Dual and Tri Band Hybrid Phased Array Systems

Amir I. Zaghloul Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University zaghloul@vt.edu Military Antenna Systems Conference September 21, 2005 Crystal City, Arlington, VA
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Collaborators

C.B. Ravipati Applied EM Inc., Hampton VA M. Kawser Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University

Outline
Introduction Shorted Annular Ring Microstrip antenna Hybrid Microstrip/Waveguide antenna element Dual band antenna Triple band antenna Quad band antenna Array Issues Conclusions
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Introduction
Multiple-band antennas from a single aperture are desirable in several applications (e.g. remote sensing and satellite communications) Separate feeds allow for independent control and simultaneous operation at different bands Polarization schemes can be different at different bands Array operation has scanning limitations at higher bands because of the common aperture Mechanical scanning and reflector feeding are among applications with less operational limitations
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Shorted Annular Ring Patch Antenna SAR patch antenna: - Microstrip ring patch antenna with inner side short circuited - Alternatively viewed as a patch antenna with a thick short circuit cylinder at its center

Feeding SAR Patch Antenna

- Capable of reducing surface wave when designed with specific outer radius

Modes of Surface Wave The cut-off frequencies for different surface wave modes are given by,
fc = nc 4h r 1

h is substrate thickness, r is substrate permittivity n = 1, 3, 5gives TEn modes n = 0, 2, 4gives TMn modes TM0 mode has a zero cut-off frequency and can get excited at any operating frequency Cut-off frequencies of all other modes are too high to get them excited
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Propagation Constant of Surface Wave The radial propagation constant for TM0 mode surface wave, in a lossless substrate is given by:
2 1 1 k0 h k0 1 + r 2 r

TM

If the substrate is electrically thin, k0h is small, giving:

TM k0
0

Modes of SAR Patch The lowest order mode, TM01 produces a conical radiation pattern The next mode, TM11 produces a broadside radiation pattern and gives better gain

J1 ( kb ) Ez = E0 J1 ( k ) Y1 ( k ) cos Y1 ( kb )

J1 ( ka ) Y1 ( kb ) J1 ( kb ) Y1( ka ) = 0
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Surface Wave Reduction in SAR Patch

SAR patch can be designed for reduced surface wave and such a design is called Shorted Annular Ring Reduced Surface Wave (SAR-RSW) microstrip antenna Ordinary circular patch has resonant patch radius smaller than the patch radius for reduced surface wave Ordinary annular ring patch has magnetic current ring at both = a and = b

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SAR-RSW Microstrip Antenna Design Effective outer radius is determined for a given frequency using 1.8412 aRSW = k0 Inner radius, b is determined for the same frequency using

J1 ( ka ) Y1 ( kb ) J1 ( kb ) Y1( ka ) = 0
A correction can be used to take fringing into account and determine actual outer radius, a
aRSW = a 2h 1+ a r a ln + 1.7726 2h
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Surface Wave in SAR-RSW Microstrip Antenna If all modes of surface wave except TM0 have very high cut-off frequency, surface wave is greatly reduced in SAR-RSW microstrip antenna Two minor sources of surface wave still exist when the condition for surface wave reduction is satisfied: The existence of fringing fields at the aperture invalidates the model of magnetic current ring source and surface wave can be excited The feeding mechanism can excite surface wave
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Simulation Using FEKO Resonant frequency - For circular geometry

Jn' (ka ) Yn (kb) Jn ( kb) Yn ' (ka ) = 0

a and b are outer and inner radius
Inner/Outer radius Res. freq. (GHz) from FEKO Res. freq. (GHz) from Equation

0 0.1 r =2.5, h=1.5 mm, a=19.2 mm 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5

2.82 2.87 3.02 3.29 3.68 4.29

2.77 2.82 2.98 3.25 3.66 4.28

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SAR Resonance Frequency Calculations by FEKO

r =1.5, h=1.5 mm, a=24.8 mm Analysis model

r =2.5, h=1.5 mm, a=19.2 mm

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Computed Patterns of SAR Patch Antenna Significant reduction in surface wave excitation achieved
r =2.5, h=1.5 mm, a=19.2 mm

___ 0 ___ 0.3 ___ 0.5

E-plane patterns

H-plane patterns

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Square Geometry of SAR Patch Antenna

dielectric

square shorted patch Calculation of resonant frequency by numerical methods Reduced surface wave excitation?
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Simulation of SAR Patch Square Geometry

r =2.5, h=1.5 mm, a=33 mm

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Radiation Pattern of SAR Patch Square Geometry

r =2.5, h=1.5 mm, a=33 mm E-plane patterns H-plane patterns

___ 0 ___ 0.3 ___ 0.5

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Dual Frequency of SAR Patch Antenna Conical pattern at first frequency and broadside pattern at the second frequency
Inner to outer dimension = 0.35 Square patch width = 11.5 mm Circular patch diameter = 13.4mm

r =2.35, h=1.5 mm

___ square ___ circular

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A Circular Polarization Configuration for SAR Patch Antenna

r =2.5, h=1.5 mm, a=33 mm, notch=2.2mm 3dB AR bandwidth ~ 0.8%

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Dual-Band SAR Patch Antenna by Goto

Upper patch is a conventional circular patch antenna Lower patch is a shorted ring patch antenna
Tx 1.64 GHz

Rx 1.54 GHz

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Dual-Band SAR Patch Antenna by Arai

VICS feed for 2.5 GHz TM01 mode

GPS feed for 1.5 GHz TM11 mode

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Hybrid Dual-Band Antenna

Proposed configuration flexible upper to lower frequency ratio

Circular Square
dielectric

feed w/g
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Hybrid Dual-Band Antenna Design Parameters Dual-band antenna - Circular Substrate parameters: r = 2.2, h = 2.54 mm

SAR patch antenna dimensions: a = 27.8 mm, b = 13.9 mm Resonant freq. ~ 3.0 GHz Circular waveguide radiator: Radius = 13.9 mm TE11 Cut-off freq. ~ 6.3 GHz

Dual-band antenna - Square Substrate parameters: r = 2.2, h = 2.54 mm

SAR patch antenna dimensions: a = 47.0 mm, b = 23.5 mm Resonant freq. ~ 3.0 GHz Square waveguide radiator: width = 23.5 mm TE11 Cut-off freq. ~ 6.38 GHz

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Hybrid Dual-Band Antenna Simulation

HFSS Model

FEKO Model

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Return Loss Results

Feed position determined using FEKO did not give perfect critical coupling for HFSS

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Lower Band Radiation Patterns E-Plane H-Plane

Maximum Gain, 8.8 dB HPBW: E-Plane 54o, H-Plane 64o

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Higher Band Radiation Patterns H-Plane

E-Plane

Maximum Gain, 9.6 dB HPBW: E-Plane 40o, H-Plane 48o

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Port-to-Port Isolation

Lower Band

Higher Band
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Dielectric Loading of Waveguide

Waveguide element operating frequency can be changed with dielectric loading If 4.2 GHz is the required higher frequency of operation, the waveguide can be loaded with a dielectric material of relative permittivity = 3.0 The dominant mode, TE11 has cut-off frequency of 3.65 GHz Assuming a margin of about 16% from 3.65 GHz, the higher band frequency can be around 4.2 GHz

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Results of Dielectric Loading of Waveguide E-Plane H-Plane

Maximum Gain, 6.7 dB HPBW: E-Plane 128o, H-Plane 80o

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Dual Fed Circularly Polarized Patch

HFSS Model

FEKO Model
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Return Loss and Axial Ratio on Boresight for Dual Fed Circularly Polarized Patch

Axial ratio bandwidth is larger than impedance bandwidth

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Quad Fed Circularly Polarized Patch

HFSS Model

FEKO Model
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Return Loss and Axial Ratio on Boresight for Quad Fed Circularly Polarized Patch

Axial ratio bandwidth is larger than impedance bandwidth

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Radiation Patterns for Quad Fed Circularly Polarized Patch

= 0o Plane HPBW, 60o

= 90o Plane HPBW, 60o

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Hybrid Tri-Band Element

EM Analysis Model

Configuration

dielectric

shorted patch antenna

coaxial w/g feed

circular w/g feed

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Design Data for Triple-Band Antenna

Substrate parameters: r = 2.2, h = 2.54 mm SAR patch antenna dimensions: a = 27.8 mm, b = 13.9 mm Resonant freq. F1 ~ 3.0 GHz Coaxial waveguide: outer radius = 13.9 mm; inner radius = 6.9 mm TE11 cut-off freq. ~ 4.6 GHz Operating freq. F2 ~ 5.0 GHz Circular waveguide radius = 6.9 mm TE11 cut-off freq. ~ 12.7 GHz Operating freq. F3 ~ 14.0 GHz

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Return Loss and Isolation at Lowest Frequency Band

Return loss

Isolation

___ port 1/2, ___ port 1/3

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Radiation Patterns at Lowest Frequency

Patterns at 3.0 GHz

Directivity = 5.6 dB H-plane beam width = 54 E-plane beam width = 62

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Radiation Patterns and Isolation at Middle Frequency Band

Patterns at 5.0 GHz

Isolation

___ port 2/1, ___ port 2/3

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Radiation Patterns and Isolation at Highest Frequency Band

Patterns at 14.0 GHz

Isolation

___ port 3/2

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Triple-Band Antenna with Recessed Center Waveguide

Patterns at 14.0 GHz

Recessed center waveguide

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Triple-Band Antenna with Dielectric Loaded Waveguide

Dielectric loading

MoM Analysis at 14 GHz Finite ground plane and finite dielectric No. of unknowns ~ 25000 Computationally intensive!!
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A Configuration for a Hybrid Quad Band Antenna

Four-Frequency Antenna

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Dual Band Array

Feed probes Feed networks for upper and lower frequencies

Dual Band Array and Feed Networks

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Issues in Array Design Independent and simultaneous operation at different frequency bands Separate feed networks reduce bandwidth requirements in electronic components at different bands Element spacing: highest frequency vs. lowest frequency May limit scanning at higher frequencies Mechanical scanning for boresight operation Intermodulation may be an issue under certain frequency band scenarios
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Non-Array Applications

Single element Reflector feed: Simultaneous at different bands Scanning not independent Possible non-optimum taper on reflector surface at different frequencies

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Conclusions A hybrid antenna consisting of microstrip and waveguide radiators produces multiple band operation Design is simulated using full-wave analysis showing radiation patterns, isolation, return loss and axial ratio Design shows flexibility in frequency band selection Multiple band operation is simultaneous and independent Independent linear and circular polarizations at different bands with good axial ratios are doable Next steps: hardware implementation and complete array analysis

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