1 Engineering Science

Nature = Physical Science+Biology Physical Science= Physics +Chemistry

Physics
the study of properties of matter & energy & the interaction between them,

Chemistry
Action of one kind of substance on another

2 Areas of study
Properties of materials Mechanics Optics Wave motion Phenomenon by which energy is transferred from one place to another is called waves Magnetism Electricity

3 Measurement
3.1 Standards of Length, Mass and Time
3.1.1 There are three basic quantities:

length (L)

mass (M) time (t) All measurement even of quantities such as electric current are related to L, M, T.

Many systems of measurement, inches, CM, cubits. In 1960 International System of Units (SI units) became recommended system.

3.1.2 Systems of Units

SI units (used mostly in physics): length: meter (m) mass: kilogram (kg) time: second (s) This system is also referred to as the mks system for meter-kilogramsecond. Gaussian units (used mostly in chemistry): length: centimeter (cm) mass: gram (g) time: second (s) This system is also referred to as the cgs system for centimeter-gramsecond. American engineering textbooks may differ!

The Meter The meter is defined as equal to the distance occupied by 1650763.73 wavelengths of a specified orange-red light from the gas krypton-86. It used to be the distance between lines marked on a platinum-iridium bar.
WHY THE CHANGE??

Other metric units of length are related to the meter. 1 km= 1000m 1 meter=100 cm 1cm-10 mm

Very small lengths measured in micrometers (m) and nanometers (nm) (Greek letter pronunciation guide http://www.cogsci.indiana.edu/farg/harry/lan/grkphon.htm) I meter = 1000000 (or 106) m 1 meter = 1000000000 (or 109) nm

3.2 Scientific Notation It is sometimes convenient to express large or small numbers in scientific notation. For Example: 5,000 = 5 x 103 and .0004 = 4 x 10- 4. Commonly used prefixes for powers of 10 used with metric units are given below.

Prefixes used with metric units. Power Prefix 10- 9 10- 6 10- 3 10- 2 10- 1 103 106 nano micro milli centi deci kilo mega m c d k M Abbreviation n

For Example: a) 60,000 m = 6 x 104 m = 60 km b) 0.003 s = 3 x 10- 3 s = 3 ms

3.3 How to measure stuff Use a ruler to measure your page Repeat 3 times at different points along the width Record your answer Get an average. Estimate your error. Common mistakes Measuring from the end of the ruler Laying the ruler flat Not measuring shortest distance.
3.3.1 Meter stick. (or ruler)

calibrated in centimeters with a millimeter least count. millimeter is the smallest subdivision on the meter stick..

 the millimeter is the unit of the smallest reading that can be made without estimating. Beyond that you will have to estimate e.g. 12.4mm HOW DO YOU MEASURE NON-LINEAR OBJECTS EG DIAMETER OF A FOOTBALL?? 3.3.2 Engineers Calipers.

Figure 1 engineers calipers

Used for measuring distances on a solid object where an ordinary ruler cannot be applied. How do they work??

3.3.3 Verniers Calipers

Figure 2 Verniers Calipers

A vernier caliper (or verniers) incorporates a main scale and a sliding vernier scale which allows readings to the nearest 0.02 mm The vernier is convenient when measuring ; length of an object, the outer diameter (OD) of a round or cylindrical object, the inner diameter (ID) of a pipe,

3.3.3.1 How to read a vernier

3 4 Coincidence 5 6 main scale

10 reading: 3.74 cm = 37.4 mm

vernier scale

Figure 3 vernier measurement

The vernier division lines next to the origin usually fall between a main scale division. Further along the vernier they come into synchronicity with the main scale division lines and finally they go past them. To read the vernier, find the vernier division line that coincides exactly with a main scale division line. That vernier line gives the fraction of the main scale division you are looking for.

From http://www.abdn.ac.uk/physics/px1005/appver.doc NOTE: the vernier caliper must be properly zeroed (it is possible that the vernier will not read zero when the jaws are closed, thus leading to errors.)

3.3.4 Micrometer.

The micrometer screw gauge is used to measure even smaller dimensions than the vernier calipers. It also uses an auxiliary scale (measuring hundredths of a millimeter) which is marked on a rotary thimble.

Figure 4 micrometer

The object is placed between the jaws and the thimble is rotated using the ratchet until the object is secured. The ratchet knob must be used to secure the object firmly between the jaws, otherwise the instrument could be damaged or give an inconsistent reading.

3.3.4.1 How to read a micrometer

Figure 5 The reading is 7.38 mm

From http://www.phy.uct.ac.za/courses/c1lab/vernier1.html

Ensure that the faces of the anvil and spindle are wiped clean to remove dirt particles which could give a false reading. Check that the instrument reads zero, if not you might need to apply a + or correction. 3.4 Mass and Weight Weight is a measure of gravity's effect on something. Therefore weight is a force. Mass is the amount of matter in an object. Move to a different planet and an object's weight will change, but its mass will be the same. Unit of Weight (which is a force) Unit of Mass = Newtons (N) = Kilogram (kg)

Newton= amount of force required to accelerate a mass of one kilogram at a rate of one meter per second squared.

3.4.1 How to measure Mass

The most common method is to use a balance. Electronic or beam balance. 3.5 Volume of Liquids Measured in Liters 1 liter= 1000cm3 Measured using graduated cylinders/flasks/pipettes etc. To read the correct volume you need to read the bottom of the meniscus, mercury is an exception. CHECK WHAT THE DIFFERENCE IS.

Read from here. Put container on a flat surface and bring your eye to this level.

Figure 6 meniscus.

3.6 Measurement of time SI unit of time is the second. The second was defined as 1/86 400 mean solar day until astronomers discovered that the mean solar day is actually not constant. Its now defined as that period of time which makes the frequency of a certain radiation emitted by atoms of cesium-133 equal to 9 192 631 770 hertz (cycles per second). The time is kept by atomic clocks.