,
"kyl2w "kdl2w, .
, ( Paste)
, "<>
"<> (, "dp d).
4. , !
409
30. > VI
30-5. VIM,
, :
6 ( ):
"ry6w5;
f ile2, : Ctrl-w j ;
: ".
, . 30-6.
5. y6w : " 6 ".
420
30. : Emacs VI
30-6. VIM,
: /,
Enter. , /kyiv kyiv . ,
,
/ ?.
30.2.5. Vi
- : q ( , ,
, , Vi). , ..
. :
: wq : ( Z
Z),
: q! .
, ,
: wq .
30.3. ...
, , ( , -, ), -
411
30. : Emacs VI
,
. ,
, .
, ,
, ,
. , ,
.
422
31.
- ,
.
GNU/Lin
. , (. . " ", . 388).
,
,
.
.
"SEE ALSO" (". "), .
GNU/Linux!
31.1.
. , ,
31.1.1. cat, tail, head, tee:
_ [] [ () ] ,
.
.
c a t ,
. , :
# cat
/var/log/mail/info
1.
c a t (~), .
1.
(, ). , syslogd ( ) ( Postfix), root. .
413
31.
, ( ), 2 .
, t a i l . ( ) 10
/var/log/mail/inf :
# tail
/var/log/raail/info
, .. . - -f:
# t a i l -f
/var/log/mail/info
/var/log/mail/info . t a i l -f ,
, . ,
/var/log/messages, .
t a i l ,
. -f
, .
- . ,
2- :
# t a i l -n2 /var/log/mail/info
, . , -2 -f .
head t a i l ,
( ) 10 /var/log/mail/info:
# head /var/log/raail/info
t a i l , -
. , 2- :
# head -n2 /var/log/mail/info
2. , /var/log/mail/info , POP ..
414
31.
. ,
9 10, , head
10 t a i l .
# head /var/log/mail/info
I t a i l -n2
2 .
20- :
# t a i l -n20 /var/log/mail/info
|head -nl
t a i l 20
head. head
.
,
r e s u l t s . txt. t e e . :
tee
[] []
:
# tail -n20 /var/log/mail/info Ihead -nlltee results.txt
. 20 , results .txt, .
:
# tail -n20 /var/log/mail/info Itee results.txt Ihead -nl
t e e (-),
.
, grep
Postfix .
31.1.2. grep:
, ("General Regular Expression Parser" - ) ,
: grep , . :
grep [] <> [ ]
, . -h - 1
425
31.
. - , - .
:
- i : (..
);
-v: . , ;
-: ;
-w: grep'y, .
, - . /var/log/mail/inf , "postfix".
:
# grep postfix
/var/log/mail/info
, ^ f ix,
-v:
# grep -v postfix
/var/log/mail/info
grep .
,
,
( postfix),
( s t a t u s = s e n t ) 3 :
# grep postfix /var/log/mail/info
Igrep status=sent
grep . ,
. f grep.
f grep - grep -F.
, , .
( patterns. txt
):
# echo - 'status=sent\npostfix'
>./patterns.txt
c a t . \n - , " ".
, patterns.
txt f grep " " grep:
3. , , .
416
31.
# fgrep -f ./patterns.txt
/var/log/raail/info
. /patterns. t x t . , , peter@mandriva . com,
./patterns.txt, :
# echo 'peter@mandriva.com'
>>./patterns.txt
, grep t a i l head.
,
peterdmandriva . com, :
# fgrep -f ./patterns.txt
/var/log/mail/info
I tail -n2 I head -nl
t a i l head.
31.1.3. egrep:
grep .
, "ABC Company"?
, ..
-, .
fgrep, grep grep -E: egrep.
egrep ,
'^'" .
, . " ", . 387 , :
[ : alnum: ], [ : alpha : ] [ : d i g i t : ] , :
, ( ) . -
.
[: p r i n t : ] , .
[: lower: ] [: upper : ]
.
Begrep(l).
.
417
31.
:
, ..
, .
0 .
+
{}
.
.
{}
,
.
, . , [ : a l p h a : ] +.
. , \ 1 ,
. 9 "".
$ echo -e "abc def\nabc abc def\nabcl abcl\nabcdef\nabcdabcd\nabcdef
$ egrep "([[:alpha:]]+) \ 1 " t
abc abc def
$
abcef" > t
[ ] ,
, . [
, ,
, ].
,
, . .
418
31.
I,
|
. t e s t f i l e ,
, :
$ egrep " ( [ [ : a l p h a : ] ] + ) \ 1 | ( [ [ : a l p h a : ] [ : d i g i t : ] ] + ) \2" t e s t f i l e
abc abc def
abcl abcl
$
, , , \2, ,
.
$ egrep " ( [ [ : a l n u m : ] ] + ) \ 1 " t e s t f i l e
abc abc def
abcl abcl
$
, , "", . : ? , + , { , ! , ( , )
\. : \ ?, \ + ,
\ { , \ 1 , \ ( \) \ \ .
""
.
( )
. ,
, seel, s e d - ,
.
31.1.4. we:
we (Word Count - ) ,
. .
:
we [] [()]
:
- 1 : ;
-w: ;
- ;
419
31.
-: ;
-L: .
we , .
:
, :
$ we -I /etc/passwd
CPU , :
$ grep "model name" /proc/cpuinf I we -1
, ./patterns.txt.
,
we:
fgrep -f ./patterns.txt /var/log/mail/inf I we -1
31.1.5. sort:
4:
sort
[] [())
/etc/passwd. , :
$ cat /etc/passwd
login, :
$ sort /etc/passwd
s o r t ( login).
, -:
$ sort -r /etc/passwd
UID, /etc/
passwd. nojnoUID:
$ sort /etc/passwd -t":" -k3 -n
4. s o r t .
.
420
31.
s o r t :
- t " if sort'y, " : ";
-: , ;
-: , , .
:
$ s o r t /etc/passwd - t " : " -k3 -n - r
, s o r t :
-: : ;
-f: ( , ).
, UID, :
$ s o r t /etc/passwd - t " : " -k3 -n I t a i l
-nl
/etc/passwd UID t a i l .
.
31.2. find:
find- U NIX. ,
.
, :
find
[]
[]
[].]
...
[!)]
[]
, find . , "", .. . , ,
. :
-xdev: , .
-mindepth <n>:
.
421
31.
-maxdepth <n>: .
-follow: , .
f i n d .
- d a y s t a r t : , (. ), (24 )
.
.
:
- t y p e <_>: . <_> : f
( ), d (), 1 ( ), s (), b (
), ( ) ( ).
-name <>: , .
(. .
" ", . 387).
-iname <>: -name, .
- a t i m e <n>, -amin <n>: ,
(-atime) (-amin).
+<> -<>, ,
, / .
-anewer
.
<>: , ,
- c t i m e <n>,-cmin <n>,-cnewer <>: -atime, -amin -anewer,
- r e g e x <>: -name, .
- i r e g e x <>: -regex, .
. find(l).
:
<cl> - <2>: , c l 2; -
, , c l , 2 ,
<cl> <2> <>.
<cl> - <2>: , c l 2.
, - , -, ,
, c l 2
, ( <cl> - <2> )
422
31.
- <>. () ,
shell'oM!
-not <cl>: c l , -not <cl> ,
<cl> -.
:
- p r i n t :
.
- I s : I s - i l d s .
-exec <>: <>. <>
;, , shell
. {}.
.
-ok <>: -exec,
.
. /usr/share.
:
find /usr/share -type d
, HTTP-, HTML- /var /www/html, .
,
, html, - htm.
/var/www/obsolete.
5
:
find \( -name "*.htra" - -name "*.html" \) -a -ctime -30 \
-exec In (} /var/www/obsolete \;
.
:
\( -name "*.htm" - -name "*.htral" \) -a -ctime -30
, - ,
. .html " \ ( -name " * . h t m " - -name " * . h t m l " \) ", (-) ,
5. , , /var/www /var/www/
obsolete !
423
31.
30 , , (-ctime -30). : ,
- . , , . htm, , . html,
, , . , shell'a: ( . . )
\ ( . . \ ) , -name " * . h t m " - -name "* .html" sub-shell'e... - ,
, .. .
, , , :
-exec In {} /var/www/obsolete \;
;. . ,
find , -exec .
: (/shared/images), . touch
stamp, .
JPEG , stamp,
,
jpg, jpeg, JPG JPEG. old. , ,
- peter:
find /shared/images -cnewer
\
/shared/images/stamp
\
-a -iregex " . * \ . j p e ? g "
\
-a -not -regex " . * / o l d / . + " \
I mail p e t e r -s " "
, , ,
, . , .
31.3.
31.3.1. crontab:
crontab
c r o n t a b , .
424
31.
Crontab .
, , . , c r o n t a b -:
- 1 : crontab;
-: crontab;
-: crontab;
-u <user>: <user>. root.
crontab'a. c r o n t a b -e,
, EDITOR VISUAL, Vi.
crontab .
, , , .
. , # ,
crond (, crontab). crontab'a (
/etc/crontab). ,
.
, (
).
crontab:
, .
. \,
, .
Makefile, shell'e, .
# ,
#
#MAI LTO= "__ "
# 2 14:00,
#
- , "retouch"
#
"stamp". "%"
#
,
#
.
0 14 */2 * * find /shared/images
-cnewer /shared/images/stamp
-a - i r e g e x " . * \ . j p e ? g "
\
-a -not -regex
" . * / o l d / . * " % t o u c h /shared/images/Stamp
#
# :)
\
\
\
425
31.
0 25 12 * rapgl23 $HOME/sounds/merryxmas.mp3
#
# 17:00 ...
0 17 * * 2 l p r $HOME/shopping-list.txt
, ,
. ,
(1,14,23), (1-15), (1-10,12-20),
(1-12,20-27/2).
!
31.3.2. at: ,
, - ,
. , 18:00.
X, XllR6-contrib
, , 17:30 , . a t - ,
:
$ a t 17:30
# " a t "
a t > x m e s s a g e " ! 1 8 : 0 0 "
# CTRL-d
a t > <EOT>
job I a t 2005-02-23 17:30
$
:
now +<>: + . : <>
(minutes I hours I days I weeks I months). . . minutes - , hours , days - , weeks - months - . ,
now + 1 hour ( ), now + 3 days ( ) .
<time> <day>: . <time> () . a t : , , 0100,
04:20,2am, 0530 pm, 18 0 0 : (),
t e a t i m e ( 16:00) midnight (). <day>
() . : , 12/20/2004, 2004 , ,
, 20.12.2004. ,
: 2 0.12.
: Dec 2 0, 2 0 Dec .
a t :
426
31.
- 1 : , . . atq.
-d <n>: <>.
atq. atrm <n>.
31.4.
31.4.1. tar:
( ARchiver)
t a r , find, - UNIX, . :
tar
[] [...]
. ,
, tar(l), ..
.
t a r (-) , .
: .
:
t :
v: . , , , t (. ),
.
f <_>: _,
_ _. , /dev/rmtO, , . - (),
( ,
)
.
427
31.
z: tar'y, g z i p
, , gzip'oM.
j : z, bzip2.
: ,
, . .
: ,
. , , , !
: ,
f. , , .
,
tar(l). , ,
d.
. , /shared/images, bzip2'oM, images .tar .bz2
/home. :
#
# : ,
# !
#
$ cd /shared
$ tar cjf -/images.tar.bz2 images/
, : tar'y, , j bzip2, a f -/images . t a r .bz2
images. t a r . bz2. .
:
#
#
#
$ cd
$ t a r tjvf images.tar.bz2
t a r ' y (t) images.tar.bz2 (f
images . t a r .bz2), , bzip2 (j), , (v). , . ,
, /shared. .. find
, :
428
31.
#
# ,
#
$ cd /shared
$ tar jxpf -/images.tar.bz2
!
,
images/cars. :
$ tar jxf -/images.tar.bz2 images/cars
, t a r
" ", . /dev/mem. t a r
, . h .
31.4.2. bzip2 gzip:
, t a r .
WinZip Windows,
: t a r bzip2 gzip, .
, zip, ar j ,
GIMU/Linux ( ).
, bzip2 gzip.
,
. , gzip
.
:
g z i p []
[()]
, gzip, bzip2
. . :
-1,..., -9: . ,
.
-d: . gunzip
bunzip2.
429
31.
-: / , .
'|\
gzip, bzip2 ( ) , -. bzip2
, -. gzip .
. , , .txt,
bzip2 . :
$ b z i p 2 -9
*.txt
- , bzip2, gzip. ,
. , , ,
: , :
bzip2 -de images.tar,bz2
I gzip -9 >iraages.tar.gz
b z c a t bzip2 -de. gzip, zcat, gzcat. b z l e s s 12-
z l e s s gzip, , .
, b z l e s s z l e s s .
31.5. , ...
, , , . , .
: sort(l), sed(l)
zip(lL) (, , : .zip GNU/Linux), convert(l) . . , ,
, . !
430
32.
, . "", . 372. , .
32.1.
, ,
, .. , , .
32.1.1.
, , GNU/Linux,
. i n i t - , . (PID,
Process ID, ), . (PPID, Parent
Process ID, ), i n i t PID PPID 1.
32.1.2.
UNIX . 64 , ( 1)
(SIGx, - ). 32 "" ( 33
64) - , .
, : 9 (KILL) 19
(STOP).
9 ,
. , .
k i l l -1.
432
32.
32.2. : ps pstree
, , , p s t r e e
s - f.
32.2.1. ps
ps , ,
:
$ ps
PID TTY
18614 pts/3
20173 pts/3
TIME CMD
00:00:00 bash
00:00:00 ps
UNIX, ps ,
:
: , ;
: ,
;
:
.
. ps(l).
ps : PID,
CMD .
ps :
$ ps ax
I less
,
.
32.2.2. pstree
p s t r e e . , , ,
. -
PID - ,
432
32.
. .. , p s t r e e
:
$ p s t r e e -up I more
32.3. : kill, killall top
32.3.1. kill, killall
. k i l l
, k i l l a l l .
, .
15 (TERM). , PID 785, :
$ kill
785
19 (STOP), :
$ kill
-19 785
, .. , . , ps,
. "mozilla", :
$ killall -9 mozilla
( root),
,
, .
32.3.2. ps kill: top
t op - , p s H k i l l , a , , ..,
. 32-1.
433
32.
PID USER
PR
NI
VIRT
RES , SHR S %CPU
1+
COMMAND
32-1. top
t o p . , h. :
: . t o p
PID , (
TERM 15);
: ( %);
: ( %CPU). ;
: , t o p
. , UID.
, ;
i: , .
(,
STAT R, Running). .
:
32.4. : nice, renice
, " nice", -20 ( ) 19
( ). , - 0 ("" -
434
32.
). (
nice, -20) ( 19),
. 0 19. (root)
32.4.1. renice
, .
r e n i c e . :
renice
[[-]
pid
...]
[[-g]
pgrp
...]
[[-]
...]
- , pid - ( - ), pgrp -
( , -) - ,
(- ).
, PID 785, , , ,
. :
$ renice +15 785
,
, -
, ,
:
# renice +20 -u peter
peter .
32.4.2. nice
, , ,
. n i c e .
435
32.
nice. - n i c e 10.
, ISO- CD-ROM'a Mandriva Linux:
$ dd if=/dev/cdrom of=~/mandrival.iso
IDE CD-ROM
- ,
$ nice -n 19 dd if=/dev/cdrom of=~/mandrival.iso
436
33.
UNIX , .
GNU/Linux: ,
FHS (Filesystem Hierarchy Standard -
), 2004
2.3. , ,
- Pathname (http://www.pathname, com/fhs/).
, , ,
, .
33.1. /,
/
UNIX : ,
.
, .
.
. ,
. , /
, .
, , , /usr, "" .
33.2. : /
, .. ( ) .
/bin: . ,
: I s , cp, l o g i n . , .
15 . 1489
37
33.
/boot: , GNU/Linux (GRUB
LILO Intel, yaboot ..). ( )
, ,
. , .
/dev: (dev . DEVices). , /dev, , , /dev/null, /dev/zero
/dev/tty. , .
/etc:
. , .
/home: .
(
NFS). ( )
(".") , Mozilla .mozilla.
, .
/lib: , ; /lib/modules/KERNEL_VERSION.
, /bin /sbin.
:
Id*,
libc. so. , .
/mnt: ,
/mnt/cdrom, /mnt/f loppy .. /mnt
( USB, ,
/mnt/removable). , .
/opt: .
; Adobe Acrobat Reader /opt. FHS , (, ,
..), /opt, /opt/package_name, - /etc/opt.
/root: root'. , .
/sbin: ,
. root'oM.
, . , .
/tmp: , . , .
/usr: "/usr: ", . 439.
, .
438
33.
/var: ,
(, , ,
.)- . .
33.3. /usr:
/usr .
, /usr , , . () , /usr
. :
/usr/XHR6: X Window System . ,
X ( -), . /usr/XHR6/lib/Xll X, .
/etc/Xll;
/usr/bin: , ,
. , : /usr/local;
/usr/lib: , , /usr/bin /usr/sbin. /usr/lib/Xll,
/usr/XHR6/lib - , X Window
System ( , X)1.
/usr/local: , , .
;
/usr/share: - , /usr.
() (zoneinf
locale).
/usr/share/doc /usr/share/man, .
1. , , X Window
Mandriva Linux X Window System Xorg.
439
33.
33.4. /var:
/var .
/tmp,
. ,
:
/var/log: ,
( : /var/log/messages
/var/log/kernel/errors).
/var/run: , ,
(. " : init sysv",
. 473).
/var/spool: ,
. , /var/spool/cups , a /var/spool/mail (,
).
33.5. /etc:
/etc - UNIX, ,
! ,
, ,
/etc :
:
passwd shadow: , . shadow
, ,
.
inittab: i n i t ,
. , " ", . 354.
services: .
profile: shell'a.
shell'oB. , . bashrc
shell'a bash.
440
33.
crontab: - , .
, , . , , X Window System,
/etc/Xll.
441
34.
" ", . 395, , ,
CD-ROM
, "" .
/mnt/remova /
34-1.
. 34-1 : - GNU/Linux - /home/, Windows, (Windows UNIX) USB-. GNU/Linux, , WebDAV
, Google""...
- . ,
. Mandriva Linux , , 1
. ,
: /usr.
"
, ", . 445, .
1. , .
443
34.
34.1.
, . , Windows
( , ),
GNU/Linux ,
.
, Windows " :", GNU/Linux
(/) ,
. ,
.
, .
. , -,
, . , - /var/www.
/home, . ,
, . 34-2 . 34-3.
/cgi-bin/html /icons
( )
,
"/var/www"
( )
34-2.
444
34.
/ home
/USX
/vax
/VU/MVU
/var/www/cgi~bi n
/va r/wvw/html
/var/wwx/icons
34-3.
, : ,
.
, , .
, :
1. , .
2. , : ,
, ,
"" . ,
, .
- "" . --bind. , -
/hidden/directory/ /new/directory, :
mount bind /hidden/directory/ /new/directory
445
34.
34.2. ,
: , .
, , .
, root'a.
"" (.. ). ,
IDE. /dev/hdb2. ,
" DiskDrake",
. 305, . DiskDrake
, , , .
34.3. mount umount
, , . , .. ,
. - mount ,
:
mount [] <t > [- ] <> < >
, /mnt/new (
; , ).
:
$ mount -t ext3 /dev/hdbl /rant/new
- t , . , : ext2FS ( GNU/Linux) ext3FS ( ext2FS ), VFAT ( DOS/Windows: FAT 12, 16 32), NTFS ( Windows)
ISO9660 ( CD-ROM'OB). , mount
, ,
- . , , 2. " ", . 398.
446
34.
.
mount(8).
, ,
/usr:
$ (cd /usr && tar cf - .) I (cd /mnt/new && tar xpvf -)
, .
umount. :
umount < |
, , :
$ umount /mnt/new
:
$ umount /dev/hdbl
, ( CD-ROM) . . , umount
/dev/hdc , "" umount.
:
umount
-1 < ! ^
(handle) . eject <
|>. , eject , , .
"" /usr,
. /etc/f stab. ,
. , . :
/dev/hda2 / ext3 defaults 1 1
/dev/hdd /mnt/odrom auto umask=0022,user,iocharset=utf8,noauto,ro,exec,users 0 0
/dev/hdal /mnt/windows ntfs umask=0,nls=utf8,ro 0 0
none /proc proc defaults 0 0
/dev/hda3 swap swap defaults 0 0
447
34.
, ;
;
;
;
dump;
f sck (FileSystem ChecK).
. swap
, , swap. /, "
/", . 465. /dev/pts.
, ,
- f s t a b - s y n c ,
(HAL, Hardware Abstraction Layer) /etc/f stab.
fstab-sync(8).
,
/usr /dev/hdbl, , /usr .
/etc/f stab:
/dev/hdbl /usr ext3 defaults 1 2
, .
ext3FS,
. ext2 r e i s e r f s.
, 2. , 1,
, /etc/f stab. (/)
1.
: noauto u s e r s . noauto
, ,
. u s e r s ,
.
CD-ROM . ,
/etc/f stab man (fstab(5)), .
448
34.
/etc/f stab mount. , , , :
$ mount /mnt/floppy
:
$ mount /dev/fdO
, ,
. /usr /etc/f stab, . , ,
/usr ,
, ( ).
,
t e l i n i t 1.
.
/usr. ,
"" , .. ( ) . rm -Rf
/usr/*.
, , /usr: mount /usr/.
. ( t e l i n i t 3
t e l i n i t 5 ), ,
, r o o t .
449
35. Linux
GNU/Linux . , GNU/Linux,
, .
35.1.
, .
, .
, Mandriva Linux.
35.1.1.
35.1.1.1. Ext2
Second Extended Filesystem ( ext2FS ext2)
GNU/Linux . Extended File System
( "Second"). ext2
.
ext2 UNIX-THna. ,
: .
35.1.1.2. Ext3
, Third Extended File System ext2. ,
"" ext2
(
). ,
451
35. Linux
, . .
.
, (, ) ,
. , ,
. .
,
. , , , .
, ext3 ext2, . ext2 ext3 .
ext2, ,
.
35.1.1.3. ReiserFS
ext3 r e i s e r f s . ext3, , ..
,
, ,
( ) . ,
.
" ", .
35.1.1.4. JFS
JFS - , IBM. , IBM
r e i s e r f s .
452
35. Linux
GNU/Linux .
35.1.1.5. XFS
XFS - , SGI Irix. ,
SGI . , ,
( ,
) ( ).
GNU/Linux
. .
.
35.1.2.
Ext2
!
()
Ext3
ReiserFS
JFS
XFS
()
- ,
453
35. Linux
Ext2
Ext3
,
,
ACL
ReiserFS
XFS
JFS
:
.
,
data=journal /etc/f stab.
35-1.
(..
ext2/ext3), , .
2.6. , Large Block Device
(CONFIG_LBD=y). Adding
Support for Arbitrary File Sizes to the Single UNIX Specification (http://www.unix.
org/version2/whatsnew/lfs.html), Large File Support in Linux (http://www.suse.
com/~aj/linux_lfs.html) Large Block Devices (http://www.gelato.unsw.edu.au/
IA64wiki/LargeBlockDevices). ""
, JFS .
35.1.3. ?
, . , , . , (
) .
. , .
ext2. ext3. r e i s e r f s , - ,
454
35. Linux
. JFS ,
. XFS , . ""
. ,
.
35.2.
, ,
UNIX (
Linux), , " ".
"" . , ,
, -, Ethernet - . . Linux
. ,
: GNU/Linux, UNIX, , PNG, -
. .
35.2.1.
I s - 1 ,
. : (-) (d).
,
:
1. : ( /dev/null, ), ( ), , ( )
(.. ). .
2. : ,
, , .
, , , , , CD-ROM .
: /dev/hda, /dev/sda5. .
3. : Mandriva Linux (. "-
455
35. Linux
: init sysv", . 473). , -
. , , . .
" ",
"1".
4. : , . ,
, shell'a, ,
. ,
. . """ ",
. 458.
5. : ,
. , ,
,
. s.
:
$ Is -I /dev/null /dev/sda /etc/rc.d/.d/S20random /proc/554/maps \
/tmp/ssh-queen/ssh-510-agent
crw-rw-rw1 root
root
1,
3 May 5 1998 /dev/null
brw-rw
0 May 5 1998 /dev/sda
1 root
disk
8,
16 Dec 9 19:12 /etc/rc.d/rc3.d/
lrwxrwxrwx
1 root
root
S20random -> . ./init.d/random*
prrr
1 queen queen
0 Dec 10
10 20:23 /proc/554/maps|
10 20:08 /tmp/ssh-queen/
1 queen queen
0 Dec 10
srwx
ssh-510-agent =
$
35.2.2. Inode'bi
Inode'bi - UNIX " ". "inode" - Information NODE
( ).
Inode'bi inode. ,
, , , . :
"Inode - ". inode'oB UNIX
.
, : UNIX ,
inode1. ,
1. : , inode
, .. inode .
inode'oB inode'oB " ".
456
35. Linux
. UNIX -
inode. .
.
35.3.
, , .
() :
$ pwd
/home/queen/example
$ Is
$ touch a
$ Is -il a
32555 - r w - r r 1 queen queen 0 Aug
6 19:26 a
- i Is inode .
, , .
,
(... inode).
touch :
inode'a, 32555
;
inode /home/queen/
example. , /home/queen/example/a - inode 32555, : 1.
:
$ In a b
$ Is -il a b
32555 - r w - r
32555 - r w - r r
$
2 queen queen 0 Aug
2 queen queen 0 Aug
6 19:26 a
6 19:26 b
inode. ,
. Hainode 32555
. , ,
I s - 1 , inode'a 2, 1.
inode'a ,
, inode'bi " " , . ,
- inode'a
.
457
35. Linux
:
$ rm a
$ Is - i l
32555 - r w - r
$
1 queen queen 0 Aug
6 19:26 b
, , " ", inode
. inode -
/home/que en/example/b.
, UNIX ; .
inode'ax. . ,
: ( .) ( . .). : ., .. .
(.. )
. ,
- Mandriva Linux (www.mandrivalinux.com), ,
. , shell'e, inode,
, , .
inode'oB .
, , . , , (.. ).
, , .
35.4. ""
, ,
. , shell ,
, .
, ( , shell'ax) ( ), FIFO (First In,
First Out, " - "). shell'e,
:
$ Is -d /proc/[0-9] I head -5
/proc/1/
/proc/2/
/proc/3/
/proc/4/
458
35. Linux
//5/
, ( ), . , I s , ,
. ,
, , , shell'aMH,
(.. , shell'a - )2.
- mkf i f :
$ mkfifo a_pipe
$ Is - i l
total 0
169 prw-rw-r
1 queen queen 0 Aug
6 19:37 a_pipeI
#
# , 1,
# ( ' ' ) .
#
# I n :
#
# You can a l s o use In h e r e :
#
$ In a_pipe the_same_pipe
$ Is - i l
total 0
169 prw-rw-r
2 queen queen 0 Aug
6 19:37 a_pipeI
169 prw-rw-r
2 queen queen 0 Aug
6 19:37 the_sarne_pipe I
$ I s -d /proc/[0-9] >a_pipe
#
# , . . .
# Control Z, ...
#
[1]+
Stopped I s -F - - s h o w - c o n t r o l - c h a r s c o l o r = a u t o -d /proc/[0-9] >a__pipe
#
# ... :
#
$ bg
[1]+ I s -F s h o w - c o n t r o l - c h a r s c o l o r = a u t o -d /proc/[0-9] >a_pipe &
#
# ...
#
$ head -5 <the_same_pipe
#
# ...
#
//1/
//2/
//3/
//4/
//5/
2. ,
.
459
35. Linux
[1]+
$
Done
Is -F show-control-chars
color=auto -d /proc/[0-9]
>a_pipe
. , , head , ,
- - :
$ head -5 <a_pipe
#.
# , : C-z
#
[1]+ Stopped
head -5 <a_pipe
#
# .. .
#
$ bg
[1]+ head -5 <a_pipe &
#
# . . . - :)
#
$ I s -d /proc/[0-9] >the_sarae_pipe
/proc/1/
/proc/2/
/proc/3/
/proc/4/
/proc/5/
[1]+
Done
head -5 <a_pipe
$
1 s
, head. , a head ,
.
35.5. :
, ,
. , , .
,
:
$ dd if=/dev/fdO
of=/dev/null
:
.
. ,
460
35. Linux
.
, (,
):
$ cat
//////- >/dev/lpO
, ,
, : , . ,
/dev/lpO - .
: , . : , . , Linux
. , , sync async mount(8), a
" ", . 463 .
, .
, I s -1 ,
.. :
$ Is -I /dev/hdc /dev/lpO
brw-rw
1 queen cdrom 22, 0 Feb 23 19:18 /dev/hdc
crw-rw
1 root root 6, 0 Feb 23 19:17 /dev/lpO
/dev/hdc 22 0,
/dev/lpO 6 0. , . ,
.
35.6. . ""
(
UNIX), , , ( "" ),
( , ""). , , (
"" "").
- , , ( )
.
461
35. Linux
, , , . :
5 echo Hello >myfile
$ In -s myfile raylink
$ Is - i l
total 4
169 -rw-rw-r
1 queen
416 lrwxrwxrwx
1 queen
$ cat myfile
Hello
$ cat mylink
Hello
queen
queen
6 Dec 10 21:30 myfile
6 Dec 10 21:30 mylink -> myfile
, mylink - ' 1' ( Link), ..
. rwxrwxrwx. , myfile -
, .. inode . , , c a t mylink,
myfile. , , :
$ I n - s " "
$ I s - i l
418 lrwxrwxrwx
I queen
queen
->
$ c a t
c a t : : No such f i l e or d i r e c t o r y
$
20 Dec 10 21:43
, , ("") :
inode , . : inode'e,
.
, . , , , .
,
,
.
, , "".
, , , .
462
35. Linux
35.7.
FAT, (, ,
, ), GNU/Linux , .
, . , - .
: l s a t t r c h a t t . ,
, , l s a t t r ("LiSt") , c h a t t r ("CHange") .
. , chattr(l):
1. A ("no Access time"): , ,
, , ,
, , - ,
inode,
.
2. a ("append only"): ,
,
. ,
, . r o o t .
3. d ("no dump"): dump - UNIX . ,
1 /etc/f stab (. " ", .
443). , ,
, . ,
, .
4. i ("immutable"): : , 3
. r o o t .
,
, ,
i.
5. s ("secure deletion"): , ,
, .
3. , , " " !
463
35. Linux
6. S ("Synchronous mode"): ,
, i ,
. : , ,
, .
464
36. /
/ Linux. , , ,
.
, - , (, ). /,
, . , (top, ps ), / - , , , ,
, /.
/proc/sys.
.
36.1.
/, ,
. , :
$ Is -d /proc/[0-9]*
//1/
//302/
//127/ //317/
//2/
//339/
//250/ //385/
//260/ //4/
//275/ //402/
//290/ //433/
//3/
//450/
//451/
//452/
//453/
//454/
//455/
//463/
//487/
//491/
//496/
//497/
//5/
//501/
//504/
//505/
//509/
//554/
//556/
//557/
//558/
//559/
//565/
//569/
//594/
//595/
//633/
//718/
//755/
//760/
//761/
//769/
//774/
, ( )
, . root'oM ,
1, in it
:
$ SU
Password:
# cd /proc/1
# Is -1
total 0
-rrr
lrwxrwxrwx
lrwxrwxrwx
1
1
1
1
1
root
root
root
root
root
root
root
root
root
root
0
0
0
0
0
Aug
Aug
Aug
Aug
Aug
15
15
15
15
15
18:14
18:14
18:14
18:14
18:14
auxv
cmdline
cwd -> II
environ
exe -> /sbin/init
465
36. /proc
dr-x
-rw-rr
-r--rr
-rw
-rrr
-rw-rr
-rrr
lrwxrwxrwx
-rw
-rrr
-rrr
-rrr
dr-xr-xr-x
-rrr
#
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
1
root
root
root
root
root
root
root
root
root
root
root
root
root
root
root
root
root
root
root
root
root
root
root
root
root
root
root
root
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Aug
Aug
Aug
Aug
Aug
Aug
Aug
Aug
Aug
Aug
Aug
Aug
Aug
Aug
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
18:14
18:14
18:14
18:14
18:14
18:14
18:14
18:14
18:14
18:14
18:14
18:14
18:14
18:14
fd/
loginuid
maps
mem
mounts
oom_adj
oora_score
root -> //
seccomp
stat
statm
status
task/
wchan
.
:
1. cmdline: () ,
. :
, .
, : p e r l - p i e ' s , \ 0 0 , , g' cmdline.
2. cwd:
( ).
3. environ: , , =. cmdline, :
. : p e r l
- p i e ' s , \ 0 0 , \ n , g ' environ.
4. exe: ,
.
5. f d: ,
. .
6. maps: ( cat, ), , ( ): , ; ,
; , ; ( ) ,
; inode ; , ,
. 0 inode
- . mmap(2).
7. root: ,
. /, chroot(2).
466
36. /
8. status: , , PID PPID,
UID GID, . ,
s t a t statm . , ,
status.
f d ,
:
# Is -I /proc/8141/fd/
total 4
lrwx
1 peter peter
lrwx
1 peter peter
lrwx
1 peter peter
1-wx
1 peter peter
#
64
64
64
64
Aug
Aug
Aug
Aug
4
4
4
4
09:05
09:05
09:05
09:05
0
1
2
3
->
->
->
->
/dev/ttyl
/dev/ttyl
/dev/ttyl
/horae/peter/seti32/lock.sah
, . , - , , 1. : - , ,
, , .
36.2.
, , /
/ :
$ I s -d [ a - z ] *
acpi/
diskstats
draa
asound/
driver/
buddyinfo
bus/
execdomains
fb
cmdline
config.gz
filesystems
cpuinfo
fs/
crypto
ide/
devices
interrupts
$
ioraem
ioports
irq/
kallsyras
kcore
keys
key-users
krasg
loadavg
locks
mdstat
meminf
misc
modules
mounts@
mtrr
net/
partitions
pci
scsi/
self@
slabinf
splash
stat
swaps
sys/
sysrq-trigger
sysvipc/
tty/
uptime
version
vrastat
, /proc/interrupts, , , , , . 1. , " ", . 388,
, 0, 1 2. 0 - ,
1 - 2 - .
467
36. /proc
, ioports /, , , dma DMA. , , :
$ cat interrupts
CPU0
0:
543481
2:
0
5:
109
7:
1
8:
0
3432
9:
10:
52855
11:
7538
12:
1386
14:
20
15:
5908
NMI:
0
LOC:
0
ERR:
0
0
MIS:
XT-PIC
XT-PIC
XT-PIC
XT-PIC
XT-PIC
XT-PIC
XT-PIC
XT-PIC
XT-PIC
XT-PIC
XT-PIC
$ cat ioports
0000-OOlf
dmal
0020-0021
picl
timerO
0040-0043
0050-0053
timerl
keyboard
0060-006f
0070-0077
rtc
0080-008f
dma page reg
00a0-00al
pic2
dma2
00c0-00df
OOfO-OOff
fpu
0170-0177
idel
01f0-01f7
ideO
0376-0376
idel
parportO
0378-037a
037b-037f
parportO
03c0-03df
vesafb
ideO
03f6-03f6
03f8-03ff
serial
parportO
0778-077a
0970-0977
0000-.00: 0b. 0
0970-0977
sata_nv
09f0-09f7
0000:00:0b.0
09f0-09f7 sata_nv
0b70-0b73 : 0000:00:0b.0
070-073 sata_nv
0bf0-0bf3 : 0000:00:0b.0
0bf0-0bf3 : sata_nv
0cf8-0cff : PCI confl
4000-407f : motherboard
4000-4003 . PMla_EVT_BLK
4004-4005 : PMla_CNT_BLK
4008-400b : PM TMR
468
timer
cascade
ohci_hcd:usb2, ethl
parportO
rtc
acpi, NVidia CK8
ehci_hcd:usb3, ethO
libata, ohci_hcd:usbl
i8042
ideO
idel
36. /
4020-4027
4080-40ff
4080-40ff
4200-427f
4200-427f
4280-42ff
4280-42ff
4400-447f
4400-447f
4480-44ff
44aO-44af
5000-503f
5000-503f
5100-513f
5100-513f
9000-9fff
9000-907f
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motherboard
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PCI Bus #02
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0000:02:07.0
0000:00:0b.0
sata_nv
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NVidia CK8
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NVidia CK8
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idel
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$
, , l s d e v ,
, , ,
2
:
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Device
0000:00:01 .1
0000:00:04 .0
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0000:00:09.0
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16 3 1489
469
36. /proc
dm a
dmal
dma2
ethO
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fpu
GPE0_BLK
GPE1_BLK
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keyboard
motherboard
NVidia
ohci_hcd:usbl
parportO
PCI
picl
pic2
PMla__CNT_BLK
PMla_EVT_BLK
PM_TMR
pnp
rtc
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serial
timer
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timerl
vesafb
$
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5
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12
14
15
11
7
01f0-01f7 03f6-03f6
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4000-407f 4080-40ff 4200-427f 4280-42ff 4400bc00-bc7f
b800-b8ff
0378-037a 037b-037f 0778-077a
0cf8-0cff 9000-9fff
0020-0021
00a0-00al
4004-4005
4000-4003
4008-400b
4200-427f
4280-42ff
4080-40ff
0070-0077
0970-0977
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,
:
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.
modules: , , . lsmod,
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472
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1 0, .
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472
37. : init sysv
System V UNIX AT&T
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i n i t ' a /etc/inittab
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473
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re*
rcl.d/
rc2.d/
rc3.d/
rc4.d/
rc5.d/
rc6.d/
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re.local*
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, r e . sysinit - , . : , , ..
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:
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3: .
4: .
5: 3- ,
.
6: .
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K09dm@
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. , 64. , X ,
.
474
37. : init sysv
S03iptables@
S05harddrake@
S10network@
Sllshorewalig
$
S15cups@
S17alsa@
S18sound@
S20xfs@
S25netfs3
S29numlock@
S33nifd@
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S56rawdevices@
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S90crond@
S95kheader@
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, ,
. :
<S|><><_6>
S {Start) , (Kill) . , , . ,
, / e t c / r e d / i n i t . d ( l o c a l ,
).
, ,
: , , stop.
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, , , 3- , 9dm (..
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, (, , 4-) , .
37.2.1.
chkeonfig , , chkeonfig add _ () 3
_ chkeonfig d e l
_ () .
3. "" , , , 2- , .
475
37. : init sysv
chkconfig - - l i s t , ,
.
chkconfig - - l e v e l s 35 sshd on SSH
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,
,
.
37.2.2.
s e r v i c e ,
,
. :
s e r v i c e _
_ - , chkconfig l i s t , a
:
start
. , ,
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stop
. , ,
,
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restart
, . s e r v i c e _ s t o p && s e r v i c e _ s t a r t .
, , , .
(
). , r e l o a d -
476
37. : init sysv
; f o r c e - s t o p ; s t a t u s . s e r v i c e
_ , .
477
.
GNU (GPL)
GPL, , Mandriva Linux.
2, 1991 Copyright () 1989,1991 Free Software Foundation, Inc. 59 Temple
Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA
, , .
.
() ,
.
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479
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480
. GNU (GPL)
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481
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482
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484
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, (, , ,
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.
485
.
account
, ; UNIX , , , shell'a, .
alias
, ; , shell'e
.
, a l i a s .
ACPI
(Advanced Configuration and Power Interface, ) , . , BIOS, ACPI , . ACPI
(Advanced Power Management, ) ,
' standby
("") . (laptop)
( ) . ACPI, .
. ACPI.
ARP
(Address Resolution Protocol, ) -, - ( ) . ,
(hardware broadcasting).
ASCII
(American Standard Code for Information Interchange,
) ,
, . 8-
( ISO 8859-1 - Linux,
, UTF-8) ASCII .
. : ISO 8859, UTF-8.
assembly language
; , ,
"" . -
487
.
, .:
. - ( ).
. , , .
ATAPI
(AT Attachment Packet Interface,
AT- ) ATA (Advanced
Technology Attachment, IDE - Integrated Drive Electronics, ), CD-ROM .
IDE, , EIDE (Enhanced IDE).
. : IDE.
ATM
(Asynchronous Transfer Mode, )
, () . ATM
(53 : 48 5 ),
.
atomic
, ; ,
" ":
, .
,
.
background
; shell'a, ,
,
.
. : job, foreground.
backup
, , ; , ( : /etc, /home /usr/local).
t a r g z i p bzip2.
dump r e s t o r e ,
488
.
batch
; ,
, .
beep
, ; , , ; , , . , ,
.
beta testing
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binary
() , ; , .
bit
(Binary digiT, ) ; ,
1,
.
block mode files
; , . / , , , .
. : buffer, buffer cache, character mode files.
boot
; , ,
.
boot disk
; (, CD, DVD ), ,
( ).
bootloader
, ; , .
, .
489
.
GRUB LILO,
.
BSD
(Berkeley Software Distribution, ) UNIX, , .
, ,
UNIX .
buffer
; ,
, , .. .
. : buffer cache.
buffer cache
; , , , .
. : buffer.
bug
, ; ,
.
. , : ( . bug - ) ,
. (Grace Hopper), , " !" ("It's a bug!"), .
, , bug.
byte
; , , 0
255. " " , ,
, .
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case
; , - () () .
CHAP
(Challenge-Handshake Authentication Protocol, ) ,
490
.
. ,
( ) , (hash).
, . ,
, .
. : .
character mode files
; , . , / . (/dev/zero,
/dev/null ), .
. : block mode files.
CIFS
(Common Internet FileSystem, ;) SMB, DOS.
. : SMB.
client
; ,
.
(peer-to-peer), SLIP , , , , , .
-.
. : server.
client/server system
-; ,
.
command line
; .
" " ("flame war") .
command mode
; Vi , ,
,
, ( ).
, " ": i, I, a, A, s,
S, , , , ...
492
.
compilation
; , (, )
(, ), , .
completion
; ( Tab) ,
, .
compression
, , ;
, . : compress, zip, g z i p bzip2.
console
; , . ( ), (
). PC, -
.
. : virtual console.
cookies
, :); ,
-. ,
.
datagram
, ; ,
IP-.
- "".
dependencies
; ,
, , , , . , " ".
desktop
, ; X Window System,
, (). ,
, .
. : virtual desktops.
492
.
DHCP
(Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol, ) , IP-
directory
, , ; .
( ). . ,
. ,
.
, , . . .. , , .
.
discrete values
; , . .. "".
distribution
, ; , GNU/Linux . : Linux , ,
, ()
.
DLCI
(Data Link Connection Identifier, )
-
(Frame Relay). DLCI
Frame Relay.
DMA
(Direct Memory Access, ) , PC,
, CPU. PCI- (bus mastering) DMA. CPU.
DNS
(Domain Name System, ) , . IP-,
. DNS IP- .
493
.
DPMS
(Display Power Management System, ) , . "green''- ( ).
echo
; , , , , .
. , * ( )
.
editor
; , , ( ). GNU/Linux
- GNU Emacs (Emacs) UNIX Vi.
ELF
(Executable and Linking Format, ) , GNU/Linux.
email
electronic mail, , "";
. ()
. "@.",
"@.". - , .
, ,
pine mutt ( ), KMail.
environment
, ; , .
, , ,
.
. : process.
environment variables
; .
.
. : process.
494
.
escape
, ; shell'a,
. ,
,
\ ( "escape"),
shell
extl
("Extended 2 file system", )
GNU/Linux, UNIX: ( ,
..),
.
FAQ
(Frequently Asked Questions, , "") , , FAQ'H
(newsgroup). -,
FAQ. .
FAT
(File Allocation Table, ) , DOS Windows.
FDDI
(Fiber Distributed Data Interface,
- ) , . ,
, , - .
FHS
(File system Hierarchy Standard, ) ,
UNIX. Mandriva Linux
.
FIFO
(First In, First Out, " - ")
, .
FIFO UNIX.
filesystem
; , ( , ).
495
.
: FAT, ext2fs GNU/Linux, ISO9660 ( CD-ROM-) .. - /.
firewall
, , ; , , , .
fl*g
; ( ),
. , , ,
, , . ,
, , - .
focus
; , ( ),
.
foreground
; shell'a,
. , .
. : job, background.
Frame Relay
; ,
Frame Relay, ,
,
.
framebuffer
, , ; . . .
FTP
(File Transfer Protocol, ) -
496
.
full-screen
; ,
.
gateway
, ; ,
.
GFDL
(GNU Free Documentation License, GNU ) , Mandriva Linux.
GIF
(Graphics Interchange Format, )
, . GIF
. - , , , ,
PNG.
. : PNG.
globbing
() shell, .
. : globbing pattern.
globbing pattern
, ; , . shell'oM.
GNU
(GNU's Not Unix, GNU - UNIX) GNU (Richard Stallman) 80- . ("" " ").
, ... .
GNU - Hurd - . Linux GNU,
, : - - - GPL.
. : GPL.
GPL
(General Public License, ) GNU/Linux,
() ,
, ,
, ,
. , , , .
497
.
GUI
(Graphical User Interface, )
, , , .. GUI CLI
(Command Line Interface, ), - , , .
guru
; . - ,
.
hardware address
; ,
. - Ethernet .25.
hidden file
; , ""
I s . . . , bash
.bash_history.
home directory
, ""; "home", .
. : account.
host
, , ; ,
.
HTML
(HyperText Markup Language, ) , -.
HTTP
(HyperText Transfer Protocol, ) , - HTML-
.
icon
, , ; ( 16x16,32x32,48x48, 64x64 ), , .
IDE
(Integrated Drive Electronics, .)
. IDE
498
.
,
( !).
. : ATAPI, SATA, S-ATA.
IMAP
(Internet Message Access Protocol, )
,
; POP.
. : POP.
inode
, ; , 1- .
, , , , ,
!
insert mode
; Vi , ,
(
,
...). Esc (
CtrH).
Internet
; , .
1-04@5
, ( 4 IPv4) , IP-
: , ,
. IP- - 1 9 2 . 1 6 8 . 0 . 1 .
. IP- , .. . IP- ,
. IP-, IP-.
IP masquerading
IP-; , ,
IP- . , ,
IP-. , IP-, .
499
.
IRC
(Internet Relay Chat, , "")
- .
, . ,
IRC: Undernet, DALnet, EFnet .
IRC-:0=0;K
"" IRC-, . IRC- , . , .
"" , .
#.
ISA
(Industry Standard Architecture, )
, PC. ISA SCSI-,
, CD- .
ISDN
(Integrated Services Digital Network, ) , .
,
PSTN (Public Switched Telephone Network, ) POTS (Plain Old Telephone Service, ). ISDN
ISO
(International Standards Organization, ) , , , , . , , . ,
iso9660 , CD-ROM.
ISO 8859
, 8-
ASCII. ISO 8859-1 - "Latin Alphabet No. 1" (
1), - - ASCII.
ISO 8859-1 : , , ,
, , , , , , , , , , , , , , .
, ISO 8859-1 256 ISO 10646 (Unicode). EURO -
500
.
. ISO 8859-15
ISO 8859-1 .
. ASCII, UTF-8.
ISP
(Internet Service Provider, ) ,
, -1, DSL
.
JPEG
(Joint Photographic Experts Group, ) . JPEG
.
job
; shell'a, - , . ,
.
. : foreground, background.
journaling
; ,
. ,
, "" ,
, , ,
.
kernel
; .
. , , .
kill ring
Emacs ,
. , .
LAN
(Local Area Network, ) ,
,
,
. : WAN.
17 3. 1489
501
.
launch
; , .
library
; ,
(
). , , .
link
, ; , ()
. , ( , ): ( ),
( ), ..
linkage
, , ; ,
, ( ,
).
Linux
; 1\11- , . . Linux (Linus
Torvalds).
login
, ; UNIX ,
.
lookup table
, ; ,
( ) . ,
.
, HardDrake .
, CTL00 01
"CTL0001" "sb" "Creative Labs|SB16" "sound"
"HAS_OPL3IHAS_MPU401|HAS_DMA16"
loopback
, , ;
, ,
.
502
.
major
. , ; .
manual page
; ,
man. ,
, .
MBR
(Master Boot Record, ) . ,
, (, LILO), .
MIME
(Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions, ) /,
, . MIME ,
.
minor
, ; , , .
MPEG
(Moving Pictures Experts Group,
) ISO,
. MPEG - . ,
, ,
MPEG-, Open Source...
mount point
; GNU/Linux, . , CD-ROM /mnt/cdrom,
-.
mounted
; ,
GNU/Linux. , .
"" ("supermount"), , .
. : mount point.
503
.
MSS
(Maximum Segment Size, ) , .
, MSS MTU IP.
MTU
(Maximum Transmission Unit, ) , , IP- .
MTU ,
. ,
,
MTU . :
1500 Ethernet- 576 -.
multitasking
; . . , , , , .
, ,
. : .
.
() . ( GNU/Linux), ,
,
. (
).
multiuser
; ,
,
.
. GNU/Linux, UNIX, ,
.
named pipe
; UNIX, ,
, .
. : pipe, link.
504
.
naming
, ; , .
" " , ..
NCP
(NetWare Core Protocol, NetWare) ,
Novell'oM Novell NetWare.
NFS
(Network FileSystem, ) ,
Sun Microsystems, .
newsgroups
, ; ,
USENET,
. , a l t .os . linux.mandrake (alt), (os) GNU/Linux
(linux), - Mandriva Linux (mandrake). , .
NIC
(Network Interface Card, ) , ,
Ethernet-.
NIS
(Network Information System, ) NIS " " ("Yellow Pages"),
British Telecom. NIS - , Sun
Microsystems NIS,
, ,
.
null, character
, ; 0,
.
object code
; , , . .
. : compilation, linkage.
505
.
on the fly
; - " ", - ,
open source
, ; ,
,
. , : Apache, sendmail
GNU/Linux.
operating system
; ,
. . GNU/Linux
.
: AmigaOS, Mac OS, FreeBSD, OS/2, UNIX, Windows NT
.
owner
; ,
, .
owner group
-, ; , ,
, , , .
(Password Authentication Protocol, ) ,
- (
!) . () /, . CHAP ( , ) .
. : CHAP.
pager
; , ,
l e s s .
password
; , -. , -, FTP- ..
506
.
. ,
.
patch, to patch
, ; ,
, - .
( "").
path
; .
"" ( '/') GNU/Linux
. - . ( ) -
PCI
(Peripheral Components Interconnect,
) , Intel,
PC . ISA- : , , IRQ, .
PCMCIA
(Personal Computer Memory Card International Association,
)
"PC Card", , : , , ,
Ethernet- .
People Cannot Memorize Computer Industry Acronyms ( )...
pipe
, , , ; UNIX. , .
UNIX FIFO, ..
, . . .
pixmap
(pixel map, ) .
plugin
, ; ,
,
507
.
-.
.
PNG
Portable Network Graphics ( ). , GIF, , .
(Plug'N'Play, " ") ISA,
. , ,
. PCI- Plug'N'Play.
POP
(Post Office Protocol, ) , ISP. IMAP
.
. : IMAP.
porting
, ; , , Windows GNU/Linux ( ),
GNU/Linux.
(Point to Point Protocol, "-") , .
IP- ,
, 11 IPX.
precedence
, ; .
: 4 + 3 * 2 10, ..
, . , : (4 + 3) * 2.
14, .. , , .
preprocessors
; ,
, .
: # i n c l u d e , # d e f i n e ..
508
.
process
; , -
.
prompt
, ; shell'a, .
, .
protocol
; . , .. : HTTP, FTP, TCP UDP.
proxy
; , ,
(, HTTP FTP). , , -, ,
, . ( ).
,
.
pulldown menu
; , ""
. , "" , .
quota
; .
,
.
RAID
(Redundant Array of Independent Disks, ) ,
, .
. ,
Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks
( ).
RAM
(Random Access Memory, ) , . "Random" ("")
509
.
, .
read-only mode
" "; ,
. ,
.
. : read-write mode.
read-write mode
"-"; , . .
. : read-only mode.
regular expression
; ,
. ,
. UNIX : sed, awk, grep, perl .
RFC
{Request For Comments) -, IETF'OM (Internet Engineering Task Force, ). , , . , , RFC.
root
; UNIX. (
) ,
UNIX. ,
.
root directory
; . , '..' .
'/'.
root filesystem
; ,
GNU/Linux
, .
.
route
; , , . .
510
.
RPM
(RPM Package Manager, RPM) , Red Hat .
GNU/Linux, Mandriva Linux.
run level
; ,
.
/etc/inittab. : 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 - i n i t n t e l i n i t .
SATA, S-ATA
(Serial ATA) ATA. SATA 1.5 /, , 1133.
. : ATAPI, IDE.
script
, ; ,
. Shell- UNIX () DOS.
SCSI
(Small Computers System Interface, ) , . IDE SCSI-
. "high-end''- SCSI-
, PC
.
security levels
; Mandriva Linux,
, . 6
0 5, 5- .
.
segmentation fault
; , , .
.
511
.
server
; ,
. , SLIP , ,
-.
. : client, client/server system.
shadow passwords
;
UNIX, " ", , . , , .
shell
, , ; , , .
,
shell- DOS,
. : bash, sh tcsh.
single user
;
, .
site dependent
; , ,
, imake make , , , ..
SMB
(Server Message Block, ) , Windows
. : CIFS.
SMTP
(Simple Mail Transfer Protocol, ) . SMTP
(), sendmail postfix. SMTP.
socket
; , .
512
.
soft links
.: symbolic links
standard error
; 2,
; , .
.
. : standard input, standard output.
standard input
; 0, ; ,
.
. : standard error, standard output.
standard output
; 1, ; ,
. .
. : standard error, standard input.
streamer
; , "" (
) .
- .
SVGA
(Super Video Graphics Array, ) ,
VESA PC-. 800x600x16
, 1024x768x16 .
switch
, ; . ,
, man- h e l p (.. program help).
symbolic links
; , ,
. ,
. , .
target
; , .. , .
523
.
TCP
(Transmission Control Protocol, ) , - (IP)
. TCP IP,
. UDP , ,
telnet
telnet, ;
, . -
, , ssh.
- (. ).
theme-able
; ,
. .
TLDP
(The Linux Documentation Project, Linux)
, GNU/Lin . HOWTO,
FAQ'H .
- : FAQ.
traverse
; UNIX ,
, , .
,
.
URL
(Uniform Resource Locator, ) ,
. , - .
URL:
: //:@. [ :] ///.
h t t p : //, , , index.html.
username
; ( - ),
.
UID'OM ( ).
. : login.
514
.
UTF-8
(Unicode Transformation Format 8; Unicode, 8) (8-) Unicode. UTF-8 Unicode 1 4 ,
, Unicode. Unicode,
US-ASCII, U+0000
U+007F . UTF-8 - XML.
. : ISO 8859, ASCII.
variables
; , Makefile
. Makefile.
Makefile .
, - ,
(, , ..), .
verbose
, ; , (, ,
) .
" ", , .
VESA
(Video Electronics Standards Association,
)
PC. , SVGA.
virtual console
; , .
GNU/Lin ,
. , ALT-F1 ALT-F6.
- ALT-F7, X Window System. X
CTRL-ALT-F1 CTRL-ALTF6.
. : console.
virtual desktops
; X Window System
.
,
. , .
515
.
,
. : window manager, desktop.
WAN
(Wide Area Network, ) , LAN,
,
.
. : LAN.
wildcard
, ; '*' '?' . '*' , . '?'
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window
; - ,
.
, - , , , , .
window manager
; , " "
, , , ,
,
, ...
workspace switcher
; , . .
. : virtual desktops.
526
.bashrc, 382
-
, , 234
, 235
Firefox, 97
Konqueror, 144
- Linux, 57
, 103
, 362
, 363
, 107,109
X Window, 37
, 236
-
, 35
Mandriva Linux, 209
, 347
, 51
, 384
Active Directory, 31
LDAP, 31
MS, 31
PDC, 31
, 320
, 35
, 21
, 143
-, 155
, 152
Kaffeine, 153
, 155
, 373
, 101
, 384
, 385
ctime, 381
atime, 381
mtime, 381
, 282
, 52, 56
, 42
, 174
GIMP, 163
- ATI
OpenGL, 361
- nVidia
OpenGL, 361
, 35
, 367
, 385
, 282
, 41
, 395
, 310
Mandriva Linux, 4
, 57
, 60
, 397
, 29
, 9
, 41
, 354
, 353
, 39
, 353
, 356
, 347
, 101
, 35
517
, 387
, 3
, 390
, 458
, 458
, 456
, 384
, 383
, 383
, 381
, 382
, 20
, 238
, 35
IM, 107
, 289
, 390
, 381
, 413
, 387
, 381
at, 426
bzip2, 429
cat, 376
cd, 374
chgrp, 385
chkdsk, 9
chmod, 385
chown, 385
cp, 384
crontab, 424
defrag, 9
DrakConf, 209
grep, 415
gzip, 429
init, 473
kill, killall, 433
less, 377,389
lilo, 42
518
Is, 377
mkdir, 381
mount, 446
mv, 383
ps, 432
pwd, 374
rm, 382
rmdir, 382
scandisk, 9
sed, 389
tar, 350,427
touch, 381
umount, 447
we, 389
, 421
, 368
, 289
,289
, 359
, 437, 466
, 396
, 6
, 18
, 51
, 51
, 470
, 152,155
, 163
, 176
, 177
, 35, 239
, 34
, 356
, 51
, 328
, 355
GRUB, 33
LILO, 33
, 42
, 19
, 40
, 229
, 12
, 231
, 56
, 375
, 466
, 45
, 398
, 398
, 12
Open Office, 132
OpenOffice.org, 117,125
, 214
, 27
, 27
, 28
, 27
, 217,217
, 27, 226
noauto, 15
text, 15
vgalo, 15
, 15
, 368
root, 30
, 103
, 389
, 189
Java, 103
, 387
, 231
Mandriva Linux, 363
, 363
, 361
, 357
, 347
, 367
Peter Pingus, 291
Queen Pingusa, 291
, 32, 292
, 7
, 290
, 387
, 385
, 368, 374
DiskDrake, 305
Drakbug, 214
DrakPerm, 322
DrakSec, 319
Firefox, 97
GIMP, 166
GnomeMeeting, 155
HardDrake, 229
ImageMagick, 390
K3b, 197
Kaffeine, 153
Kat, 67
Konqueror, 141
Kopete, 107
KPrinter, 189
lpd, 255
MenuDrake, 275
MPlayer, 155
msec, 319,322
Open Office, 132
OpenOffice.org, 117,125
PrinterDrake, 241
Rfbdrake, 341
Rpmdrake, 217
ScannerDrake, 181
Totem, 155
UserDrake, 290
X-Chat, 110
529
Xine, 155
Mandriva Linux, 209,
217, 259
, 54
, 390
, 361
, 360
, 363
, 11
SMB, 255
URI, 255
, 241
, 244
, 254
, 248
, 35, 240
, 244
, 244
, 250
, 244, 250
, 244
, 245
, 255
, 251
, 254
, 244
lpd, 255
, 254
, 3
Open Office, 132
OpenOffice.org, 125
, 224
, 214
, 372, 392,465
, 431
, 55
520
, 54
, 63
, 395,444
DrakX, 22
NTFS, 10
, 24
, 399
, 399
, 25
, 399
, 25
, 305
, 24, 310
, 3
, 231
, 362
, 327
, 327
, 327
tar, 350,352
, 352
, 356
, 348
, 301
, 293
, 3
, 395
, 396
, 51
,395
, 362
, 35
, 259
, 35
, 387
, 391
, 359
, 180
(OCR),
188
, 39
, 36
, 279
, 63
, 462
, 461
, 388
, 388
, 388
, 35
, 60
, 357
, 305
Emacs, 401
vi, 406
OpenOffice.org, 117
, 23
, 42
, 341
, 474
, 42
,40
,41
, 42
, 19
, 310
, 381
, 367
, 324
, 35
, 384, 463
, 455
, 460 .
, 357
, 384
, 314
, 383
, 383
, 421
, 322
, 455
, 460
, 381
, 456
, 455, 457
, 382
, 357
Konqueror, 141
, 284
, 54
, 175
, 35
, 283
, 107,109
, 269
, 281
, 362
, 363
, 16
, 20, 238
applications
FLPhoto, 175
BIOS, 11
Plug'n'Play, 11
Borges, ??
521
CD, 310
, 197
chkdsk, 9
CPU
load average, 80
defrag, 9
desktop
GNOME, 73
DHCP, 272
DiskDrake
hda, 306
NFS, 314
Samba, 312
, 310
DocBook, ??
drag'n'drop, 143
Drakbug, 214
DrakConf, 209
DrakPerm, 322
DrakSec, 319
DrakX, 13
DVD, 310
fax, 194
FHS, 437
GID, 369
GIMP, 166
GNOME
desktop, 73
lock screen, 79
logout button, 79
main menu, 79
panel, 74
GPL, 479
GRUB, 33
, 355
HardDrake, 229
, 230
IDE
, 398
inode, 456
, 456
IRC, 109
KDE, 63
, 53
keyboard
522
GKB, 80
Konqueror, 141
, 144
, 143
, 143
, 144
, , 143
LDAP, 31
legacy-free
, 361
, 361
LILO, 33
, 355
Linux, 45
lock screen
GNOME, 79
logout button
GNOME, 79
lpd, 255
Mandriva Linux
, 19
Mandriva Club, 1
Mandriva Expert, 1
Mandriva Linux
, 1
, 1
Mandriva Store, 2
Mandriva Linux
, 57
, 42
Mandriva Linux, 363
, 222
MBR, 42
menu, main
GNOME, 79
MenuDrake, 275
, 276
, 279
msec, 319,322
NFS
, 314
NIS, 31
OpenGL
- nVidia, 361
- ATI, 361
panel
GNOME, 74
Peter Pingus, 7
PID, 372
Plug'n'Play
OC,11
PnP , 11
PrinterDrake, 241
Queen Pingusa, 7
RAM memory, 396
root, 51
, 54
, 30
, 369
Samba, 312
, , 312
scandisk, 9
ScannerDrake, 181
SCSI
, 398
shell, 374
Soundblaster, 398
swap
, 396
udev, 400
UID, 369
UNIX, 367
USB, 12
UserDrake, 290
usr
, 397
WebDAV
, 316
Windows, 45
, 312
, 314
,354
, 354
X-Chat, 110
-
, 359
523
. .
Linux. 2-
www.bhv.ru
" "
., ., . 29, .: (812) 251-41-10
E-mail: opt@bhv.spb.su
Linux
,
.
.
, .
.
Linux
,
, "Linux. ", " Linux"
Hard'N'Soft, "Chip ", " ".
. .
Linux. -
www.bhv.ru
" "
., ., . 29, .: (812) 251-41-10
E-mail: opt@bhv.spb.su
Linux
Linux
. , Linux
, Windows. Linux.
. , Linux
, .
, , 12 ,
CHIP, "", "
", " Internet". Linux
: "Linux: " CHIP.
.
Linux
www.bhv.ru
" "
., ., . 29, .: (812) 251-41-10
E-mail: opt@bhv.spb.su
Linux
Linux
, ,
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, Linux . Linux.
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Linux , . , . , .
Linux . ,
.
, . "", "Hack-FAQ" " ", "" "Chip-". " Delphi", " Delphi ", " C++ ", " " .
www.bhv.ru
. .
OpenOffice.org - Linux
Windows (+Cd-ROM)
" "
., ., . 29, .: (812) 251-41-10
E-mail: opt@bhv.spb.su
? OpenOffice.org,
Micro!
Windows soft Office, ,
,
MS Office
.
, , . , , , .
OpenOffice.on
, Linux
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Linux, http://rus-linux.net http://linuxcenter.ru/enc.
"-"
:
www.bhv.ru
" ": ., ., . 29, . (812)251-41-10
: e-mail: opt@bhv.spb.su
. MS Agent Speech API Delphi (+CD-ROM)
448 .
. OpenGL
736 .
C++ (+CD-ROM)
. DirectX 9. C++ (+CD-ROM)
400 .
A. MS Agent. (+CD-ROM)
352 .
. (+CD-ROM)
272 .
. MS Office Delphi
(+CD-ROM)
. C++
496 .
496 .
(+CD-ROM)
.
384 .
. 1: 7.7/8.0:
336 .
. Windows
880 .
(+CD-ROM)
A. HTML Web-
400 .
. MS SQL Server 2000:
608 .
. STL C++
., . : GD1+ DirectX
(+CD-ROM)
. C++
656 .
368 .
496 .
. USB.
(+CD-ROM)
576 .
. : ,
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1200 .
480 .
"-"
:
www.bhv.ru
" ": ., ., . 29, . (812) 251-41-10
: e-mail: opt@bhv.spb.su
Mandrakesoft. Mandrakelinux 10.0 (+CD-ROM)
144 .
., . .
272 .
- .
224 .
. .
129 .
. :
, 2- .
. . ADEM CAD/CAM/TDM. , ,
(+CD-ROM)
480 .
320 .
. ,
654 .
., . Unix , 3- .
848 .
. 7. ISUP.
480 .
. V5.1 V5.2.
288 .
. , 2- .
318 .
. Call-
372 .
. .
., . ,
3- .
320 .
608 .
. QNX Momentics: (+CD-R0M)
256 .
. QNX:
, 2- . (+CD-ROM)
. ,
4- .
., . , 4- .
. MS Windows XP Professional.
192 .
352 .
816 .
528 .
70-270
., . , 3- .
448 .
. -
2003
. -
2004
. Visual Basic. (+CD-ROM)
224 .
224 .
288 .
. . , 2- .
. : , ,
., . .
, 2- .
624 .
512 .
240 .
192 .
1056 .
. . . 2- .
. MS Windows XP Home Edition:
768 .
. AutoCAD 2005
400 .
, . 320 .
. Windows WMI WMIC (+CD-ROM)
752 .
400 .
. . PC
496 .
. , 2- .
280 .
. :
. : , , 5- . 299 .
1200 .
. : ,
528 .
. UNIX
320 .
. , 3- .
288 .
.
448 .
., . :
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., .
., . 2004
., . Delphi.
., . TCP/IP. (+CD-ROM)
. : , ,
. Delphi (+CD-ROM)
. Delphi (+CD-ROM)
. C++ (+CD-ROM)
. AutoCAD AutoCAD LT
.
.
(+CD-ROM)
126 .
368 .
576 .
976 .
360 .
880 .
368 .
336 .
680 .
384 .
270 .
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