Level J Social Studies Ancient Civilizations

Chapter 6 The Ancient Greeks: Heroes and Philosophers Term 1 Week 1

1. NOT TESTED AS ANSWER IS NOT IN NEW EDITION TEXTBOOK Know how the geography of the Greece encouraged the development of independent city-states The geography of Greece encouraged the development of independent city-states because the population was divided by the mountains on the mainland and by the sea.

2. NOT TESTED AS ANSWER IS NOT IN NEW EDITION What is the area and population of a TEXTBOOK typical polis? A typical polis (city-state) had an area of around 160 km sq. and a population of 5,000 10,000. Which earlier civilization most influence Greek development and how? 3. The earlier civilization of the Minoans most influenced the Greeks by trade, fishing, farming, artifacts and writing. Know when the Dorians invaded Greece and ended the Mycenean civilization and why the subsequent two centuries are known as the Greek Dark Ages The Dorians invaded Greece in around 1250 BCE. The next two centuries were known as The Greek Dark Ages because the achievements of the Myceneans were partly lost. 4. What were the main areas of Greek colonization by c. 700 BCE? 5. The main areas Greece colonized by 700 BCE were southern Italy and on the coast of Western Asia, around the Mediterranean Sea. Know how the Greeks developed the Phoenician alphabet 6. The Greeks developed the Phoenician alphabet by adding letters representing vowel sounds. What is the Greek name for Asia Minor? 7. The Greek name for Asia Minor was Ionia. 8. Who are Zeus, Poseidon, Pluto, Aphrodite, Athena, Apollo, Artemis and Ares?

Greek gods Zeus king of the gods Poseidon god of the ocean Pluto god of the underworld Aphrodite goddess of love Athena goddess of wisdom Apollo god of art and of the sun Artemis goddess of hunting and the moon Ares god of war

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Who was Demeter and how did the Greeks explain the changing of the seasons? 9. Demeter was the goddess of plants and the harvest, making fruits and crops ripen. The Greeks explained the changing of the seasons as depending on when Demeters daughter returned to her from the underworld. What is an oracle? 10. An oracle is a message transmitted through the priests or priestess at a holy place.

Who were Homer and Hesiod and what were their major works? 11. Homer and Hesiod were poets. Homer lived around the mid 8th century and Hesiod around 700 BCE. Homers major works were The Iliad and The Odyssey. Hesiods were The Theonogy and Works and Days. Why did the Greeks hold sporting competitions to honour the gods? 12. The Greeks held sporting competitions to honor the gods because the Greeks saw strength, speed and sporting skills as a celebration of the power of the gods on earth, and believed that victory was a sign of their favor. 13. What is the name of the Greek goddess of victory? The Greek goddess of victory was called Nike. Know the most important games, where they were held and the reason for their name 14. The most important games were the Olympics. They were held at Olympia, named after Mount Olympus. What happened before the Olympic Games? 15. Before the Olympic games any wars were suspended to allow athletes from all over the Greek world to compete. What was the purpose of the gymnasion? 16. The purpose of a gymnasion was to train athletes for the different sports and teach philosophy, literature and music. What was the most important Doric state? 17. The most important Doric state was Sparta in the mountains of south west Greece. Why were Spartas soldiers particularly important? 18. Spartas soldiers were particularly important because they were needed to control the slave population, who vastly outnumbered the Spartan population. What is the definition of oligarchy? 19. Oligarchy is a system of government where a small group rules. How were children educated in Sparta? 20. At 7 years old, each male child was sent away from his family to military school, taught fighting skills, toughness and endurance by living in communal barracks until 30. Girls were taught gymnastics and their duties to Sparta by the state. SABIS Proprietary

Why did Sparta encourage a simple life? 21. Sparta encouraged a simple life to prevent jealousy and division and encourage loyalty. Know the characteristics that encouraged Athens to become a trading city 22. Athens was encouraged to become a trading city because it was situated on the coast. More importantly though, Athens produced some goods and had valuable silver mines, they needed to import timber for building ships and other sources of food since trees and grain grew poorly. What was the Athenian system of government? 23. The Athenian system of government was demokratia or democracy. Who were the politicians who encouraged the introduction of democracy to Athens? 24. Two politicians who encouraged the introduction of democracy in Athens were Cleisthenes and Pericles. What were the qualifications for citizenship in Athens? 25. To qualify for citizenship in Athens, both parents had to be Athenian. What were the characteristics of the Athenian system of democracy? 26. Male citizens had the right to vote and speak at the Assembly which met every 10 days. Assembly passed laws and decided on war or peace. A lottery was held to choose citizens to fill positions. Juries of several hundred people judged those accused of crimes. 27. Know the definitions of legislature, executive and judiciary Legislature makes the laws Executive carries out the decisions of the Legislature and runs the government Judiciary judges anyone accused of breaking the law 28. Know who could not take part in Athenian politics and the approximate proportion of male citizens to total population. Foreigners, women and slaves could not take part in Athenian politics. Approximately 10% of the Athenian population was male. 29. Know the rights of women Under male control, could not own property, rarely allowed out. Athenian women had some rights but they did not often take part in politics. Girls did not go to school and most stayed at home 30. Know the proportion of the Athenian population that was slaves One third (1/3) of the Athenian population were slaves. What was the significance of slave-ownership for the development of Athenian society? 31. Due to slaves, life was more enjoyable and productive for the citys citizens. They had more time to devote to creativity, scholarship and politics, thus enabling art and philosophy to flourish in Athens. What was the name of the group of states allied with Sparta? 32. The group of states who allied with Sparta was called the Peloponnesian League. Why was the Persian Empire a threat to Greece by c. 500 BCE? 33. The Persian Empire was a threat to Greece by 500 BCE because it wanted to conquer Greece and Greek cities in Ionia. Darius crossed the Hellespont to conquer Thrace and Macedonia.

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Which Persian king invaded mainland Greece? When and why? 34. Darius, the Persian king, invaded the Greek mainland in 490 BCE to punish the Greeks for their rebellion in Ionia. Which Greek states allied to fight the Persian invasion? 35. The Greek states of Athens, Plataea and Sparta allied to fight the Persians. Why were the Spartan troops too late to fight the Persians? 36. Spartan troops were too late to fight the Persians because they were celebrating a religious festival. 37. What was the name of the battle at which the Greeks defeated the Persians? The Greeks defeated the Persians at the Battle of Marathon. What is the definition of hoplite and phalanx? 38. A Hoplite was the name for a Greek foot soldier. Hoplites fought in an organized formation called a phalanx. This was a long block of soldiers about eight men deep that charged into the enemy. Why did the Persians invade Greece again in 480 BCE? 39. The Persians invaded Greece again in 480 BCE because it was crucial for the Persians to punish the Greeks for their resistance. What are the courses of the battles of the war? 40. First, the Battle of Thermopylae took place, where the Persians defeated the Greeks on land. Second, was the Battle of Salamis, where the Greek Fleet defeated the Persian Fleet. Who was Leonidas and how did he die? 41. Leonidas was a Spartan General. He died in an outnumbered fight at the Battle of Thermopylae. Know what the Spartans and other southern Greeks wanted to do after Athens was destroyed 42. After Athens was destroyed, the Spartans and other southern Greeks wanted to retreat to the narrow isthmus of Corinth. Who was the Athenian general at the Battle of Salamis and how did he defeat the Persians? 43. Themistocles was the Athenian General at the Battle of Salamis. He defeated the Persians by leading them into a small strip of water and attacking the small groups of Persian ships that came through. What were the Acropolis and the Parthenon and when they were built? 44. The Acropolis was a complex of buildings on the highest part of the city. The Parthenon was a temple to Athena. They were built after the Persian King Xerxes had destroyed Athens. Know how the Athenians made the pillars of the Parthenon appear straight from the ground 45. The Athenians made the pillars of the Parthenon appear straight from the ground by making them slightly bulge in the middle. Who was Thales of Miletus and how did he change Greek thinking about nature? 46. Thales of Miletus was the first Greek Philosopher. He changed Greek thinking about nature by using reason and rejected myths about gods. SABIS Proprietary

What was the origin of the word philosophy? 47. The word Philosophy comes from two Greek words, philos meaning love and sophos meaning knowledge. From which societies did the Greeks inherit some scientific and mathematical knowledge? 48. The Greeks inherited some scientific and mathematical knowledge from Egyptian and Babylonian societies. 49. Know who Hippocrates, Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, Herodotus, Thucydides, Aeschylus, Sophocles, Aristophanes and Euripides were, and their achievements Hippocrates extended scientific thinking to medicine, Socrates, Plato and Aristotle were Philosophers. Herodotus and Thucydides were Historians, Aeschylus, Sophocles, Aristophanes and Euripides were playwrights. See page 67 for achievements What was the origin of the word history? 50. History comes from Historia, the title of Herodotus book, which means inquiries or questioning. Know the form of traditional Greek theatre 51. The form of traditional Greek theatre featured one actor and a chorus or group of supporting actors. Plays were tragedies or comedies with the main actor playing different characters. What was the Delian League and when it was founded? 52. The Delian League was an Alliance between Athens and its allies in the north and west. It was founded in 478 BCE. How did Athens come to dominate the Delian League? 53. Athens came to dominate the Delian League because they began to control more decisions of the league. They later moved the treasury to Athens. 54. Why did the Peloponnesian War break out between Athens and Sparta and when? The Peloponnesian War broke out between Athens and Sparta in 431 BCE because: - Athens besieged a colony of Corinth, a Spartan Ally. - Athens ordered that no other city should trade with Megara. - Sparta watched the growth of Athenian power with alarm. Why did the war last so long? 55. The war lasted so long because the Spartans had a strong army and the Athenians had a strong navy. How did the Spartans win in the end and when? 56. The Spartans won in the end when the Athenian fleet was defeated and Athens was blockaded. In 404 BCE Athens surrendered because it was starving. Why was King Philip II of Macedonia significant? 57. King Philip II of Macedonia was significant because he developed a new Macedonian Army with a cavalry; he captured many of the cities of central Greece and defeated a united Athenian and Thebian army in 338 BCE.

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When did King Philip II die and who succeeded him? 58. When Philip II died in 336 BCE, his son, Alexander III, better known as Alexander the Great, succeeded him. 59. What were the route of Alexanders conquests and the main battles he fought? In 334, Alexander planned to invade Persia. - He crossed into Asia Minor and defeated the Persian Army on the Granicus River. - Marched south and liberated many Greeks cities. - Alexander defeated another Persian Army at the Battle of Issus. - Marched south and captured Tyre and Gaza. - In 332 BCE reached Egypt and conquered Egypt Alexander proclaimed Pharaoh. - Marched East into Persia and defeated Darius at Gaugamela. - Marched further east and defeated smaller kingdoms. - Defeated King Porus at the Hydaspes River. 60. Who was the Persian king that Alexander defeated? The Persian King Alexander defeated was Darius III. Know what Alexanders army did at Persepolis and why? 61. At Persepolis, Alexanders army burnt down the royal palaces in revenge for the burning of Athens by Xerxes. 62. When, where and why did Alexander turn back from his eastward march? In 326 BCE, by the river Hyphasis, Alexanders troops mutinied. Know why Alexanders army began to resent him? 63. Alexanders army began to resent him because: - He became arrogant and quarrelsome - He began to adopt some new traditions of Persian Kingship - He forced his commanders to marry local women - He increased his army by adding Persian troops When did Alexander die and how old was he? 64. Alexander died at Babylon in 323 BCE. He was 32 years old. What happened to Alexanders empire when he died? 65. When Alexander died his son was only a baby and therefore too young to succeed his father. The leading generals fought among themselves and the empire soon split up. Know the three main states that had emerged by about 280 BCE 66. The three main states that emerged by about 280 BCE were Macedonia-Greece, Egypt and Mesopotamia-Persia. What does Hellenised mean? 67. Hellenised means to be influenced by Greek language, culture and beliefs.

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CHAPTER 7 ANCIENT ROME and its EMPIRE

What were the geographical advantages of Italy and Rome? 1. The geographical advantages of Italy and Rome were: - Protected by the Alps in the north. - Close to good quality agricultural land in Sicily. - Perfectly located to reach all round the Mediterranean. Know who the legendary founder of Rome and how he survived abandonment at birth 2. Romulus was the founder of Rome. He was abandoned at birth but survived by suckling from a she-wolf. Later, a shepherd then found him. What was the traditional date of the founding of Rome and why was it probably false? 3. The traditional date of the founding of Rome is 753 BCE. However, archaeological evidence shows that there were people living on the site much earlier. Which peoples influenced the early development of Rome and how? 4. Different peoples influenced the development of Rome: - The Greeks, from their colonies in Southern Italy and Sicily, influenced Roman religion and culture. - The Etruscans, from the north, influenced Roman culture and technology. What was Romes early form of government and what was the traditional date of when it changed to a republic? Romes early form of government was a Kingdom (ruled by Kings). It changed to a republic in the late 6th Century BCE. 5. What were the main social divisions in Roman society? 6. The main social division in Roman society was between the Patricians (the wealthy) and the Plebeians (the poor). What were the main institutions of the Roman Republic and what were their functions? 7. The main institutions in Rome were: - The Centuriate Assembly Each Century (army unit 100 men) voted together on law related issues. - The Tribal Assembly Organized into geographical districts of the city. Any citizen could vote on domestic issues. - The Senate Council of the Patricians that discussed all the important issues facing the city. 8. Know the meanings of patron and client and the relationship between the two Patron means defender or protector and client means dependant. The patron would help his clients financially, for example, and the client would serve the patron in whatever way he needed. What was the effect of the patronage on Roman democracy? 9. The effect of patronage on Roman democracy meant that the Republic was often controlled by the wealthiest at the very top of a pyramid of patrons. Know the status of the paterfamilias 10. The paterfamilias (the head of the household) had legal power over everyone and everything in it.

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Know the status of Roman women 11. Roman women were legally controlled by their paterfamilias or by their husband after marriage. However, they were not segregated from male life. Some became powerful through influencing their husbands and sons.

What happened to the Roman state regarding its expansion in the two and a half centuries after the beginning of the Republic? After the beginning of the Republic, the Roman state expanded from ruling an area of about 800km sq to controlling nearly the entire Italian peninsula 250 years later in 509 BCE. 12. Know the three factors that contributed to Roman expansion 13. Three factors that contributed to the Roman expansion are: - The need for security - To feed the growing citys population - War and conquest was a source of glory and a road to political power in Rome itself for the patricians. Know the significance of the result of the rebellion of the Latin League in 340 BCE 14. The rebellion of the Latin league in 340 BCE was significant because Rome defeated the other Latin states. However, instead of punishing them, they were given the rights of Roman citizens, except the vote, as their land was absorbed into an enlarged and more powerful Roman state. Know how the Romans supplemented the policy of integration during the conquest of Italy 15. The Romans supplemented the policy of integration during the conquest of Italy by establishing colonies throughout Italy in dangerous areas where only Romans and loyal Latins were allowed to settle. They helped the Roman Army. What is the meaning of Pyrrhic victory? 16. A Pyrrhic victory means an apparent victory that turns out to be a defeat as the winner suffers such great loss. What was the cause of war between Rome and Carthage? 17. The cause of the war between Roman and Carthage was the island of Sicily. Each thought that if the other controlled it, they would be a powerful threat. Know the result of the First Punic War and when it took place 18. The First Punic war took place in Sicily. The Roman and Carthaginian armies first met in 264 BCE. Twenty years later the Carthaginians were defeated. Who was Hannibal and how did he surprise the Romans during the Second Punic War? 19. Hannibal was a Carthaginian General. He surprised the Romans during the Second Punic War when he launched an attack on Italy from the North. How did the Romans defeat Hannibals invasion? 20. The Romans defeated Hannibals invasion by: - Not attacking him in open battle and burning crops and farms to stop the Carthaginians getting food. - Attacking Carthaginian lands in Spain to isolate Hannibal and stop him getting reinforcements. Hannibal returned to Carthage but was defeated at Zama in 202 BCE.

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21. When was Carthage destroyed? Carthage was destroyed in 146 BCE. What was the extent of Roman power by 44 BCE? 22. By 44 BCE, Rome controlled the entire Mediterranean coast except in the north west of Africa and in Egypt. List Three reasons for Roman military success. 23. - Large numbers of soldiers - Motivation - Roman tactics and technology e.g. attacked in smaller groups, javelins, and pontoon bridge. Why did the growth of Roman power help destabilize the state? 24. The growth of Roman power helped de-stabilize the state because: - The political system of the republic did not seem practical for dealing with the challenges of the new situation. - The political balance between the patricians and the plebeians was undermined. What was the significance of the murder of Tiberius Gracchus in 133 BCE? 25. The murder of Tiberius Gracchus in 133 BCE was significant because this was the first time the guaranteed safety of the tribunes had been ignored, an indication of the seriousness of Romes problems. 26. Who were the three Roman Generals who made up the Triumvirate? Julius Caesar, Pompey and Crassus. What was the significance of Caesars crossing of the Rubicon river? 27. Caesars crossing of the Rubicon River was significant because he broke the law that no governor should lead his army outside the province he ruled. Why was Caesar assassinated after he won the civil war? 28. Caesar was assassinated after he won the civil war because the senators feared that Caesar wanted to make himself king and end the republic altogether. What happened after the assassination of Caesar? 29. Rome went back into Civil War for 13 years. How did Octavian resolve the conflicts of the civil war? 30. Octavian resolved the conflicts of the civil war by restoring the republic. He refused the title of dictator and instead called himself first citizen. What were the important reforms made by Augustus (Octavian)? 31. The Reforms of Augustus: He divided provinces of the empire into two categories. The frontier provinces, where the largest armies were needed for defense, and fertile Egypt was kept under his direct control. He reduced the size of army, reducing the number of legions from over 60 to 28, or around 140,000 men. He purged the Senate of members who supported the Republic or who had contributed to instability during the civil wars. He created a special regiment of the army called the Praetorian Guard that always stayed in Rome to protect the emperor. He created a new civil service to run the empire more efficiently and supervise, for example, the grain supplies, the water supplies, and the building of roads. SABIS Proprietary

Why did Titus and Domitian become unpopular? 32. Titus and Domitian became unpopular because they imprisoned people without reason confiscated the land of people they disliked and ignored the Senate whenever possible, thus undermining the careful balance created under Augustus. Know the achievements of Trajan and Hadrian and when they ruled 33. Trajan ruled 98-117 CE. He was the first emperor from outside Italy (Spain). He extended the borders of the Empire to their greatest extent. Hadrians (117-138 CE) achievement was to secure the borders of the empire by building permanent fortifications along them. 34. What does Pax Romana means? Pax Romana means the Roman Peace. What were the economic benefits of the empire? 35. The economic benefits of the empire were that merchants could trade anywhere in the empire and use Roman currency. The improved roads made travelling easier. What were the technological advances introduced by the Romans? 36. The technological advances introduced by the Romans were: - The invention of concrete. - Improved the arch and used it to build the first stone bridges. - Built sewers and aqueducts which enabled more reliable water supplies. - Invented central heating. Know the aspects of Roman culture that people in the empire began to adopt 37. People began to adopt aspects of Roman culture like watching gladiators fights, wearing togas and having mosaics in their houses. 38. Know why the Latin language spread through the empire, how its effects are still seen today, and where Latin was most important. The Latin language spread through the empire because it was the language of government and law. Its effects are still seen today in countries like France, Spain, Romania, Portugal and Italy where Latin based languages are spoken. Latin was least important in Greece and the Asian and African parts of the Empire. What was the Roman attitude to other religions? 39. The Roman attitude to other religions was one of tolerance. They generally avoided trying to impose Roman religion on the people they conquered. What were the problems faced by Hadrians successors? 40. The problems faced by Hadrians successors were attacks from the Germanic tribes. How was Septimius Severus rule significant? 41. Septimius Severus rule was significant because it showed that Italy had become only part of the empire and was no longer the dominant region.

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Why did military reforms to defend the empire create problems? 42. Military reform to defend the empire created problems because Septimius Severus had to raise taxes, and maintaining the army was also expensive. When did Diocletian rule and how did he restore stability to the empire? 43. Diocletian ruled from 284-305 CE. He restored stability to the empire because he introduced a system known as tetrachy, meaning rule of four.

What were the weaknesses of Diocletians reforms? 44. The weaknesses of Diocletians reforms were taxes needed to be raised and the senate was abandoned. When did Constantine rule and how did he increase the divisions between the eastern and western parts of the empire? Constantine ruled from 306-377 CE. He increased the divisions between the eastern and western parts of the empire by creating a second capital to act as a center for imperial rule in the East. 45. What was Constantines policy towards the Germanic tribes threatening the empire from eastern Europe? Constantines policy towards the Germanic tribes threatening the empire from Eastern Europe was to recruit them into the army to reduce the danger. 46. Why did the Visigoths want to settle within the empire and why did they rebel in 378 CE? 47. The Visigoths wanted to settle within the empire because they were afraid of being attacked by the Huns. They rebelled in 378 CE because they were treated badly by the local imperial officials. Why did the Visigoths attack Rome in 410 CE and what were the effects of the eventual settlement they made with the government? The Visigoths attacked Rome in 410 CE because they were not content with their new status and demanded better lands and conditions from the government. 48. What was the traditional date given for the end of the Roman empire and why? 49. The traditional date given for the end of the Roman Empire is 476 CE because it is when Romulus, the last Roman Emperor in the west, was defeated. Know how life changed in western Europe after 476 CE and how it stayed the same. 50. Life changed in Western Europe after 476 CE because the Empire was over. However, it also stayed the same because Roman style Law and Latin was still used. Culture and systems of government remained the same. What was the name given to the Eastern Roman Empire after the fall of Rome? 51. The name given to the Eastern Roman Empire after the fall of Rome was the Byzantine Empire.

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