WDM

BASICS

introduction
Networkgenerations: g First:thosewhichusecopperbasedor microwaves,e.g.Ethernet,satellite,.. microwaves e g Ethernet satellite Second:thoseinwhichcopperisreplacedby fibersuchthatdatatransmissionisperformed fiber such that data transmission is performed inopticaldomain,butdataswitchingisdonein electronicdomain electronic domain Third:WDM, dataswitchingandtransmission doneinopticaldomain d i ti l d i

WhyWDM
Issues
Exponentialincreaseinuserdemandforbandwidth

Solutions
Installmorecables Increasesystembitratetomuxmoresignals WDM:existingelectronicsandfibersused,noneedfor g , upgradeformostcases

Opticalcarriers
Normal:anopticalcarrier(THz)isusedto p g handletrafficatsomeGbpsrates,usingwave modulation Bit rate can be increased with several carrier Bitratecanbeincreasedwithseveralcarrier wavespropagatingwithoutsignificant interactiononthesamecable:WDM(FDM: h bl ( forveryclosefrequencyspacing,0.4nm)

Singlecarrierwavemodulation Single carrier wave modulation

Digitaloranalogsignal Digitaloranalogsignal Modulatedwave( )

MOD DEMD

Opticalcarrier Opticalcarrier p Data:e.g.voiceat20Hz,20kHz Carrier:infraredwaveat192,196THz

MultipleCarriers

WhatisWDM?
WDM(WavelengthDivisionMultiplexing) WDM (Wavelength Division Multiplexing) Useofopticalfiberstoachievehigherspeeds Utilizewavelengthstomultiplexusers Allowcontinuouschannelallocationperuser p Increasestheeffectivebandwidthofexistingfiber Eachchannelcanbeofdifferentrate(STM1,STM4, Each channel can be of different rate (STM 1 STM 4 ..)andindifferentformat(SDH,ATM,...)

WDM:BasicOperation WDM: Basic Operation

tx:couplesignalsfromdifferentsourcesemittedatdifferent wavelengthsintothesamefiber. wavelengths into the same fiber Rx:separatethemtowardsdifferentdetectors(justlikeaprism)
mux demux

. 2

. 2 1

WDM:BasicSystem

WDMcategories WDM categories

WDM twotofourwavelengthsperfiber.Original systemsweredualchannel:1310/1550nm d l h l 1310/1550 systems C CoarseWDM(CWDM) WDM (CWDM) 4~8lambdas/fiber, designedforshorttomedium haulnetworks h l k DenseWDM(DWDM) hundredsoflambdas/fiber Note:MPLSidealprotocolforcontrollingoptical switchesinDWDMnetworks

DWDMimplementations
Unidirectional
allwavelengthstravelinthesamedirectionwithin thefiber;so,afiberperdirection the fiber; so a fiber per direction

Bidirectional
noneedfortwofibers,thewavelengthsaresplit intotwoseparatebands,oneperdirection

Channelspacing Channel spacing

Minimumfrequencyseparationbetweentwo p g differentmultiplexedsignals,or Wavelengthseparation( =C/f) D Dependson d
opticalamplifiersBWand thereceiverabilitytoidentifytwoclose wavelength

ChannelSpacing Channel Spacing

WDMFeatures WDM Features

NoOEOrequired Protocol&BitRateindependence Increasedoverallcapacityatmuchlowercost Currentfiberplantinvestmentcanbeoptimizedbyafactor ofatleast32 Transparency Physicallayerarchitecture supportsbothTDManddata formatssuchasATM,GigabitEthernet,etc. Scalability Utilizeabundanceofdarkfibersinmetropolitanareasand enterprisenetworks

BasicComponents(1) Basic Components (1)

TransmittingSide g Laserswithprecisestablewavelengths Optical Multiplexers OpticalMultiplexers OntheLink Optical fiber Opticalfiber Opticalamplifiers ReceivingSide d Photodetectors OpticalDemultiplexers Opticaladd/dropmultiplexers

Components(2)

Components(3) Components (3)

Mux
simplecouplercombinesallinputsintoone outputfiber

Demux
complex,containsamirrorlikedevicethatworks likeaprism,similartothedatasideofaCD p Separatesdifferentwavelengthsintodifferent angles g

Demux
Eliminatecrosstalkandchannelinterference Couplers fiberwiththeindexofthecorepermanently modified Filters(cascaded) notusedif,noofchannelstoohigh,wavelengths tooclose Gratings simultaneousdiffractionofallwavelengths g Gratingtypes classical arrayed waveguide and fiber classical,arrayedwaveguide,andfiber

Gratings
Groovesobtainedbyadiamondtoolorfiber pp g (g ) coredopping (germanium) Lightdiffracted(orcollected)inawavelength relateddirection related direction Example
IBMMuxmaster,longlinks,20wavelengths ( \ (10\direction),2Gbps each ), p

OptoelectronicAmplifiers O t l t i A lifi
3R
Reshape,Regenerate,andRetime

Weakincominglightconvertedtoavoltage g g g signal,amplified,convertedbacktolight Impractical in high speed core networks Impracticalinhighspeedcorenetworks

EDFA
E bi ErbiumDopedFiberAmplifier D d Fib A lifi Providesaboostincabledistanceandcapacityfor fiberopticnetworks fib ti t k Directlyamplifyopticalsignalsbyinjectinglightinto thefiberviaalightpump th fib i li ht Weaksignalsentertheamplifierandstimulatethe excitederbiumatomsintheerbiumdopedfiberto it d bi t i th bi d d fib t emitmorelight,Gains~30dB Si lt Simultaneouslyboostsignalsofmultiplewavelengths l b t i l f lti l l th inthesamefiber W k i th Workintherange:1500~1600nm 1500~1600

OpticalAmplifier(EDFA)

SDH&WDM SDH & WDM

SDH SDH SDH SDH

SDH

Fiber 1 2 3 4

SDH

SDH WDM WDM

SDH

SDH LinesrateisSTM16

SDH

OpticalNetworkComponents p p
DWDM OWAD opticalwavelengthadddrop no need for SDH/SONET terminals noneedforSDH/SONETterminals Twotypes: fixedandreconfigurable OXC O opticalcrossconnect BWmanagementflexibility g y Opticalsplitter passivedevicereplicatesopticalsignals,foroptical p p p g , p multicasting Opticalgateways smoothtransitionoftraffictotheopticallayer Result:allopticalnetworkconcept