RESERVOI R

PROPERTI ES
REAL SYSTEM
REAL SYSTEM
Q
t
FI ELD I NPUT FI ELD I NPUT
Q
t
MODEL I NPUT MODEL I NPUT
p
t
MODEL OUTPUT MODEL OUTPUT
p
t
RESERVOI R RESERVOI R
RESPONSE RESPONSE
MODEL
PARAMETERS
MATHEMATI CAL MODEL
MATHEMATI CAL MODEL
M M
A A
T T
C C
H H
CALI BRATI ON OF MODEL PARAMETERS CALI BRATI ON OF MODEL PARAMETERS
I nt erpret at ion
Model
MODEL: simplified ver sion of t he real syst em, by which t he behavior
of t he real syst em can be approximat ely but yet repr esent at ively
simulat ed
MASS BALANCE EQUATI ONS: MASS BALANCE EQUATI ONS:
for t he considered ext ensive quant it ies
FLOW EQUATI ONS: FLOW EQUATI ONS: relat e t he
ext ensive quant it ies t o t he significant st at e
variables of t he problem
STATE EQUATI ONS: STATE EQUATI ONS: define t he
behavior of t he component s of t he syst em
I NI TI AL AND BOUNDARY I NI TI AL AND BOUNDARY
CONDI TI ONS: CONDI TI ONS: must be defined aft er t he
domain geomet ry has been est ablished
MATHEMATI CAL MODEL MATHEMATI CAL MODEL
THEORETI CAL MODEL THEORETI CAL MODEL
Set of simplifying Set of simplifying
assumpt ions assumpt ions
REAL
REAL
SYSTEM
SYSTEM
MATHEMATI CAL
MATHEMATI CAL
MODEL
MODEL
SOLUTI ONS OF SOLUTI ONS OF
MATHEMATI CAL MODEL MATHEMATI CAL MODEL
NUMERI CAL METHOD NUMERI CAL METHOD
Necessary in t he case of:
non linearit y of t he equat ions
which const it ut e t he model
complexit y of t he boundary
condit ions, et c.
ANALYTI CAL METHOD ANALYTI CAL METHOD
Preferable for t he ease of
applicabilit y of t he solut ions
MODEL COEFFI CI ENTS MODEL COEFFI CI ENTS:
t he t ransport coefficient s of t he
considered ext ensive quant it ies
Model solut ions
Flow Problem
Number of phases
Number of phases
single phase ( k
ass
)
mult iphase ( k
rel
)
Nat ure of fluids
Nat ure of fluids
compressible ( liquid)
very compressible ( gas)
Geomet ry
Geomet ry
monodimensional
bidimensional ( radial flow)
t ridiment ional
Hydraulic regime
Hydraulic regime
st eady st at e flow
pseudo- st eady st at e flow
t ransient flow
t
) (
) v (

=
CONTI NUI TY EQUATI ON CONTI NUI TY EQUATI ON
STATE STATE EQUATI ONS EQUATI ONS
zRT
Mp
=
) p p ( c
0
0
e

= == = Liquid
Real Gas
FLOW EQUATI ONS FLOW EQUATI ONS
( gravit y effect s are neglect ed)
Turbulent flow ( Turbulent flow ( Forchheimer Forchheimer ) )
p
k
v

=
Laminar flow ( Darcy) Laminar flow ( Darcy)
2
v v
k
p +

=
Basic equat ions
Diffusivit y Equat ion
MONOPHASI C FLOW OF A SLI GHTLY COMPRESSI BLE FLUI D ( LI QUI D)
THROUGH A HOMOGENEOUS AND I SOTROPI C POROUS MEDI UM.
PRESSURE GRADI ENTS ARE SMALL AND DARCY S LAW APPLI ES

DI FFUSI VI TY CONSTANT DI FFUSI VI TY CONSTANT

t
p 1
t
p
k
c
p
t
2

=

=
t
c
k
MONOPHASI C FLOW MONOPHASI C FLOW: in t he case of oil flow t he wat er sat urat ion is
equal t o t he ir reducible value S
wi
, and t he pressure is always great er
t han t he bubble point pr essur e; in t he case of wat er flow t he oil
sat urat ion is equal t o t he residual value S
or
Pressure Profile
!Each t ime t he well product ion is modified ( rat e change) a
pressure dist urbance st art s t o propagat e in t he reservoir
!The DI FFUSI VI TY EQUATI ON DI FFUSI VI TY EQUATI ON describes how t he pressure
dist urbance evolves wit hin t he reservoir
Q
I nfinit e Act ing Radial Flow
( I . A. R. F. )
HYPOTESI S: const ant t hickness of t he producing format ion,
and wellbore open t o product ion across t he ent ire format ion
t hickness. Therefore, t he fluid flow is horizont al.
Radial Flow Equat ions
t
p
k
c
r
p
r
1
r
p
t
2
2

!t ransient flow
!pseudo- st eady st at e flow
dt
dp
k
c
dr
dp
r
1
dr
p d
t
2
2

= +
!st eady st at e flow
0
dr
dp
r
1
dr
p d
2
2
= +
Average Pressure
MEASUREMENT OF AVERAGE PRESSURE MEASUREMENT OF AVERAGE PRESSURE
Theor et ically Theor et ically: t he aver age pr essur e could be measured in t he wellbore
under st at ic condit ions if t he well ( or t he field) had been shut in for an
infinit ely long t ime so as t o allow t he reservoir pressure t o r each
equilibrium.
I n pr act i ce: I n pr act i ce: t he average pr essure can be det er mined fr om buildup t est s.
AVERAGE PRESSURE AVERAGE PRESSURE: t he repr esent at ive reservoir pressure
at which t he pressure dependent paramet ers in t he mat erial
balance equat ions should be evaluat ed.

=
V
pdV
V
1
p
VOLUME AVERAGED VOLUME AVERAGED
RESERVOI R PRESSURE RESERVOI R PRESSURE
St eady St at e Flow
w
e
w e
r
r
ln
p p kh 2
q

=
MUSKAT EQUATI ON
e e
r r const p p
t , r
t
p
= = =
=

0
I nit ial and boundary condit ions:
The pressure p( r) at a dist ance r from t he well can be evaluat ed as follows:
w
w
r
r
ln
kh 2
q
p ) r ( p

+ =
0
dr
dp
r
1
dr
p d
2
2
= +
Radial Flow Equat ions
r
w
r
e
h
p
r
k
pe
p
w
I f t here is a damaged zone in t he vicinit y of t he wellbore charact er ized
by a reduced per meabilit y k wit h respect t o t he for mat ion per meabilit y
k - due, for inst ance, t o invasion of drilling or complet ion mud int o t he
for mat ion - an addit ional pressur e drop is observed at t he wellbore.
Skin Effect
SKI N EFFECT SKI N EFFECT: permeabilit y damage in t he vicinit y of t he
wellbore.
r'
r= 0. 5 - 1 m
k'
p
w
Skin Fact or
w
w ' r
r
' r
ln
kh 2
q
p p

+ =
k = k
w
w ' r
r
' r
ln
h ' k 2
q
' p p

+ =
k < k
w
S w w
r
' r
ln 1
' k
k
kh 2
q
p ' p p
|
.
|

\
|

= =
Addit ional pressure drop in t he wellbor e Addit ional pressure drop in t he wellbor e: :
k < k S > 0 permeabilit y reduct ion ( damage)
k = k S = 0 no change in permeabilit y
k > k S < 0 permeabilit y enhancement ( st imulat ion)
SKI N FACTOR SKI N FACTOR:
w
r
' r
l n 1
' k
k
S
| || |
. .. .
| || |

\ \\ \
| || |
= == =
S
w
w
p
r
r
ln
kh 2
q
p ) r ( p +

+ =
|
|
.
|

\
|
+

+ = S
r
r
ln
kh 2
q
p ) r ( p
w
w
S
Addit ional pressure drop
w
S
r
' r
ln 1
' k
k
kh 2
q
p
|
.
|

\
|

=
COMPLETI ON FACTOR COMPLETI ON FACTOR
) 0 S ( PI
) 0 S ( PI
CF
l theoretica
real
=

=
real
S
real
S real
real
l theoretica
p
p
1
p
p p
p
p
CF

=
PRODUCTI VI TY I NDEX PRODUCTI VI TY I NDEX
p
q
PI
ST
o

=
S
r
r
ln
1
B
kh 2
PI
w
e
o
+

=
Product ivit y I ndex
Part ial Penet rat ion and Part ial Perforat ion
I f t he wellbore is part ially penet rat ing in t he reservoir, or t he wellbore is open t o
product ion over a rest rict ed int erval of t he reservoir, t here is a dist ort ion of t he
radial flow pat t ern close t o t he well ( t he flow lines are not parallel in t he vicinit y of
t he wellbore) giving rise t o an ADDI TI ONAL PRESSURE DRAWDOWN. ADDI TI ONAL PRESSURE DRAWDOWN.
This pressure drop is generally account ed for by including t he effect of part ial
penet rat ion as an addit ional skin fact or. I t can not be measured, but it can be
quant it at ively evaluat ed by numerical models t hat t ake t he wellbore complet ion
charact erist ics int o account .
The skin fact or S det ermined by well t est s comprises bot h t he component due t o a
change in permeabilit y S
k
, and t he component due t o part ial penet rat ion S
B
:
S = S = S S
k k
+ + S S
B B
Pseudo- St eady St at e Flow
Radial Flow Equat ions
I nit ial and boundary condit ions:
e
e i
r r
r
p
r const
dt
dp
t
r r p p t
= = |
.
|

\
|

= >
= = =
0
0
0
Solut ion in t erms of average pressure:
S
4
3
r
r
ln
p p kh 2
q
w
e
w
+

=
w
e
w
e
r
r
472 . 0 ln
4
3
r
r
ln =
Pseudo- st eady st at e drainage radius: 0. 472 r
e
= r
d
s
dt
dp
k
c
dr
dp
r
1
dr
p d
t
2
2

= +
Transient Flow
Radial Flow Equat ions
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
D
w
i
t ,
r
r
P
kh 2
q
p ) t , r ( p
Solut ion:
c
D
t
t
t =
Dimensionless t ime
k
r c
t
2
w t
c

= Charact er ist ic t ime
I nit ial and boundary condit ions:

= =
|
.
|

\
|

= =
>
= =
w
e i
i
r r const
r
p
r r p p
t
r p p t
0
0
CONSTANT TERMI NAL RATE CONSTANT TERMI NAL RATE
t
p
k
c
r
p
r
1
r
p
t
2
2

Funct ion P( r/ r
w
, t
D
)
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
|
|
.
|

\
|
t 4
r
E
2
1
t ,
r
r
P
2
i D
w
At very short t imes, for :
20
r
r
w

At t he well radius r
w
, if : 100 t
D

|
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
D
w
D
w
t , 20
r
r
P t , 1
r
r
P
Therefore, if
k
r c
25 t
2
t

kt 25 . 2
r c
ln
t 4
r
E
2
t
2
i

=
|
|
.
|

\
|

Also, when x 0.01

) x 781 . 1 ln( ) x ( E
i
=
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
t 4
r
E
2
1
t , 1
r
r
P
2
i D
w
Now some development s
) t 25 . 2 (ln
kh 4
q
p ) t , r ( p
D i w

=
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
2
w t
i w
r c
kt
25 . 2 ln
kh 4
q
p ) t , r ( p
Solut ion at t he well r adius r
w
, for t
D
> 100
2
w t
c
D
r c
kt
t
t
t

= =
Dimensionless t ime
and heres t he solut ion
(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|

=
kt 25 . 2
r c
ln
2
1
kh 2
q
p ) t , r ( p
2
w t
i w
) S 2 t 25 . 2 (ln
kh 4
q
p ) t , r ( p
D i w
+

=
Ti me t o r each pseudo Ti me t o r each pseudo - - st eady st at e st eady st at e t t
s s
i
2
e t
s
i s e
p
r c
kt
25 . 2 ln
kh 4
q
p ) t , r ( p =
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
k
r c
25 . 2
1
t
2
e t
s

=
Dr ai nage or i nvest i gat i on r adi us r Dr ai nage or i nvest i gat i on r adi us r
d d
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
2
w t
w
d
r c
kt
25 . 2 ln
2
1
r
r
ln
t 5 . 1 t
c
k
5 . 1 r
t
d
=

=
I nvest igat ion radius
Wat er encroachment
t
p
k
c
r
p
r
1
r
p
t
2
2

Tr ansi ent f l ow Tr ansi ent f l ow

Van Van Ever di ngen Ever di ngen - -
Hur st Model Hur st Model
Car t er Car t er - - Tr acy Tr acy
Model Model
r
w
r
w
Van Everdingen- Hurst solut ion

=
|
.
|

\
|

= =
=
= = =
>
= =
w
e
w
e
i e
e
w i w w
i
r
r
0
r
p
r
r
p ) t , r ( p
r r
t cos p p ) t , r ( p r r
0 t
r p p 0 t
I nit ial and boundary condit ions:
Van Everdingen- Hurst
SOLUTI ONS SOLUTI ONS
t o diffusivit y equat ion
CONSTANT TERMI NAL RATE :
Rat e of wat er influx= const for t
" calculat ion of pressure dr op
CONSTANT TERMI NAL PRESSURE:
boundary pressur e drop= const for t
" calculat ion of wat er influx rat e
Van Everdingen- Hurst aquifer
Dimensionless wat er influx Dimensionless wat er influx
|
|
.
|

\
|
w
e
D
r
r
, t Q
Dimensionless t ime Dimensionless t ime
2
w t w
D
r c
kt
t

=
Dimensionless radius Dimensionless radius
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
w
e
D
r
r
r
Cumulat ive Wat er influx Cumulat ive Wat er influx
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
w
e
D w e
r
r
, t Q p B W
where B: wat er influx const ant B: wat er influx const ant
h r c B
w t
2
2 =
hf r c B
w t
2
2 =
360

= f
Di mensi onl ess Ti me, t
D
W
a
t
e
r

I
n
f
l
u
x
,

Q
Funct ion Q( r
e
/ r
w
, t
D
)
Cart er- Tracy aquifer
The Cart er The Cart er - - Tracy solut ion is not an exact solut ion t o t he Tracy solut ion is not an exact solut ion t o t he
diffusivit y equat ion, it is an approximat ion diffusivit y equat ion, it is an approximat ion
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) [ ]
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
(
(

+ =

n
D
1 n
D
n
D
n
D
1 n
e n
1 n
D
n
D
1 n
e
n
e
' p t p
' p W p B
t t W W
Where : B= Van Everdingen- Hurst wat er influx const ant
n= current t ime st ep
n- 1= previous t ime st ep
p
n
= t ot al pressure drop, p
i
- p
n
p
D
= dimensionless pressure
p
D
= dimensionless pressure derivat ive
CONSTANT WATER I NFLUX RATE
over each f i ni t e t i me i nt er val .
Condit ion: Condit ion:
Gas Flow
Therefore, t he Forchheimer equat ion should be used inst ead of t he Darcy
equat ion. However, if a quadrat ic expression for t he fluid velocit y is subst it ut ed
int o t he cont inuit y equat ion a non linear, part ial different ial equat ion is obt ained,
which can not be solved analyt ically.
I n general t ur bul ent f l ow condi t i ons t ur bul ent f l ow condi t i ons have t o be assumed near t he
wellbore when t he reservoir fluid is gas due t o it s low viscosit y
Lami nar f l ow Lami nar f l ow for Q
g
< 50000 Sm
3
/ d approximat ely
Tur bul ent f l ow Tur bul ent f l ow for Q
g
> 100000 Sm
3
/ d
1 1
ST ST
APPROACH APPROACH: Dar cy equat i on f or l ami nar f l ow
An equat ion is obt ained, t he solut ion of which can not be applied in t he vicinit y of t he
wellbore wit hout rest rict ions.
2 2
nd nd
APPROACH: APPROACH: For chhei mer equat i on f or t ur bul ent f l ow
The Forchheimer equat ion is int egrat ed t o obt ain an equat ion valid under st eady st at e
condit ions only. The assumpt ion of st eady st at e flow can be removed if t he drainage
radius is insert ed in place of t he reservoir ext ernal radius, and t he appropriat e
pressure is used .
Pseudo- Pressure Funct ion m( p)

=
p
p
0
dp
z
p
2 ) p ( m
m( p) is a funct ion of: pressure
t emperat ure
gas composit ion
m( p)
p
1
st
Approach
Flow Equat ion: LAMI NAR flow assumpt ion
1)
z
p

t
p 1
t
p
k
c
p
t 2

=
= CONSTANT = CONSTANT ( p > 3000 ( p > 3000 psi psi ) )
2)
z
t
p 1
t
p
k
c
p
2 2
t 2 2

=
= CONSTANT = CONSTANT ( p < 2000 ( p < 2000 psi psi ) )
RI GOROUS SOLUTI ON RI GOROUS SOLUTI ON
( no simplifying assumpt ions) ( no simplifying assumpt ions)
t
) p ( m 1
t
) p ( m
k
c
) p ( m
t 2

=
3)
SOLVI NG EQUATI ON SOLVI NG EQUATI ON
t
p
z
p
k
c
r
p
r
z
p
r r
1
t

=
|
|
.
|

\
|

2
nd
Approach
Flow Equat ion: TURBULENT flow assumpt ion
2
v v
k dr
dp
+

=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ +

=
sc
w
e
sc
sc
sc
w e
Dq S
r
r
ln q
T
p
kh
T
) p ( m ) p ( m
) , k ( =
Turbulence fact or

k

I t is assumed t hat t her e exist s a damaged zone in t he vicinit y of t he

wellbore charact er ized by k and different from t he for mat ion values.
Furt her mor e, an average viscosit y value is assumed.
S
q
SC
S
D
(

|
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
|
.
|

\
|


=
e w sc
sc
r
1
' r
1
' r
1
r
1
T
p
R h 2
kM
D
D D non non - - Dar cy f l ow coef f i ci ent Dar cy f l ow coef f i ci ent
APPARENT SKI N S APPARENT SKI N S
S= S+ Dq
SC
Apparent Skin
Flow Equat ions
PSEUDO PSEUDO- - STEADY STATE FLOW EQUATI ON STEADY STATE FLOW EQUATI ON
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ +

=
sc
w
e
sc
sc
sc
w
Dq S
r
r 472 . 0
ln q
T
p
kh
T
) p ( m ) p ( m
s
d e
r r 472 . 0 =
p p
e

TRANSI ENT FLOW EQUATI ON TRANSI ENT FLOW EQUATI ON
Under t ransient condit ions D= f( t
D
) but a const ant value is at t ained when r
d
> > r
) Dq 2 S 2 t 25 . 2 ( ln q
T
p
kh 2
T
) p ( m ) p ( m
sc D sc
sc
sc
w i
+ +

=
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
2
w t w
d
r c
kt
25 . 2 ln
2
1
r
r
ln
i e
p p
I f a well is asymmet rically locat ed in a bounded, ir r egularly shaped
drainage area t he flow equat ions der ived in t he case of a porous medium
of infinit e ext ent can st ill be applied provided t hat t he effect s of t he
per meabilit y limit s which bound t he drainage area are t aken int o account .
Flow Equat ions for Reservoir Engineering
METHOD OF I MAGE WELLS METHOD OF I MAGE WELLS
A virt ual, hydr aulically equivalent sit uat ion is assumed t o simulat e t he
addit ional pressure dr ops due t o t he reflect ion of t he pressur e
dist ur bances on t he per meabilit y limit s ( no- flow boundar ies) .
d/ 2
P
P'
k,
d/ 2
k,
Liquid Flow Equat ions
For
20
r
d
w

|
|
.
|

\
|

=
|
|
.
|

\
|
t 4
d
E
2
1
t ,
r
d
P
2
i D
w
(

|
|
.
|

\
|

=
t 4
d
E t 25 . 2 ln
kh 4
q
p ) t , r ( p
2
i D i w
(

|
|
.
|

\
|
+

=
D
w
D i w
t ,
r
d
P t 25 . 2 ln
2
1
kh 2
q
p ) t , r ( p
Linear boundar y:
For an asymmet rically well locat ed in a bounded, irregularly shaped drainage area an
infinit e number of images has t o be account ed for, and t he influence of each of t he
images depends on t he dist ance from t he producing well:
(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|

=1 j
2
j
i D i w
t 4
d
E t 25 . 2 ln
kh 4
q
p ) t , r ( p
0 t
d
if 0
t 4
d
E
2
i

|
|
.
|

\
|

Superposit ion in space

Dimensionless t ime wit h respect t o t he drainage ar ea:
A
r
t
A c
kt
t
2
w
D
t
A D
=

=
F F f unct i on or MBH MBH f unct i on ( Mat t hew s, Br ons, Hazebr oek )

=
|
|
.
|

\
|

+ =
1 j
2
j
i A D
t 4
d
E t 4 F
F depends on:
Time ( t
DA
)
Shape of t he drainage ar ea
Well locat ion wit hin t he drainage area
F funct ion
F funct ion or MBH funct ion
) F t 4 t 25 . 2 ( ln
kh 4
q
p ) t , r ( p
A D D i w
+

=
) F t 4 (
kh 4
q
p p
A D i
*

=
The influence of t he boundaries of t he drainage area is felt
D
*
w
t 25 . 2 ln
kh 4
q
p ) t , r ( p

=
An equivalent pressure value p
*
, which has no physical meaning,
is defined:
Lat e t ransient condit ions
At t he t ime t
s
when t he pseudo- st eady st at e is r eached, t he F F funct ion
st abilizes and becomes linear . I n dimensionless t er ms:
A D A
t c ln F =
s A D A D
t t >
when
DI ETZ SHAPE FACTOR DI ETZ SHAPE FACTOR
c
c
A A
: depends on t he shape of t he drainage
area, and on t he well locat ion wit hin t he dr ainage area
|
|
.
|

\
|
+

=
A D
2
w A
i w
t 4
r c
A
25 . 2 ln
kh 4
q
p ) t , r ( p
kh 4
q
t 4 p p
A D i

=
2
w A
w
r c
A
25 . 2 ln
kh 4
q
p ) t , r ( p

=
Furt her mor e: F
kh 4
q
p p
*

+ =
I n t he case of pseudo- st eady st at e t he aver age pressure is used:
p
V
V
1
c

=
cAh
qt
p p
i
Pseudo- st eady st at e condit ions
Diet z shape fact or c
A
LATE TRANSI ENT CONDI TI ONS LATE TRANSI ENT CONDI TI ONS
( one or more boundaries are felt )
EARLY TRANSI ENT CONDI TI ONS EARLY TRANSI ENT CONDI TI ONS
( radial flow)
PSEUDO PSEUDO- - STEADY STATE CONDI TI ONS STEADY STATE CONDI TI ONS
( all boundaries are felt )
t
P( r
w
, t )
( 1)
( 3)
( 2)
Pressure decline at t he wellbore in t ime
( 1) General equat ion
) S 2 F t 4 t 25 . 2 ( ln
kh 4
q
p ) t , r ( p
A D D i w
+ +

=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+

= S 2
r c
A
25 . 2 ln
kh 4
q
p ) t , r ( p
2
w A
w
( 3) Equat ion valid under pseudo pseudo- - st eady st at e condit ions st eady st at e condit ions
) S 2 t 25 . 2 ( ln
kh 4
q
p ) t , r ( p
D i w
+

=
( 2) Equat ion valid under early t ransient condit ions early t ransient condit ions only, when no
boundaries are felt , also called infinit e act ing st at e ( radial flow)
Liquid Flow Equat ions
Gas Flow Equat ions
t
) p ( m 1
) p ( m
2

=
t
p 1
p
2

=
Liquids Liquids
Gas Gas
Analogy wit h t he liquid flow: t he solut ions t o t he t wo equat ions
in dimensionless t erms are t he same, only t he proport ionalit y
groups are different .
A
D
t
P
kh 4
q
p

=
A
D
sc
sc sc
t
P
T
p
kh 2
T q
) p ( m
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
F t 4 t 25 . 2 ln
t
P
A D D
A
D
+ =
2
w A
A
D
r c
A
25 . 2 ln
t
P =
D
A
D
t 25 . 2 ln
t
P =
Always valid Always valid
Pseudo Pseudo- - st eady st at e condit ions st eady st at e condit ions
Early t ransient condit ions Early t ransient condit ions
PSEUDO PSEUDO- - STEADY STATE CONDI TI ONS STEADY STATE CONDI TI ONS
( all boundaries are felt )
LATE TRANSI ENT CONDI TI ONS LATE TRANSI ENT CONDI TI ONS
( one or more boundaries are felt )
EARLY TRANSI ENT CONDI TI ONS EARLY TRANSI ENT CONDI TI ONS
( radial flow)
t
m( p
w
)
( 1)
( 3)
( 2)
Pressure decline at t he wellbore in t ime
) ' S 2 t 25 . 2 ( ln
T
p
kh 2
T q
) p ( m ) p ( m
D
sc
sc sc
w i
+

=
) ' S 2 F t 4 t 25 . 2 ( ln
T
p
kh 2
T q
) p ( m ) p ( m
A D D
sc
sc sc
w i
+ +

=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+

= ' S 2
r c
A
25 . 2 ln
T
p
kh 2
T q
) p ( m ) p ( m
2
w A sc
sc sc
w
( 1) General equat ion
( 2) Equat ion valid under early t ransient condit ions early t ransient condit ions only, when no
boundaries are felt , also called infinit e act ing st at e ( radial flow)
( 3) Equat ion valid under pseudo pseudo- - st eady st at e condit ions st eady st at e condit ions
Gas Flow Equat ions
WELL TESTI NG
( 1) PRODUCTI VI TY TESTS ( 1) PRODUCTI VI TY TESTS
t o det er mine t he perfor mance of a well, i.e. t he flow r at es t hat can be
produced under an imposed pressure dr op
Oil= > Product ivit y I ndex ( PI ) Gas= > Wel l del i ver abi l i t y
( 2) DRAWDOWN TESTS
early t ransient st at e early t ransient st at e
- k , S
t ransient st at e t ransient st at e
- single rat e ( k , S or S )
- t wo rat es ( k , S, D)
pseudo pseudo- - st eady st at e st eady st at e ( RESERVOI R LI MI T TEST RESERVOI R LI MI T TEST)
- k , V
p
t o evaluat e t he average paramet er s of t he r eser voir rock, and t o assess
t he degree of damage or st imulat ion in t he vicinit y of t he wellbore
FLOW REGI ME
(3) BUILDUP TESTS
t o evaluat e t he average per meabilit y of t he reservoir rock, and aver age
reservoir pr essure ( k , ) p
Deliverabilit y Test s for Gas Wells
Back pressure t est
qsc
p
SPURGO
t
T T T T
qsc1
qsc2
qsc3
qsc4
pwf1
pwf2
pwf3
pwf4
T > ts
p
CLEAN-
UP
q
SC
q
SC1
q
SC2
q
SC3
q
SC4
T T T T
T> t
s
t
p
p
p
w f 1
p
w f 2
p
w f 3
p
w f 4
Empirical relat ionship of Empirical relat ionship of Rowlins Rowlins - - Schellardt Schellardt
0. 5< n< 1
Tur bul ent
f l ow
Lami nar
f l ow
AOF AOF ( Absol ut e Open Fl ow ) : ( Absol ut e Open Fl ow ) : maximum producing rat e which
could be t heoret ically obt ained for p
max
, i. e. when p
wf
is zero
n
2
wf
2
sc
p p C q
|
.
|

\
|
=
logq
sc
AOF AOF
logp
2
)
p p
log(
2
wf
2

logC
1/ n
|
|
.
|

\
|
+

= ' S 2
r c
A
25 . 2 ln
T
p
kh 2
T q
) p ( m ) p ( m
2
w A sc
sc sc
w
Rigorous equat ion for gas flow under pseudo pseudo- - st eady st at e st eady st at e
condit ions:
a
b
SC
q
) p ( m
SC
q
sc
sc
w
bq a
q
) p ( m ) p ( m
+ =

Deliverabilit y Test s for Gas Wells

I sochronal t est
qsc
p
SPURGO
t
T 2T T
T
qsc1
qsc2
qsc3
qsc4
pwf1
pwf2
pwf3
pwf4
2T 2T
EXTENDED FLOW
p
CLEAN-
UP
q
SC
q
SC1
q
SC4
q
SC3
q
SC2
T T T 2T 2T 2T
EXTENDED
FLOW
p
p
p
w f 1
p
w f 4
p
w f 3
p
w f 2
t
Empirical relat ionship of Empirical relat ionship of Rowlins Rowlins - - Schellardt Schellardt
2h 4h 8h
pseudo pseudo- - st eady st at e st eady st at e
)
p p
log(
2
wf
2

sc
q log
n
2
wf
p
2
p C
sc
q
|
.
|

\
|
=
1/ n
1/ n
Deliverabilit y Test s for Gas Wells
Modified isochronal t est
n
2
w f
2
sc
p p C q
| || |
. .. .
| || |

\ \\ \
| || |
= == =
For t he first producing rat e: For t he first producing rat e:
( (( ( ) )) )
n
2
w f
2
w s sc
p p C q = == =
For t he rat es following t he first : For t he rat es following t he first :
qsc
p
SPURGO
t
T T
T
qsc1
qsc2
qsc3
qsc4
pwf1
pwf2
pwf3
pwf4
EXTENDED FLOW
T
T T
pws4
pws3
pws2
p
t
CLEAN-
UP
q
SC
q
SC1
q
SC4
q
SC3
q
SC2
T
EXTENDED
FLOW
p
p
p
w f 1
p
w f 4
p
w f 3
p
w f 2
T T T T T
p
w s2
p
w s3
p
w s4
Product ivit y t est s for oil wells
qoST
p
SPURGO
t
qoST
pwf
T > ts
p
T
CLEAN-
UP
q
OST
q
OST
T
T> t
s
t
p
p
p
w f
wf
ST o
p p
q
PI

=
St abilized Product ivit y I ndex ( for single phase flow only) St abilized Product ivit y I ndex ( for single phase flow only)
PI
Flusso bifase
qoST
pwf
p
Flusso monofase
p
sat
Single phase flow Single phase flow
p
sat
p
w f
p
q
ost
PI
Two phase flow Two phase flow
Product ivit y t est s for oil wells
Drawdown t est s for oil wells
qoST
p
t
p(rw,t)
p
q
p
q
OST
q
p
p( r
w
,t )
t
The reservoir is assumed as an infinit e act ing syst em
( radial geomet ry)
Hy pot hesi s of const ant f l ow r at e q Hy pot hesi s of const ant f l ow r at e q
|
|
.
|

\
|
=

=
D
w
i w
t , 1
r
r
P
kh 2
q
p ) t , r ( p

=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
t
r c
k
t
p
q
kh 2
t , 1
r
r
P
2
w
D
D
w
Early t ransient st at e Early t ransient st at e:
100 t
D
< << <

+

=
+

=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
t log
r c
k
log t log
p log
q
kh 2
log t , 1
r
r
P log
2
w
D
D
w
On a l og- l og gr aph
) t ( f t , 1
r
r
P ) t ( f p
D D
w
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
= =
Mat ch point
t
D
|
.
|

\
|
=
D
w
t , 1
r
r
P
t
p
Mat ch point
t
p
t
D
|
.
|

\
|
=
D
w
t , 1
r
r
P
*
M
*
M
Mat ch point
Any point M chosen in t he superposit ion area of t he t wo diagrams
has t wo coordinat e set s, one for each graph. The coordinat e
values, read on t he corresponding axes, allow t he calculat ion of
t he const ant s by which t he t wo curves are t ranslat ed and,
t herefore, t he evaluat ion of t he paramet ers of t he r eservoir rock paramet ers of t he r eservoir rock:
M D
M
2
w
M
M
D
w
t
t
r
k
c
p
t , 1
r
r
P
2
q
k h

= == =

| || |
| || |
. .. .
| || |


\ \\ \
| || |
= == =


= == =
Wellbore St orage
surface flowrat e
sandface flowr at e
drawdown
q
t ime
q
wh
q
sf
< q
wh
Wellbore St orage
w
cV
p
V
C =

=
t q V = t
C
q
p =
The w el l bor e st or age coef f i ci ent depends on The w el l bor e st or age coef f i ci ent depends on : :
# fluid compressibilit y
# wellbore dimension
and
# format ion per meabilit y: low per meabilit y format ions induce more
relevant wellbore st or age effect s
p is a linear funct ion of t , and it will be demonst r at ed t hat on a
dimensionless log- log graph t he slope is equal t o unit y.
2
w
D
hr c 2
C
C

=
Dimensionless wellbore st orage coefficient Dimensionless wellbore st orage coefficient
Type- Curves of Agarwal et al. ( 1970)
The t y pe The t y pe- - cur ves obt ai ned by cur ves obt ai ned by Agar w al Agar w al et al . et al .
)
`

|
|
.
|

\
|
= =
D D
w
D
C , S , t , 1
r
r
P f P
descr ibe t he pr essur e decline at t he wellbore in dimensionless t er ms as
a funct ion of wellbore st or age and skin fact or.
Again, t he mat ch point met hod allows t he evaluat ion of kh ( and c) :
M D
M
2
w
M
M D
t
t
r
k
c
p
P
2
q
kh

=
Type- Curves of Agarwal et al. ( 1970)
P
D
t
D
Transient st at e Transient st at e:
D D
D
C ) S 5 . 3 60 ( t
100 t
+ ++ +

Pressure dat a can be assumed free from wellbore st orage effect s
( ) S 2 t 25 . 2 ln
kh 4
q
p ) t , r ( p
D i w
+

=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ +

+

= S 2 81 . 0
r c
k
ln t ln
kh 4
q
p ) t , r ( p
2
w t
i w
Transient st at e
m
ln t
p(rw,t)
Transient St at e
p
ln t
p
p( r
w
, t )
m
k h 4
q
m


= == =
( ) S 2 t 25 . 2 ln
kh 4
q
p ) t , r ( p
D i w
+

=
Transient St at e
(

=
= 0 . 9
r c
k
ln
m
p ) h 1 t , r ( p
2
1
S
2
w t
i w
At t = 1 hour
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ +

= = S 2 0 . 9
r c
k
ln
kh 4
q
p ) h 1 t , r ( p
2
w t
i w
Det erminat ion of t he skin fact or S Det erminat ion of t he skin fact or S
Reservoir Limit Test
Pseudo Pseudo- - st eady st at e condit ions st eady st at e condit ions
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ +

= S 2 t 4
r c
A
25 . 2 ln
kh 4
q
p ) t , r ( p
A D
2
w A
i w
* m c
q
Ah V
t
p
= =
Pore volume drained by t he well: Pore volume drained by t he well:
m*
t
p(rw,t) p( r
w
,t )
t
m*
t
Ah c
q
S 2
r c
A
25 . 2 ln
kh 4
q
p ) t , r ( p
t
2
w A
i w

|
|
.
|

\
|
+

=
Ah c
q
* m
t

= == =
(

= =
=
m
) 0 t , r ( p ) h 1 t , r ( p
exp
* m
m
3600
4
c
w w
A
Diet z Shape Fact or c
A
I t is obt ained by combinat ion of t he analysis of t he drowdown t est run
under bot h t ransient condit ions [ from which m and p( r
w
, t ) at t = 1h are
known] and pseudo- st eady condit ions [ from which m* and p( r
w
, t ) at
t = 0 are known] .

|
|
.
|

\
|
+

= =
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ +

= =
S 2
r c
A
25 . 2 ln
kh 4
q
p ) 0 t , r ( p
S 2 0 . 9
r c
k
ln
kh 4
q
p ) h 1 t , r ( p
2
w A
i w
2
w t
i w
The calculat ed value for c
A
can t hen be compared wit h t he Diet z shape
fact or s present ed for a var iet y of different geomet r ical configur at ions
t o infer t he shape of t he drainage ar ea and t he well locat ion wit hin t he
drainage area.
Drawdown Test s for Gas Wells
I n t he case of gas wells single rat e drawdown t est s can be perfor med t o
evaluat e t he paramet ers of t he pr oducing for mat ion paramet ers of t he pr oducing for mat ion j ust as for oil wells
provided t hat t he appr opr iat e gas flow equat ions are used for
int er pret at ion.
) ' S 2 81 . 0
r c
k
ln t ( ln
T
p
kh 2
T q
) p ( m ) p ( m
2
w t sc
sc sc
i w
+ +

+

=
Transient st at e flow equat ion Transient st at e flow equat ion
Pseudo Pseudo- - st eady st at e flow equat ion st eady st at e flow equat ion
|
|
.
|

\
|
+

+

= ' S 2 t
A c
k
4
r c
A
25 . 2 ln
T
p
kh 2
T q
) p ( m ) p ( m
t
2
w A sc
sc sc
i w
However , t w o si ngl e r at e i sochr onal t est s are usually perfor med in
gas well t est ing. I n fact , int er pret at ion of t he lat e t ransient pressure
dat a allows t he det er minat ion of t he apparent skin fact or only, but t wo
flow rat es are needed t o det ermine bot h S and D.
Drawdown Test s for Gas Wells
qsc1
p
t
p(rw,t)
p
q
qsc2
T T 2T
q
p
p
q
SC1
q
SC2
p( r
w
,t )
T T 2T
t
m
2
ln t
m(pw)
m
1
m p ( )
ln t
m( p
w
)
m( p)
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
sc
sc 2 sc
2
T
p
kh 2
T q
m
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
sc
sc 1 sc
1
T
p
kh 2
T q
m
For t = 1h

(
(

= +
(
(

= +
=
=
0 . 9
r c
k
ln
m
) p ( m ) p ( m
2
1
Dq S
0 . 9
r c
k
ln
m
) p ( m ) p ( m
2
1
Dq S
2
w t 2
i 2
h 1 t
w
2 sc
2
w t 1
i 1
h 1 t
w
1 sc
Buildup Test s for Oil Wells
The well is shut in, i. e. q= 0, aft er producing at a const ant flow rat e for a cert ain t ime.
Pressure variat ions occur under t ransient condit ions.
p( r
w
,t )
q
OST
t
p
+ t
t
p
p
I f t he well has been produced at a const ant flow rat e t hen t is t he product ion t ime
prior t o shut - in. I f t he well has been produced at different flow rat es t hen t he
effect ive product ion t ime t
eq
is t o be used
ST o
p
eq
q
N
t = == =
t = 0
cumulat ive volume of oil since beginning of product ion
final flow rat e
) S 2 t 25 . 2 ( ln
kh 4
q
p ) t , r ( p
D
*
w
+

=
Flow equat ion which ext end t he flow equat ion derived for an infinit e act ing syst em
( radial geomet ry) t o t he case of a finit e, irregularly- shaped drainage area:
i
*
p p =
I f t he well is new:
F
kh 4
q
p p
*

+ =
I f t he well has been produced:
The equat ion applies when t he flow rat e q is const ant . The superposit ion t heorem
is applied:
+ q
- q
t
p
+ t
t
p
| |
(

+ + + +

= S 2 81 . 0 ) t t ln(
r c
k
ln
kh 4
q
p ) t , r ( p
p
2
w t
*
w
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ + +

S 2 81 . 0 t ln
r c
k
ln
kh 4
q
2
w t
t
t t
ln
kh 4
q
p ) t , r ( p
p *
w

=
! ! Hor ner pl ot Hor ner pl ot
k h 4
q
m


= == =
p
w
t
t t
ln
p

+
m
p
*
! ! Bui l dup equat i on or Hor ner equat i on Bui l dup equat i on or Hor ner equat i on
Horner Plot
mF p p
*
=
The pressure p
*
, from which t he volume averaged reservoir pressure p can be
det ermined, is evaluat ed at an infinit e shut - in t ime t :
surface flowrat e
sandface flowr at e
build- up
q
t ime
q
wh
= 0
q
sf
> 0
Aft erflow
The solut ion is derived wit h respect t o an ideal well, and in addit ion S does not appear
in t he buildup equat ion. However, t he skin effect s as well as t he aft er flow effect s due
t o shut t ing t he well in at t he surface rat her t han downhole have t o be t aken int o
account .
HORNER PLOT HORNER PLOT
t
t t
ln
p

+
p
w
m
Aft er flow Aft er flow
Skin effect Skin effect
*
p
Horner Plot
Det erminat ion of t he Skin Fact or
at at t = 0, i.e.at t he product ion t ime t t = 0, i.e.at t he product ion t ime t
) S 2 t 25 . 2 ( ln
kh 4
q
p ) 0 t , r ( p
D
*
w
+

= =
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ +

+

= = S 2 81 . 0
r c
k
ln t ln
kh 4
q
p ) 0 t , r ( p
2
w t
i w
at at t = 1 hour t = 1 hour
) 3600 ln t ( ln
kh 4
q
p ) h 1 t , r ( p
*
w

= =
h 1 t if t t t = +
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ + +

=
= =
3600 ln S 2 81 . 0
r c
k
ln
kh 4
q
p p
2
w t
h 1 t w 0 t w
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
= =
9
r c
k
ln
m
p p
2
1
S
2
w t
0 t w h 1 t w
Oil Well
Buildup Test s for Gas Wells
) ' S 2 t 25 . 2 ( ln
T
p
kh 2
T q
) p ( m ) p ( m
D
sc
sc sc
*
w
+

=
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
t
t t
ln
T
p
kh 2
T q
) p ( m ) p ( m
p
sc
sc sc
*
w
! ! Bui l dup equat i on or Hor ner equat i on Bui l dup equat i on or Hor ner equat i on
t
t t
ln
p

+
! ! Hor ner Pl ot Hor ner Pl ot
m( p
w
)
m
sc
sc sc
T
p
k h 2
T q
m

= == =
m( p
*
)
Det erminat ion of t he Skin Fact or
(

=
= =
0 . 9
r c
k
ln
m
) p ( m ) p ( m
2
1
' S
2
w t
0 t w h 1 t w
Gas Well
Type- Curves of Agarwal et al. ( 1970)
The t ype The t ype- - curves obt ained by curves obt ained by Agarwal Agarwal et al et al . .
)
`

|
|
.
|

\
|
= =
D D
w
D
C , S , t , 1
r
r
P f P
represent solut ions t o t he drawdown equat ion t o describe t he pressure decline at t he
wellbore, expressed in dimensionless t erms, as a funct ion of wellbore st orage effect s
and skin fact or.
However, t he use of t he t ype- curves t o int erpret also buildup t est s could be j ust ified
provided t hat t he producing t ime prior t o well shut - in was sufficient ly large so t hat
t he rat e of pressure decline could be assumed negligible during t he shut - in period. I f
t his assumpt ion was sat isfied t he buildup curve would be a mirror image of t he
drawdown curve, and as such analyzed.
Furt hermore, Agarwal has empirically found t hat by plot t ing t he buildup pressure
dat a:
) 0 t , r ( p ) t , r ( p
w w
=
on a log- log graph versus an equivalent expression of t ime, defined as follows:
t t
t t
t
p
p
e
+

=
t he t ype- curve analysis can be made wit hout t he requirement of a long drawdown
period.
Type- Curves
)
`

|
|
.
|

\
|
= =
D D
w
D
C , S , t , 1
r
r
P f P The Agarwal t ype curves:
can be writ t en as a funct ion of: t
C
kh 2
C
t
D
D

=
t
r c
k
t
2
w t
D

=
2
w t
D
hr c 2
C
C

=
I nfinit e act ing radial flow equat ion for fluid flux occurring in a homogeneous porous
medium under t ransient condit ions:
( ) S 2 t 25 . 2 ln
kh 4
q
p ) t , r ( p
D i w
+

=
( ) S 2 t 25 . 2 ln
2
1
P
D D
+ =
obt ained from
( )
(

+ + =
S 2
D
D
D
D
e C ln 81 . 0
C
t
ln
2
1
P
By subst it ut ion:
Type- Curves Plot
D
D
D
C
t
P =
( i.e. , unit slope)
0.1
1
10
100
0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000
t
C
D
D
P
D C e
D
S 2
10000
0
.1
P
D
C
D
e
2S
10000
0
.
1
t
D
C
D
When pure wellbore st orage flow occur s:
Pressure Derivat ive Met hod
According t o t his met hod, which is largely based on t he solut ions obt ained by
Agarwal et al. , t he t ype- curves are redrawn in t erms of t he derivat ive of t he
dimensionless pressure P
D
:
) C / t ( d
dP
' P
D D
D
D
=
The dimensionless pressure values are plot t ed on a log- log graph as follows:
) C / t ( f ) C / t ( ' P
D D D D D
=
The drawdown t est int erpret at ion is carried out by mat ching t he field pressure dat a
p( r
w
, t ) , expressed in t erms of pressure derivat ive:
dt
) p p ( d
' p
wf i

=
) t ( f t ' p =
and plot t ed on a log- log graph as follows:
wit h t he t ype- curves of t he derivat ive of t he dimensionless pressure.
I n t he case of a buildup t est t he field t ime- pressure dat a p( r
w
, t ) are plot t ed on a log-
log graph as follows:
) t ( f
t
t t
t ' p =
+

Type- Curve Derivat ives
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
D
D
D
'
D
C
t
d
dP
P
PURE WELLBORE STORAGE PURE WELLBORE STORAGE
1
C
t
d
dP
P
D
D
D
'
D
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
I NFI NI TE ACTI NG RADI AL FLOW ( I .A. R.F.) I NFI NI TE ACTI NG RADI AL FLOW ( I .A. R.F.)
FOR A HOMOGENEOUS POROUS MEDI UM FOR A HOMOGENEOUS POROUS MEDI UM
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
D
D
D
D
D
'
D
C
t
5 . 0
C
t
d
dP
P
Type- Curves and Type- Curve Derivat ives
10
- 2
10
- 3
10
- 1
1 10
t ( hr)
10
3
10
2
10
1
10
4

p
(
p
s
i
a
)

&

p

Wellbore
St orage
Radial Flow
C
D
e
2S
10
30
10
12
10
6
10
- 1
10
2
t ( hr)

p
(
p
s
i
a
)

&

p

10
3
10
2
10
1
10
0
10
- 1
10
- 2
10
- 1
1 10 10
2
10
3
10
4
10
3
Log Log p p
Der i vat i ve Der i vat i ve
10
4
Real dat a vs t ype- curves
Superposit ion real dat a & t ype- curves
10
3
10
2
10
1
10
- 2
10
- 3
10
- 1
1 10 10
1
10
4
t ( hr)

p
(
p
s
i
a
)

&

p

I nt erpret at ion Result

C C gi v es
2
w t
D
hr c 2
C
C

Cur ve Mat ch Cur ve Mat ch

S 2
D
e C

Sk i n Sk i n
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
D
S 2
D
C
e C
ln
2
1
S
Pr essur e Mat ch Pr essur e Mat ch k h k h
p
qB
kh 4
P
o
D

Ti me Mat ch Ti me Mat ch C C
t
C
kh 2
C
t
D
D

=
Drawdown Test Analysis
Pr essur e
L
o
g


p

Log t
Pr essur e vs t i me
Pr essur e der i vat i ve vs t i me
Log t
Log t
P
r
e
s
s
u
r
e
L
o
g


p

Pr essur e vs Hor ner t i me

Pr essur e der i vat i ve vs t i me
Buildup Test Analysis
I nt erpret at ion wit h t he Pressure Derivat ive Met hod
The derivat ives of t he t ype- cur ves exhibit a linear dependency on t ime of
pressure dat a point s. Linearit y can occur according t o different yet
charact er ist ic slopes which ar e a funct ion of flow geomet ry:
FLOW TYPE FLOW TYPE PRESSURE PRESSURE SLOPE SLOPE
linear linear
bilinear bilinear
radial radial
spherical spherical
( hemispherical) ( hemispherical)
) t ( f p =
) t ( f p
4
=
) t ( ln f p =
|
.
|

\
|
=
t
1
f p
1/ 2 1/ 2
1/ 4 1/ 4
- - 1/ 2 1/ 2
horizont al horizont al
st raight line st raight line