Engineering Data

Engineering Data
Ductile iron pipe can be laid on normal slopes without any special construction techniques. Once the pipeline exceeds a certain angle, the pipe will tend to slide down the slope. As a general rule, the designer should consider potential problems when the slope exceeds 25% for underground pipelines and 20% for aboveground pipelines. Once the slope of the pipeline approaches these values, the designer should pay particular attention to the need for special restraint or anchor requirements. For pipelines on piers aboveground, suitable restraint can be obtained by strapping each pipe length behind the bell to the anchor block and laying the pipe with the sockets pointing uphill. A gap of 12mm between the spigot and bottom of the socket should be provided to allow for expansion and contraction. In underground pipelines with steep slopes, it is normal for the pipe to be furnished with restrained joints and laid either uphill or downhill. H Y D R O S TAT I C P R E S S U R E T E S T All newly laid pipe or any valved section thereof should be subjected to hydrostatic pressure of at least 1.5 times the working pressure at the point of testing. T E S T P RE S S U R ES S H O U L D ME E T T H E F OL LOWI N G C R IT E RI A : be no less than 1.25 times the working pressure at the highest point along the test section exceed no pipe, fitting, or thrust-restraint design pressures be at least 2 hours in duration + vary by no more than _ 5 psi (34.5 kPa) for the duration of the test exceed no more than twice the rated pressure of the valves or hydrants when the pressure boundary of the test section includes closed metal seated valves or hydrants valves should not be operated in either direction at differential pressure exceeding the rated pressure hydrants in a test section should only be tested with the main valve of the hydrant closed not exceed the rated pressure of the valves when the pressure boundary of the test section includes closed, resilient seated gate valves, or rubber-seated butterfly valves Each valved section of pipe should be slowly filled. The specified test pressure, based on the elevation of the lowest point of the line or section under test and corrected to the elevation of the test gauge, is applied by means of a pump connected to the pipe. Valves should not be operated in either the opening or closing direction at differential pressures above the rated pressure. It is good practice to allow the system to stabilize at the test pressure before conducting the leakage test. Before applying the specified test pressure, air must be completely expelled from the section of the piping being tested. If permanent air vents are not located at all high points, corporation stops shall be installed at such points so that the air can be expelled as the system is filled with water. After all the air has been expelled, the corporation stops are closed and the test pressure applied. At the conclusion of the pressure test, the corporation stops should be removed and plugged or left in place as required by the specifications. Any exposed pipe, fittings, valves, hydrants, and joints should be carefully examined during the pressure test. Any damaged or defective pipe, fittings, valves, or hydrants discovered as the result of the pressure test should be repaired with sound material and the test repeated until satisfactory results are obtained.

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T E S T I N G A L L OWA N C E The testing allowance is defined as the quantity of water that must be supplied (make-up water) to any installed pipeline, or valved section thereof, to maintain pressure within 5 psi 34.5 kPa of the specified test pressure after the air in the pipeline has been expelled and the pipe has been filled with water. The testing allowance is not measured by a drop in pressure in a test section over a period of time. No pipe installation should be accepted if the amount of make-up water is greater than that determined using the following formula: T = LD P 715,317

T = testing allowance, (L/h) L = length of pipe tested (m) D = nominal diameter of the pipe (mm) P = average test pressure (kPa) When testing against closed metal seated valves, an additional amount of make-up water per closed valve of 1.2 mL/h/mm of nominal valve size is allowed. When hydrants are in the test section, the test should be made against the main valve in the hydrant. Acceptance of an installation is determined on the basis of the testing allowance. If any test shows an amount of make-up water greater than that allowed, the installer is responsible for locating and repairing any leaks, as necessary, until the test result is within the specified allowance. All visible leaks must be repaired regardless of the amount of leakage. Please note that the following section is an adaptation of the Ductile Iron Pipe Research Association (DIPRA) Thrust Restraint Design for Ductile Iron Pipe brochure. Explanations of formulas, as well as design theory and practical considerations, are presented in the DIPRA brochure. For a copy of the brochure, contact A C I P C O. T H R U S T B L O C KS One of the most common methods of providing resistance to thrust forces is the use of thrust blocks. Figure 1 depicts a typical bearing thrust block on a horizontal bend. Resistance is provided by transferring the thrust force to the soil through the larger bearing area of the block such that the resultant pressure against the soil does not exceed the horizontal bearing strength of the soil. Design of thrust blocks consists of determining the appropriate bearing area of the block for a particular set of conditions. The parameters involved in the design include pipe size, design pressure, angle of the bend (or configuration of the fitting involved), and the horizontal bearing strength of the soil. The following are general criteria for bearing block design. Bearing surface should, where possible, be placed against undisturbed soil. Where it is not possible, the fill between the bearing surface and undisturbed soil must be compacted to at least 90% Standard Proctor Density. Block height (h) should be equal to or less than one-half the total depth to the bottom of the block, (Ht), but not less than the pipe diameter (D). Block height (h) should be chosen such that the calculated block width (b) varies between one and two times the height.

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The required bearing block area is Then, for a horizontal bend,

Where: S f = safety factor (usually 1.5 for thrust block design) P = maximum system pressure (kg/cm2 ) A = cross-section area of the pipe (cm2 ) O = angle of the bend (o ) Sb = bearing strength of the soil (kg/m2 ) T = thrust force (kg) b = block width (m) h = block height (m)

Ab = hb = T Sb b = 2 Sf PA sin (O /2) h Sb
SOIL BEARING STRENGTH Sb (kg/m )
2

Muck Soft Clay Silt Sandy Silt Sand Sandy Clay Hard Clay

0 4800 7300 14,600 19,400 29,200 48,800

A similar approach may be used to design bearing blocks to resist the thrust forces at tees, dead ends, etc. Typical values for conservative horizontal bearing strengths of various soil types are listed in Table 1. In lieu of the values for soil bearing strength shown in Table 1, a designer might choose to use calculated Rankine passive pressure (Pp) or other determination of soil bearing strength based on actual soil properties. An alternative method of providing thrust restraint is the use of restrained joints. A restrained joint is a special push-on type joint that is designed to provide longitudinal restraint. Restrained joint systems function in a manner similar to thrust blocks, insofar as the reaction of the entire restrained unit of piping with the soil balances the thrust forces.

TA B L E 1 . H O R I Z O N TA L B E A R I N G S T R E N G T H S . Although the bearing strength values have been used successfully in the design of thrust blocks and are considered to be conservative, their accuracy is totally dependent on accurate soil identification and evaluation. The ultimate responsibility for selecting the proper bearing strength of a particular soil type must rest with the design engineer.

R E S T R A I N E D J O I N T S The thrust force must be restrained or balanced by the reaction of the restrained pipe unit with the surrounding soil. The source of the restraining forces is twofold. First, the static friction between the pipe unit and the soil, and second, the restraint provided by the pipe as it bears against the sidefill soil along each leg of the bend. Both of these forces are presumed to be functions of the restrained length L on each side of the bend, and they are presumed to act in the direction opposing the thrust force (i.e., directly opposing impending movement of the bend). Values of soil cohesion (Cs) and internal friction angle of the soil () must be known or conservatively estimated for the soil at a particular installation. The values fc and f are related to soil types and pipe material. Table 3 presents conservative values of these parameters for ductile iron pipe in seven general classifications of saturated soils. A static frictional force acting on a body is equal in magnitude to the applied force up to a maximum value. In the conventional analysis, the maximum static friction is proportional to the normal force between the surfaces which provide the friction. The constant of proportionality, in this case called the coefficient of friction, depends upon the nature of the surfaces. Potyondys empirical work indicates that for friction between pipe and soils, the force is also dependent upon the cohesion of the soil.
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Thus Fs = A p C + W tan where A p is the surface area of the pipe exterior in m 2 /m, C is the pipe cohesion in kg/m 2 , and is the pipe friction angle in degrees. The term is defined by the equation =f . The unit normal force W is given by W = 2We + W p +W w, where the earth load (We ) is taken as the prism load on the pipe in kg/m. It is defined by the equation We = HD, where is the soil density in kg 2 /m 3 and H is the depth of covers in meters. The earth load is doubled to account for the forces acting on both the top and the bottom of the pipe. The unit weight of the pipe and water (W p +W w ) is given in Table 2. The pipe cohesion (C) is defined by the formula C= fc C s . Then Fs = DC + (2We + Wp +Ww) tan 2

The maximum unit lateral resistance, R s , at the bend is limited so as not to exceed a rectangular distribution of the Rankine passive soil pressure P p, which is generally less than the ultimate capacity of the soil to resist pipe movement. The passive soil pressure for a particular soil is given by the Rankine formula: P p = H c N + 2 C s N Where: P p = passive soil pressure (kg /m 2 ) = soil density (kg/m 3 ) H c = depth of cover to center line of pipe (m) N = tan 2 (45 + /2) C s = soil cohesion (kg/m 2 ) As discussed above, the full Rankine passive soil pressure, P p , can be developed with insignificant movement in well-compacted soils. For some of the standard Laying Conditions for ductile iron pipe, the design value of passive soil pressure should be modified by a factor K n to ensure that excessive movement will not occur. Therefore, R s = K n P p D. Empirically determined values for K n can be found in Table 3. In this context, the value chosen for K n depends on the compaction achieved in the trench, the backfill materials, and the undisturbed earth. Thus, for a horizontal bend, the equation is: L = Sf PA tan (O /2) K P D Fs + n p 2 Extraordinary installations might result in lesser loads and frictional resistance on the pipes than that calculated by these equations. When such conditions exist, this must be provided for in the design.

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T H R U S T R E ST RA I N T C A LC U L AT I O N S US I N G D I PR A D E S IG N

NOMINAL PIPE DIAMETER (m m)

100 100 100 100 100 100 150 150 150 150 150 150 200 200 200 200 200 200 250 250 250 250 250 250 300 300 300 300 300 300 350 350 350 350 350 350 400 400 400 400 400 400 450 450 450 450 450 450 500 500 500 500 500 500 600 600 600 600 600 600 700 700

0.8 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 0.8 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 0.8 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 0.8 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 0.8 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 0.8 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 0.8 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 0.8 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 0.8 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 0.8 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 0.8 1

(m) CALCULATED RESTRAINT CALCULATED RESTRAINT CALCULATED RESTRAINT CALCULATED RESTRAINT WITHOUT POLYWRAP(m) WITH POLYWRAP(m) WITHOUT POLYWRAP(m) WITH POLYWRAP(m)

CLASS A OR B SOIL TYPE 3 LAYING CONDITION

3.7 3 2.1 1.6 1.3 1.1 5.3 4.3 2.9 2.2 1.8 1.5 6.7 5.5 3.8 2.9 2.3 2 8.1 6.7 4.6 3.5 2.9 2.4 9.4 7.8 5.4 4.2 3.4 2.8 10.7 8.8 6.2 4.8 3.9 3.3 11.8 9.9 6.9 5.4 4.4 3.7 13 10.8 7.7 5.9 4.8 4.1 14.1 11.8 8.4 6.5 5.3 4.5 16.1 13.6 9.8 7.6 6.3 5.3 18 15.3 4.3 3.5 2.4 1.8 1.4 1.2 6 4.9 3.3 2.5 2.1 1.7 7.6 6.3 4.3 3.3 2.7 2.2 9.2 7.6 5.2 4 3.2 2.7 10.7 8.8 6.2 4.7 3.8 3.2 12.1 10 7 5.4 4.4 3.7 13.4 11.2 7.9 6.1 5 4.2 14.7 12.3 8.7 6.7 5.5 4.6 15.9 13.4 9.5 7.4 6 5.1 18.2 15.4 11.1 8.7 7.1 6 20.3 17.3

SILT 2 CLASS C SOIL TYPE 2 LAYING CONDITION

6.8 5.5 3.8 2.9 2.3 1.9 9.6 7.8 5.4 4.1 3.3 2.8 12.2 10 6.9 5.3 4.3 3.6 14.7 12.1 8.4 6.4 5.2 4.4 17.1 14.2 9.9 7.6 6.2 5.2 19.4 16.1 11.3 8.7 7.1 6 21.5 18 12.7 9.8 8 6.7 23.6 19.7 14 10.8 8.8 7.5 25.6 21.5 15.3 11.9 9.7 8.2 29.4 24.8 17.8 13.9 11.4 9.7 32.8 27.9 8 6.5 4.4 3.3 2.7 2.3 11.2 9.2 6.3 4.8 3.8 3.2 14.3 11.7 8.1 6.2 5 4.2 17.2 14.2 9.8 7.5 6.1 5.1 20 16.5 11.5 8.9 7.2 6.1 22.6 18.8 13.2 10.2 8.3 7 25.1 20.9 14.8 11.4 9.3 7.8 27.5 23 16.3 12.6 10.3 8.7 29.8 25 17.8 13.9 11.3 9.6 34.1 28.8 20.8 16.2 13.3 11.3 38.1 32.4

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THR US T RE S TR AI NT C A LC U L AT I O N S U S IN G D I PR A D ES I G N ( CO N T I N U E D )

NOMINAL PIPE DIAMETER (m m)

700 700 700 700 800 800 800 800 800 800 900 900 900 900 900 900 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1200 1200 1200 1200 1200 1200 1400 1400 1400 1400 1400 1400 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1600 1600 1600 1600 1600 1600

(m) CALCULATED RESTRAINT CALCULATED RESTRAINT CALCULATED RESTRAINT CALCULATED RESTRAINT WITHOUT POLYWRAP(m) WITH POLYWRAP(m) WITHOUT POLYWRAP(m) WITH POLYWRAP(m)

CLASS A OR B SOIL TYPE 3 LAYING CONDITION

11.1 8.7 7.2 6.1 19.8 16.9 12.4 9.8 8.1 6.9 21.4 18.4 13.6 10.8 8.9 7.6 22.9 19.8 14.7 11.7 9.7 8.3 25.7 22.3 16.9 13.5 11.3 9.7 28.1 24.6 18.8 15.2 12.8 11 29.1 25.7 19.8 16.1 13.5 11.7 30.2 26.7 20.6 16.8 14.2 12.3 12.6 9.9 8.1 6.9 22.3 19.1 14 11 9.1 7.8 24.1 20.7 15.3 12.2 10.1 8.6 25.8 22.3 16.6 13.2 11 9.4 28.8 25.1 19 15.3 12.8 11 31.4 27.6 21.2 17.2 14.5 12.5 32.6 28.8 22.2 18.1 15.3 13.2 33.8 29.9 23.2 19 16.1 13.9

SILT 2 CLASS C SOIL TYPE 2 LAYING CONDITION

20.2 15.9 13.1 11.1 36 30.8 22.5 17.8 14.7 12.5 39 33.5 24.7 19.6 16.3 13.9 41.8 36 26.8 21.4 17.8 15.2 46.8 40.7 30.8 24.7 20.7 17.7 51.1 44.8 34.3 27.8 23.4 20.2 53.1 46.7 36 29.3 24.7 21.3 54.9 48.6 37.6 30.7 25.9 22.5 23.5 18.5 15.2 13 41.8 35.7 26.2 20.7 17.1 14.6 45.2 38.8 28.7 22.8 18.9 16.2 48.3 41.8 31.2 24.8 20.7 17.7 54 47.1 35.7 28.7 24 20.6 59 51.8 39.8 32.2 27.2 23.4 61.2 54 41.7 34 28.7 24.8 63.3 56.1 43.6 35.6 30.1 26.1

1.5 2 2.5 3 0.8 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 0.8 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 0.8 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 0.8 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 0.8 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 0.8 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 0.8 1 1.5 2 2.5 3

Above information is based upon the following: 10 bar maximum system pressure 90 horizontal bend: multiply by the following coefficients for other horizontal bends: 45 0.414; 22.5 0.199; 11.25 0.098 Class K9 pipe weight. Additionally, pipe must be bedded in at least 100mm of loose material. H = depth of cover

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P O LY E T H Y L E N E E N C A S E M E N T Limited experimental data suggest that the frictional resistance term (Fs) should be multiplied by a factor of 0.70 for pipe encased in polyethylene film.

Horizontal Bend F f = Fs ; For standard asphaltic coated pipe. F f = 0.7 Fs ; For polyethylene encased pipe.

NOMINAL PIPE SIZE CLASS

DIMENSIONS AND UNIT WEIGHTS OF PIPE AND WATER

PIPE OUTSIDE DIAMETER, D

100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1200 1400 1500 1600

(mm)

K9 K9 K9 K9 K9 K9 K9 K9 K9 K9 K9 K9 K9 K9 K9 K9 K9 K9

0.119 0.171 0.222 0.274 0.326 0.378 0.43 0.482 0.533 0.634 0.738 0.844 0.945 1.048 1.256 1.463 1.567 1.667

(m)

CROSS-SECTION AREA OF PIPE, A

110 227 386 589 835 1122 1446 1810 2222 3166 4277 5582 7012 8625 12368 16791 19241 21849

(cm 2)

(kg/m)

Wp

16 24 33 42 54 67 80 95 110 144 183 228 274 326 446 580 661 743

7 18 33 51 73 98 128 161 199 287 390 512 647 799 1155 1604 1840 2094

(kg/m)

Ww

Wp + Ww
(kg/m)

23 42 66 93 127 165 208 256 309 431 573 740 921 1125 1601 2184 2501 2837

TA B L E 2 .

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L AY I N G C O N D I T I O N S

Laying Conditions Trench Type 2: Embedment with very light compaction, greater than 75% standard Proctor density. Trench Type 3: Embedment with light compaction, greater than 80% standard Proctor density. Trench Type 4: Embedment with medium compaction, greater than 85% standard proctor density. Trench type 5: Embedment with high compaction, greater than 90% standard Proctor density. NOTE: A layer of loose soil at least 100mm deep should be used as lower bedding for all trench conditions. SOIL DESIGNATION SOIL DESCRIPTION CLAY OF MEDIUM TO LOW PLASTICITY, LL<50, <25% COARSE PARTICLES [CL & CL-ML] SILTS OF MEDIUM TO LOW PLASTICITY, LL<50, <25% COARSE PARTICLES [ML & ML-CL] CLAY OF MEDIUM TO LOW PLASTICITY WITH SAND OR GRAVEL, LL<50, 25-50% COARSE PARTICLES [CL] Kn (o) f ff
(kg/m 2)

Cs

fc

g
(kg/m )
3

LAYING CONDITION

4&5
.85

CLAY 1

1465

.80

1440

.40

.60

SILT 1

29

.75

1440

.40

.60

.85

CLAY 2

1465

.80

1440

.60

.85

1.0

SILT 2

SILT OF MEDIUM TO LOW PLASTICITY WITH SAND OR GRAVEL, LL<50, 25-50% COARSE PARTICLES [ML] CLEAN SAND, [SW & SP]

29

.75

1440

.60

.85

1.0

GOOD SAND

A & B >95% COARSE PARTICLES

36

.80

1600

.60

.85

1.0

TA B L E 3 .
Suggested values for soil parameters and reduction constant, Kn. Definition coarse particles held on No. 200 sieve. See table 4 for more detailed soil descriptions. NOTE: For conservatism, values for shown in table 3 and used in this procedure are lower than the soil weight values used to calculate earth loads in ANSI/AWWA C150/A21.50. All other values in table 3 assume saturated soil conditions and were also selected as such for conservatism.

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S O I L C L A S S I F I C AT I O N C H A R T A S T M S TA N D A R D D 2 4 8 7

MAJOR DIVISIONS

GROUP SYMBOLS GW GP GM GC SW SP SM SC ML CL OL MH CH OH PT

TYPICAL NAMES Well-graded gravels and gravelsand mixtures, little or no fines Poorly graded gravels and gravelsand mixtures, little or no fines Silty gravels, gravel-sand-silt mixtures Clayey gravels, gravel-sand-clay mixtures Well-graded sands and gravelly sands, little or no fines Poorly graded sands and gravelly sands, little or no fines Silty sands, sand-silt mixtures Clayey sands, sand-clay mixtures
Inorganic silts, very fine sands, rock flour, silty or clayey fine sands Inorganic clays of low to medium plasticity, gravelly clays, sandy clays, silty clays, lean clays Organic silts and organic silty clays of low plasticity Inorganic silts, micaceous or diatomaceous fine sands or silts, elastic silts Inorganic clays of high plasticity, fat clays

CLASSIFICATION CRITERIA Cu = D60/D10 Greater than 4 (D30)2 Cz = D x D Between 1 and 3 10 60 Not meeting both criteria for GW Atterberg limits plot below A line or Atterberg limits plasticity index less plotting in than 4 hatched area are borderline Atterberg limits plot classifications reabove A line or quiring use of plasticity index less dual symbols. than 7 Cu = D60/D10 Greater than 6 (D30)2 Cz = D x D Between 1 and 3 10 60 Not meeting both criteria for SW Atterberg limits plot below A line or Atterberg limits plasticity index less plotting in than 4 hatched area are borderline Atterberg limits plot classifications above A line & requiring use of dual symbols. plasticity index greater than 7

GRAVELS 50% OR MORE OF COARSE FRACTION RETAINED ON NO.4 SIEVE

SANDS MORE THAN 50% OF COARSE FRACTION PASSES NO.4 SIEVE

SANDS WITH FINES

50% OR MORE PASSES NO. 200 SIEVE

SILTS AND CLAY LIQUID LIMIT GREATER THAN 50%

FINE-GRAINED SOILS

SILTS AND CLAY LIQUID LIMIT 50% OR LESS

Organic clays of medium to high plasticity Peat, muck, and other highly organic soils

HIGHLY ORGANIC SOILS

TA B L E 4 .

Based on the material passing the 3-in. (75-mm) sieve. Reprinted, with permission, from the Annual Book of ASTM Standards, copyright the American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

CLASSIFICATION ON BASIS OF PERCENTAGE OF FINES LESS THAN 5% PASS NO. 200 SIEVE GW, GP, SW, SP MORE THAN 12% PASS NO. 200 SIEVE GM, GC, SM, SC 5% TO 12% PASS NO. 200 SIEVE BORDERLINE CLASSIFICATION REQUIRING USE OF DUAL SYMBOLS

MORE THAN 50% RETAINED ON NO. 200 SIEVE

COARSE-GRAINED SOILS

CLEAN SANDS

GRAVELS WITH FINES

CLEAN GRAVELS

PLASTICITY CHART For classification of fine-grained soils and fine fraction of coarse-grained soils. Atterberg limits plotting in hatched area are borderline classifications requiring use of dual symbols. Equation of A-line: PI = 0.73 (LL-20)

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Q U I C K RE F ER E N C E C H A R T S

LENGTH EQUIVALENTS
1 12 63,360 0.03937 0.3937 39.3701 39,370 INCHES 0.0833 1 5,280 0.003281 0.032808 3.28084 3,280.8 1 0.62137 25.4 304.8 1 10 1,000 2.54 30.48 0.1 1 100 100,000 0.0254 0.3048 1,609.344 0.001 0.01 1 1,000 FEET MILES MILLIMETERS CENTIMETERS METERS

INCHES FEET MILES MILLIMETERS CENTIMETERS METERS KILOMETERS

MEASURE

KILOMETERS 1.609344 0.001 1

55 SQUARE INCHES ACRES SQUARE FEET 1 144 0.00155 0.1550 1,550.0031 0.006944 1 43,560 0.001076 10.76391 1 0.000247

AREA EQUIVALENTS

SQUARE SQUARE ACRES SQUARE SQUARE SQUARE

MEASURE

MILLIMETERS CENTIMETERS METERS

INCHES FEET

SQUARE MILLIMETERS 645.16 92,903.04 1 100 -

SQUARE CENTIMETERS 6.4516 929.0304 0.01 1 10,000

0.00064516 0.09290 4,046.8564 0.0001 1

SQUARE METERS

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Q U I C K RE F ER E N C E C H A R T S

WEIGHT AND VOLUME EQUIVALENTS OF WATER

U.S. GALLONS 231.0 277.41 1.0 1,728.0 61.023 27.68 0.1337 0.1605 0.00057 1.0 35.314 0.0353 0.016 0.00378 0.00455 0.000016 0.0283 1.0 0.001 LITERS 3.785 4.546 28.317 1,000 1.0 0.454 IMPERIAL GALLONS CUBIC INCHES CUBIC FEET CUBIC METERS POUNDS

MEASURE 1.0 1.20 0.004329 7.48 284.17 0.26417 0.12 0.833 1.0 0.003607 6.232 220.05 0.220 0.1

PRESSURE AND HEAD EQUIVALENTS OF WATER

POUNDS /SQ INCH 0.068046 0.070307 0.000473 0.000488 1 1.0332 0.96784 1 0.002454 0.00254 0.029449 0.03043 0.033421 0.03453 0.0013158 0.0013595 0.98692 1.0197 27.7276 0.1926 407.484 394.27 1 12.0 13.617 0.5361 402.1 POUNDS /SQ FOOT ATMOSPHERE KILOGRAMS /SQ CM INCHES WATER FEET WATER

U.S. GALLONS IMPERIAL GALLONS CUBIC INCHES CUBIC FEET CUBIC METERS LITERS POUNDS

8.33 10.0 0.0361 62.425 2,204.5 2.205 1.0

56 1 0.006945 14.696 14.2233 0.03607 0.43278 0.49115 0.019337 14.5036 144.0 1 2,116.22 2,048.16 5.184 62.3205 70.726 2.7845 2,068.55 2.3106 0.01605 33.9570 32.864 0.08333 1 1.1349 0.04468 33.51

MEASURE

POUNDS /SQ INCH POUNDS /SQ FOOT ATMOSPHERE KILOGRAMS /SQ CM INCHES OF WATER FEET OF WATER INCHES OF MERCURY MILLIMETERS MERCURY BAR

2.0360 0.0141139 29.921 28.959 0.0734 0.8811 1 0.03937 29.53

INCHES MILLIMETERS MERCURY MERCURY 51.7150 0.35913 760.0 735.558 1.865 22.381 25.40 1 750.0

0.06895 0.000479 1.01325 0.9807 0.00249 0.02964 0.03386 0.001333 1

BAR

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Q U I C K RE F ER E N C E C H A R T S

FLOW RATE EQUIVALENTS OF WATER

US GALLONS IMPERIAL GAL. US MILLION CUBIC FEET PER MINUTE PER MINUTE GAL. PER DAY PER SECOND CUBIC METER PER HOUR LITERS PER SECOND BARRELS PER MINUTE

MEASURE

BARRELS PER DAY

57

US GALLONS PER MINUTE 1 IMPERIAL GAL PER MINUTE 1,201 US MILLION GAL PER DAY 694.4 CUBIC FEET PER SECOND 448.83 CUBIC METER PER SECOND 15,850 CUBIC METER PER MINUTE 264.2 CUBIC METER PER HOUR 4.403 LITERS PER SECOND 15.85 LITERS PER MINUTE 0.2642 BARRELS (42 GAL) PER MINUTE 42 BARRELS (42 GAL) PER DAY 0.0292

0.8327 1 578.25 373.7 13,199 220 3.67 13.20 0.220 34.97 0.0243

0.00144 0.00173 1 0.646 22.83 0.3804 0.00634 0.0228 0.000380 0.0605 0.000042

0.00223 0.002676 1.547 1 35.315 0.5883 0.00982 0.0353 0.000589 0.09357 0.000065

0.02271 0.2727 157.7 101.9 3,600 60.0 1 3.60 0.060 9.5256 0.00662

0.0631 0.0758 43.8 28.32 1,000 16.667 0.2778 1 0.0167 2.65 0.00184

0.0238 0.02859 16.53 10.686 377.4 6.290 0.1048 0.3773 0.00629 1 0.00069

34.286 41.176 23,810 15,388 543,447 9,058 151 543.3 9.055 1,440 1

I nt e r n a t i o n al P i p e M an u a l

D EC I M A L A N D M E T R I C E Q U I VA L E N T O F F R A C T I O N S

INCHES 1/64 1/32 3/64 1/20 1/16 1/13 5/64 1/12 1/11 3/32 1/10 7/64 1/9 1/8 9/64 1/7 5/32 1/6 11/64 3/16 1/5 13/64 7/32 15/64 1/4 17/64 9/32 19/64 5/16 21/64 1/3 11/32 23/64 3/8 25/64 13/32 27/64

DECIMAL OF AN INCH .015625 .03125 .046875 .05 .0625 .0769 .078125 .0833 .0909 .09375 .10 .109375 .111 .125 .140625 .1429 .15625 .1667 .171875 .1875 .2 .203125 .21875 .234375 .25 .265625 .28125 .296875 .3125 .328125 .333 .34375 .359375 .375 .390625 .40625 .421875

MILLIMETERS 0.396875 0.793750 1.190625 1.270003 1.597500 1.953850 1.984375 2.116671 2.309095 2.381250 2.540005 2.778125 2.822228 3.175000 3.571875 3.628579 3.968750 4.233342 4.365625 4.762500 5.080000 5.159375 5.556250 5.953125 6.350000 6.746875 7.143750 7.540625 7.937500 8.334375 8.466683 8.731250 9.128125 9.525000 9.921875 10.318750 10.715625

INCHES 7/16 29/64 15/32 31/64 1/2 33/64 17/32 35/64 9/16 37/64 19/32 39/64 5/8 41/64 21/32 43/64 11/16 45/64 23/32 47/64 3/4 49/64 25/32 51/64 13/16 53/64 27/32 56/64 7/8 57/64 29/32 59/64 15/16 61/64 31/32 63/64 1

DECIMAL OF AN INCH .4375 .453125 .46875 .484375 .5 .515625 .53125 .546875 .5625 .578125 .59375 .609375 .625 .640625 .65625 .671875 .6875 .703125 .71875 .734375 .75 .765625 .78125 .796875 .8125 .828125 .84375 .859375 .875 .890625 .90625 .921875 .9375 .953125 .96875 .984375 1

MILLIMETERS 11.112500 11.509375 11.906250 12.303125 12.700000 13.096875 13.493750 13.890652 14.287500 14.684375 15.081250 15.478125 15.875000 16.271875 16.668750 17.065625 17.462500 17.859375 18.256250 18.653125 19.050000 19.446875 19.843750 20.240625 20.637500 21.034375 21.431250 21.828125 22.335000 22.621875 23.018750 23.415625 23.812500 24.209375 24.606350 25.003125 25.400050

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F L OW O F WAT E R I N D U C T I L E I R O N P I P E The carrying capacity of a given pipeline is limited by its internal resistance to the flow of water. This resistance to flow causes a loss of head or drop in pressure as the water moves through the line. The amount of head loss depends on (1) the velocity of the water, (2) the roughness of the interior surface of the pipe, (3) the internal diameter, and (4) the length of the line. These factors have been related in the widely used Hazen-Williams formula for computing head losses, pipe sizes and carrying capacities in distribution lines. This formula is as follows: Q = 0.278 x C x D2.63 x S0.54 in which: Q = flow of water through the pipe in cubic meters per second C = factor depending on the roughness of the interior surface D = pipe diameter, in meters S = hydraulic slope or head loss in meter per meter of pipe The factor C is well known as the Hazen-Williams C or flow coefficient C, and its value must be estimated in flow calculations. Numerous tests have shown that cement-lined pipe installed many years ago maintains a C of approximately 140 to 150 even in tuberculating waters. The quality of more recent, high-speed A C I P C O cement linings and the availability of even larger pipe sizes may justify the use of the higher values for C, particularly in intermediate and larger pipe sizes.

L I N E A R E X PA N S I O N O F D U C T I L E I R O N P I P E
The coefficient of linear expansion of ductile iron may be taken as 1.12E-05 per degree Celsius. The expansion or contraction in mm that will take place in a line of given length with various temperature changes is shown in the following table:

Temp Difference C

6m

250m

Length of Line in meters 500m

5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 80 90 100

0.33 0.67 1.00 1.34 1.67 2.01 2.34 2.68 3.01 3.35 3.68 4.02 4.35 4.69 5.36 6.03 6.70

13.95 27.90 41.85 55.80 69.75 83.70 97.65 111.60 125.55 139.50 153.45 167.40 181.35 195.30 223.20 251.10 279.00

Expansion or Contraction in mm

750m

1000m

27.90 55.80 83.70 111.60 139.50 167.40 195.30 223.20 251.10 279.00 306.90 334.80 362.70 390.60 446.40 502.20 558.00

41.85 83.70 125.55 167.40 209.25 251.10 292.95 334.80 376.65 418.50 460.35 502.20 544.05 585.90 669.60 753.30 837.00

55.80 111.60 167.40 223.20 279.00 334.80 390.60 446.40 502.20 558.00 613.80 669.60 725.40 781.20 892.80 1004.40 1116.00

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F L OW O F WAT E R I N D U C T I L E I R O N P I P E H A Z E N -W I L L I A M S C = 1 4 5 *
Flow in Liters per Second
100mm Class K9 Pipe
Velocity in meters per sec. Loss of Head (m)

150mm Class K9 Pipe

Velocity in meters per sec. Loss of Head (m)

200mm Class K9 Pipe

Velocity in meters per sec. Loss of Head (m)

250mm Class K9 Pipe

Velocity in meters per sec. Loss of Head (m)

300mm Class K9 Pipe

Velocity in meters per sec. Loss of Head (m)

1 2 3 4 5 10 15 20 25 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 120 140 160 180 200 250 300

0.13 0.26 0.38 0.51 0.64 1.28 1.92 2.56 3.20

0.22 0.81 1.71 2.91 4.39 15.84 33.53 57.10 86.28

0.17 0.22 0.28 0.56 0.83 1.11 1.39 1.67 2.22 2.78 3.33

0.22 0.38 0.58 2.08 4.41 7.52 11.36 15.91 27.10 40.94 57.37

0.15 0.31 0.46 0.62 0.77 0.93 1.23 1.54 1.85 2.16 2.47 2.78 3.08

0.14 0.50 1.05 1.80 2.71 3.80 6.47 9.78 13.70 18.23 23.33 29.02 35.26

0.20 0.30 0.39 0.49 0.59 0.79 0.98 1.18 1.38 1.57 1.77 1.97 2.36 2.75 3.15

0.17 0.35 0.60 0.91 1.27 2.17 3.28 4.59 6.11 7.82 9.72 11.82 16.55 22.02 28.19

0.20 0.27 0.34 0.41 0.55 0.68 0.82 0.95 1.09 1.23 1.36 1.64 1.91 2.18 2.45 2.73 3.41 4.09

0.14 0.25 0.37 0.52 0.89 1.34 1.88 2.50 3.20 3.98 4.84 6.78 9.02 11.55 14.36 17.45 26.37 36.95

Loss of Head shown is per 1,000m of pipeline. Table is based on minimum class, cement-lined Ductile Iron Pipe.
Flow in Liters per Second
350mm Class K9 Pipe
Velocity in meters per sec. Loss of Head (m)

400mm Class K9 Pipe

Velocity in meters per sec. Loss of Head (m)

450mm Class K8 Pipe

Velocity in meters per sec. Loss of Head (m)

500mm Class K8 Pipe

Velocity in meters per sec. Loss of Head (m)

600mm Class K7 Pipe

Velocity in meters per sec. Loss of Head (m)

20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 120 140 160 180 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 600 700 800 900 1000

0.20 0.31 0.41 0.51 0.61 0.72 0.82 0.92 1.02 1.23 1.43 1.64 1.84 2.05 2.56 3.07

0.12 0.26 0.44 0.67 0.94 1.25 1.60 1.99 2.41 3.38 4.50 5.76 7.16 8.70 13.15 18.42

0.24 0.31 0.39 0.47 0.55 0.63 0.71 0.78 0.94 1.10 1.26 1.41 1.57 1.96 2.35 2.75 3.14

0.14 0.23 0.35 0.49 0.65 0.84 1.04 1.26 1.77 2.35 3.01 3.75 4.55 6.88 9.64 12.82 16.41

0.25 0.31 0.37 0.43 0.49 0.55 0.62 0.74 0.86 0.98 1.11 1.23 1.54 1.85 2.15 2.46 2.77 3.08

0.13 0.19 0.27 0.36 0.46 0.58 0.70 0.98 1.30 1.67 2.08 2.52 3.81 5.34 7.10 9.09 11.31 13.74

0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 0.99 1.24 1.49 1.74 1.99 2.24 2.49 2.98

0.08 0.12 0.16 0.22 0.28 0.34 0.42 0.58 0.78 0.99 1.24 1.50 2.27 3.18 4.23 5.41 6.73 8.18 11.46

0.21 0.24 0.27 0.31 0.34 0.41 0.48 0.55 0.62 0.69 0.86 1.03 1.20 1.37 1.54 1.71 2.06 2.40 2.74 3.08 3.43

0.07 0.09 0.11 0.14 0.17 0.24 0.31 0.40 0.50 0.61 0.92 1.28 1.71 2.19 2.72 3.30 4.63 6.16 7.88 9.80 11.91

Loss of Head shown is per 1,000m of pipeline. Table is based on minimum class, cement-lined Ductile Iron Pipe. * The Hazen-Williams flow coefficient shown is a representative value for long term service of cement mortar lined ductile iron pipe. Values of C=140 to C=155 have been used by various manufacturers as a long term Hazen-Williams coefficient, depending on pipe diameter and lining smoothness. The design of systems outside common water velocities, i.e. 0.5m/s to 1.5m/s, may involve special design considerations (for example, the generation of substantial surge pressures as a result of valve closure or other water column effects, sedimentation at extremely low velocities, etc.)

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F L OW O F WAT E R I N D U C T I L E I R O N P I P E H A Z E N -W I L L I A M S C = 1 4 5 *
Flow in Liters per Second
Velocity in meters per sec.

700mm Class K7
Loss of Head (m)

100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400 2600 2800 3000 3500 4000

0.25 0.38 0.51 0.63 0.76 0.89 1.01 1.14 1.27 1.52 1.77 2.03 2.28 2.53 3.04

0.08 0.17 0.29 0.44 0.61 0.82 1.05 1.30 1.58 2.22 2.95 3.77 4.69 5.70 7.99

Velocity in meters per sec.

800mm Class K7
Loss of Head (m)

900mm Class K7 Pipe

Velocity in meters per sec. Loss of Head (m)

Velocity in meters per sec.

1000mm Class K7
Loss of Head (m)

Velocity in meters per sec.

1200mm Class K7
Loss of Head (m)

0.29 0.39 0.48 0.58 0.68 0.77 0.87 0.97 1.16 1.35 1.55 1.74 1.93 2.32 2.70 3.09

0.09 0.15 0.23 0.32 0.42 0.54 0.67 0.82 1.15 1.53 1.96 2.43 2.96 4.14 5.51 7.05

0.23 0.31 0.38 0.46 0.53 0.61 0.69 0.76 0.92 1.07 1.22 1.37 1.53 1.83 2.14 2.44 2.75 3.05

0.05 0.08 0.13 0.18 0.24 0.31 0.38 0.46 0.65 0.86 1.10 1.37 1.66 2.33 3.10 3.97 4.94 6.00

0.25 0.31 0.37 0.43 0.49 0.56 0.62 0.74 0.87 0.99 1.11 1.24 1.48 1.73 1.98 2.22 2.47 2.72 2.97 3.21

0.05 0.08 0.11 0.14 0.18 0.23 0.28 0.39 0.52 0.66 0.82 1.00 1.40 1.86 2.38 2.96 3.59 4.29 5.03 5.84

0.21 0.26 0.30 0.34 0.39 0.43 0.51 0.60 0.69 0.77 0.86 1.03 1.20 1.37 1.54 1.71 1.88 2.06 2.23 2.40 2.57 3.00 3.43

0.03 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.09 0.11 0.16 0.21 0.27 0.34 0.41 0.57 0.76 0.97 1.21 1.47 1.76 2.06 2.39 2.74 3.12 4.15 5.31

Loss of Head shown is per 1,000m of pipeline. Table is based on minimum class, cement-lined Ductile Iron Pipe.
Flow in Liters per Second
Velocity in meters per sec.

1400mm Class K7
Loss of Head (m)

400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 5500 6000 6500 7000

0.25 0.32 0.38 0.44 0.51 0.57 0.63 0.76 0.89 1.01 1.14 1.27 1.58 1.90 2.22 2.54 2.85 3.17

0.04 0.05 0.08 0.10 0.13 0.16 0.20 0.28 0.37 0.47 0.58 0.71 1.07 1.50 1.99 2.55 3.17 3.85

Velocity in meters per sec.

1500mm Class K7
Loss of Head (m)

0.22 0.28 0.33 0.39 0.44 0.50 0.55 0.66 0.77 0.88 0.99 1.10 1.38 1.66 1.93 2.21 2.48 2.76 3.03

0.03 0.04 0.05 0.07 0.09 0.12 0.14 0.20 0.26 0.33 0.42 0.51 0.76 1.07 1.42 1.82 2.26 2.75 3.28

Velocity in meters per sec.

1600mm Class K7
Loss of Head (m)

0.24 0.29 0.34 0.39 0.44 0.48 0.58 0.68 0.78 0.87 0.97 1.21 1.45 1.70 1.94 2.18 2.42 2.67 2.91 3.15 3.39

0.03 0.04 0.05 0.07 0.08 0.10 0.14 0.19 0.24 0.30 0.37 0.56 0.78 1.04 1.33 1.65 2.01 2.40 2.81 3.26 3.74

Loss of Head shown is per 1,000m of pipeline. Table is based on minimum class, cement-lined Ductile Iron Pipe. * The Hazen-Williams flow coefficient shown is a representative value for long term service of cement mortar lined ductile iron pipe. Values of C=140 to C=155 have been used by various manufacturers as a long term Hazen-Williams coefficient, depending on pipe diameter and lining smoothness. The design of systems outside common water velocities, i.e. 0.5m/s to 1.5m/s, may involve special design considerations (for example, the generation of substantial surge pressures as a result of valve closure or other water column effects, sedimentation at extremely low velocities, etc.)

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D I A M E T E R S , C I R C U M F E R E N C E S , A R E A S A N D VO L U M E S F O R M I N I M U M S TA N D A R D C L A S S E S O F D U C T I L E I R O N C E M E N T- L I N E D P I P E
Nominal Size mm Outside Diameter mm Inside Diameter mm
O.D. Circum- I.D. Circumference ference mm mm Volume Volume Liters Liters per per 6m meter nom. Length

O.D. Area sq. m

I.D. Area sq. m

100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1200 1400 1500 1600

118 170 222 274 326 378 429 480 532 635 738 842 945 1048 1255 1462 1565 1668

99.8 151.4 203.2 254.4 305.6 356.6 402.8 454.8 506.0 609.6 709.2 811.8 913.4 1015.0 1219.2 1417.4 1519.0 1620.6

0.0109 0.0227 0.0387 0.0590 0.0835 0.1122 0.1445 0.1810 0.2223 0.3167 0.4278 0.5568 0.7014 0.8626 1.2370 1.6787 1.9236 2.1852

0.0078 0.0180 0.0324 0.0508 0.0733 0.0999 0.1274 0.1625 0.2011 0.2919 0.3950 0.5176 0.6553 0.8091 1.1675 1.5779 1.8122 2.0627

370.71 534.07 697.43 860.80 1024.16 1187.52 1347.74 1507.96 1671.33 1994.91 2318.50 2645.22 2968.81 3292.39 3942.70 4593.01 4916.59 5240.18

313.53 475.64 638.37 799.22 960.07 1120.29 1265.43 1428.80 1589.65 1915.11 2228.02 2550.34 2869.53 3188.72 3830.23 4452.89 4772.08 5091.27

7.82 18.00 32.43 50.83 73.35 99.87 127.43 162.45 201.09 291.86 395.03 517.59 655.26 809.14 1167.45 1577.88 1812.20 2062.73

46.94 108.02 194.58 304.98 440.10 599.24 764.57 974.72 1206.54 1751.18 2370.17 3105.56 3931.54 4854.82 7004.72 9467.30 10873.18 12376.36

W E IG H T S F OR PI PE L I NE D E S IG N W E IG H T O F D U C T IL E I R ON P I P E A N D C O N TA I N E D WAT E R
Weight - kg per meter Water Weight - kg per meter Water

Size mm

Pipe

Total

Size mm

Pipe

Total

100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500

15.9 23.7 32.1 42.2 53.5 66.3 80.2 84.9 99

7.8 18.0 32.4 50.8 73.3 99.9 127.4 162.5 201.1

23.7 41.7 64.5 93.0 126.8 166.2 207.6 247.4 300.1

600 700 800 900 1000 1200 1400 1500 1600

114.1 145.6 179.7 216.2 257.4 353.3 459.4 524.6 591.2

291.9 395.0 517.6 655.3 809.1 1167.5 1577.9 1812.2 2062.7

406.0 540.6 697.3 871.5 1066.5 1520.8 2037.3 2336.8 2653.9

These weights are based on minimum classes of Ductile Iron Fastite Pipe with minimum thickness standard cement lining as specified in ISO 4179 and on weight of water of 1,000 kg/m 3. The inside diameters are given in above table. Ductile Iron = 7,063 kg/m 3

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P I P E L E N G T H C A L C U L AT I O N S : C A LC U L AT I O N S O F P I P E L E N G T H S F O R O F F S E T C O N N EC T I O N S

Angle

D Equals

R Equals

45 22 1/2 11 1/4 5 5/8

A x 1.41 A x 2.61 A x 5.13 A x 10.20

A x 1.00 A x 2.41 A x 5.03 A x 10.15

D D D D

Flg Pipe

L Equals

(2 (2 (2 (2

x x x x

E) E) E) E)

D D D D

(2 (2 (2 (2

x x x x

E) E) E) E)

FST Pipe

or or or or

D D D D

(E (E (E (E

+ + + +

S) S) S) S)

Allowance in flange joint (usually 3mm for gasket) and in Fastite joint (usually 6mm) should be taken into account in determination of required pipe length. Likewise, extension of restrained joints subjected to thrust load in installation and/or service should be considered as well.

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M AT H E M AT I C A L F O R M U L A S

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M AT H E M AT I C A L F O R M U L A S

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