The LNM Institute of Information Technology Jaipur, Rajsthan Discrete Mathematical Structures (Group Theory) Assignment #4

Q1. Let G be a group such that (a b)2 = a2 b2 for all a, b G. Prove that G is Abelian. Q2. Prove that H = 1 n n Z is a cyclic subgroup of GL(2, R). Here GL(2, R) is the group 0 1 of 2 2 matrices with non-zero determinants with real entries under matrix multiplication. 2 3 6 5 in GL(2, Z11 ).

Q3. Find the inverse of the element

Q4. An algebra teacher intended to give a list of nine integers from a group under multiplication modulo 91 to a typist. Unknowingly one of the nine integers was left out so that the list appeared as 1, 9, 16, 22, 53, 74, 79, 81. Find the missing integer. Q5. Let G = x x x x x R, x = 0 . Show that G is a group under matrix multiplication.

Q6. Let Q be the group of rational numbers under addition and let Q be the group of nonzero rational numbers under multiplication. List all the elements in the cyclic subgroup 1 as a subgroup of Q 2 and Q . Find the order of each element in Q and Q . Q7. Let G be a group and x G such that x2 = e and x6 = e. Prove that x4 = e and x5 = e. What can you say about the order of the element x? Q8. If H and K are subgroups of a group G then prove that H K is a subgroup of G. Can you infer from this that the intersection of any number of subgroups (nite or innite) is again a subgroup? Q9. D4 (group of symmetries of a square) has seven cyclic subgroups. Find all of them. Also nd a subgroup of D4 of order 4 which is not cyclic. Q10. Write a program to print the cyclic subgroups of U (n) generated by each element in U (n) assuming n < 100. Run your program for n = 12, 15, 30. Compare order of these subgroups with the order of the group. Do you see any relationship between these numbers. Q11. Give an example of a non-cyclic subgroup all of whose proper subgroups are cyclic. Q12. Suppose that a nite group is generated by two elements a and b (i.e. every element of the group can be expressed as some product of as and bs). If a3 = b2 = e and ba2 = ab then determine the group and construct the Cayley table for the group. Have you seen this group in the class in any other form? Can you recognize it? If yes, name the group. Q13. Let n be an integer greater than 1. Let Z be the group of integers under addition. If H = {0, n, 2n, 3n, . . .}. Find all left cosets of H in Z. How many are there? Q14. Suppose that G is an abelian group with odd number of elements. Show that the product of all elements of G is the identity. Q15. Let = (1 3 5 7 9 8 6)(2 4 10). Find the smallest positive integer n such that n = 1 . Q16. Let S5 be given by = (1 2 3)(1 4 5). Write 99 in cycle form. Also nd an abelian subgroup of S5 of order 6. Q17. Show that if G is a group of odd order then the equation x2 = a has a unique solution for all a G. Q18. Let H = { S5 |(1) = 1, (3) = 3}. Prove that H is a subgroup of S5 .