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Section 7.1
x 2 ln x with 60. (a) T 79.961(0.9273)t
NINT(x 2 ln x) with
(b) Solving T(t) 40 graphically, we obtain t 9.2 sec. The temperature will reach 40 after about 9.2 seconds. (c) When the probe was removed, the temperature was about T(0) 79.96 C. 61.
v0m k (0.86)(30.84) k
11.345
It will take about 11.3 years. (b) 20,000 2 ln 2 t 10,000e e 0.063t 0.063t
ln 2 0.063
0.063t
(1
e e e
(k/m)t
) )
0.97(1 0.97(1
(27.343/30.84)t 0.8866t
11.002
u(t) dt
0 x
u(x) u(x)
[0, 3] by [0,1]
u(t) dt
3
(b) C
f (x)
x
g(x)
x
u(t) dt
0 x 3 3
u(t) dt u(t) dt
x
u(t) dt
0 3
u(t) dt
0
59. (a) y
Revisiting Example 2
8 1)
2
dt C
t3 3
8 t 1
9C 1.
(b) The carrying capacity is about 56.0716 million people. (c) Use NDER twice to solve y 0. The solution is x 86.52, representing (approximately) the year 1887. The population at this time was approximately P(86.52) 28.0 million people.
289
7. , 0, or
2
0 when x 1,
x x2 1
. Test one 1;
for x
1,
x x2 1
3 , sin 2x 4 4
1 . The 2
, sin 2x
1; for x
, sin 2x
1; and for
2
3 , sin 2x 4 2
, 0,
x2 x2
5 0
. The graph is 8.
+ 0
2 2
f (x) x
2 4
0 when x
x
x2 x2 x2 x2 x2 x2 2 4 2 4 2 4
2. x 2
3x
(x
1)(x
2)
0 when x 0, x 2 3,
1 or 2. Test 3x 2 2;
3 2 ,x 2
3x
1 ; and for x 4
17 x2 2 ; for x 1.9, 2 4.13; for x 0, 9 x 4 2 1 x 2 5 ; for x 1.9, 2 4.13; and for x , 2 x 4 2 17 . The function changes sign at 2, 2, 2 9
3x
The graph is
+ 2 1 2 + 4 f (x) x
3 2 2
9. sec (1 x x 0.9633
sin2 x)
1 cos (1 cos x )
is undefined when
3. x 2 2x 3 0 has no real solutions, since b 2 4ac ( 2)2 4(1)(3) 8 0. The function is always positive. The graph is
+ 4 2 f (x) x
k or 2.1783 1 sin2 0) 1
0: sec (1
Test for x
1: sec (1
4. 2x 3
3x 2
(x
1)2(2x
k or 2.1783
k , where k is an
1 3x 2
4; for x 1
0, 2x 3
3x 2
f (x) x
1 . The graph is 2
2 1 2 + 1 + 2 f (x) x
1 x
0 when x
0.15, sin
1 x
1 x
0.2,
1 1 , and . 3 2
sin
0 when x
The graph is
0.1 1
3
, ,
+
1 2
; for x
, x cos 2x
; for x
f (x) x 0.2
; and for x
4
4, x cos 2x ,
0.58. The
3 4
5 4 4
is
290
Section 7.1
4. (a) Right when 0, i.e., 0, v(t) 6t 2 18t t t 2) 12 6(t 1)(t 2) 1)(t 0, 2) 0,
1, or 2. 12) dt
(b) Displacement
0
(6t 2
2 0
18t [(16
5 cos t dt
0 2
5 sin t
0
5[sin 2
sin 0]
2t 3 (c) Distance
9t 2
2
36
24)
0]
(c) Distance
/2 0 0
5 cos t dt
3 /2 2
12 dt
2 1
5 cos t dt
/2
5 cos t dt
3 /2
5 cos t dt
(6t 2 1
18t 6
( 6t2
18t
12) dt
10
0,
0 and t
2
0, i.e., when 0
2 . Left t 0, or
t
3
0, i.e., when t
when sin t t
0, i.e., when
or
.
/2
(b) Displacement
0
6 sin 3t dt cos 0
/2
1 cos 3t 3
/2 0
0 or cos t
3 2
(b) Displacement
0
5 sin2 t cos t dt
1 sin3 t 3
2 0
5[0 6 sin 3t dt
/2
0]
2
0 5 sin2 t cos t dt
3 /2 /2
6 sin 3t dt
/3
6 sin 3t dt 49 9.8t
6 t 5.
(c) Distance
/2 0 0
5 sin2 t cos t dt
2 3 /2
5 sin2 t cos t dt
9.8t
5 sin2 t cos t dt
5 3 20 3
Stopped when 49
10
5 3
10 3
(b) Displacement
0
(49
10
9.8t) dt 10) 0] 0
0, which is when 4 4
0, i.e., t cannot be 4.
4 0
4.9t 2
10
49[(10
0
0, i.e., when t
2 (4 3
49
0
9.8t dt
10
4
16 3
t)3/2
(49
0
9.8t) dt
5
122.5
122.5
245
2 [0 3
8]
4
(c) Distance
0
t dt
16 3
Section 7.1
7. (a) Right when v(t) i.e., when 0 cos t cos t t 0, which is when cos t
3 or 2 2 2
291
0,
32 dt
32t
C1, where
2 . Left when
0, i.e., when
0, i.e., when t
2
3 . Stopped when 2 3 or . 2 2
90 90t 0: 45)
(b) Displacement
0
e 0
sin t
cos t dt
sin t
2 0
16t2
[e
e ]
2
90t 0 or t
(c) Distance
3 /2 /2 0
esin t cos t dt
2 0 3 /2
/2
esin t cos t dt
when t
5.625 sec.
e sin t cos t dt 1) e
1 e
e sin t cos t dt 1
1 e
(e
2e
4.7
ending height,
8. (a) Right when v(t) 0, which is when 0 t 3. Left: never, since v(t) is never negative. Stopped when t 0.
3
(b) Displacement
0
t 1 t
2
dt
1 ln (1 2
t 2)
3 0
1 [ln (10) 2
3
ln (1)]
t 1 t2
ln 10 2 ln 10 2
3/2
1.15 1.15 0,
16
5.625 2 2
5.625 2 5.625 90 2
(c) Distance
0
dt 2t
2(Max. Height)
c
a(t) dt
v(t) dt
0 c
4 4
63 mph.
v(t) dt
a
14. At t At t At t 15. At t
a, s b, s c, s
s(0)
0 b
v(t) dt v(t) dt
0 c
s(0) s(0)
0
v(t) dt
a, where
344.52 ft.
4
upward). (t
0
2) sin t dt
4 0
c, where
2 cos t 2 cos 4)
4 cos 4
1 2 Distance
2, positive
t (t
2
Distance
(t
4
18. (a) Positive and negative velocities cancel: the sum of signed areas is zero. Starts and ends at x 2. (b) Distance meters Sum of positive areas 4(1 1) 4
[(2
sin 2) (
sin 4 sin 4 2
2)] 1.91411 m.
2 cos 4
292
Section 7.1
7
2
0
v(t) dt
1 (1)(2) 2 1 (2)(2) 2 1 (1)(2) 2 1 (2)(1) 2
1(2)
25. (Answers may vary.) Plot the speeds vs. time. Connect the points and find the area under the line graph. The definite integral also gives the area under the curve. 26. (a) Sum of numbers in Sales column 797.5 thousand (b) Enter the table in a graphing calculator and use QuadReg: B(x) 1.6x 2 2.3x 5.0.
11
5; ends at x
7
5. (c)
1 1 (1)(2) (1)(2) 2 2 1 (2)(1) 2
(1.6x 2
1.6 3 x 3
2.3x
2.3 2 x 2
5.0) dx
11
(b)
0
v(t) dt
1(2)
1 (2)(2) 2
5.0x
0
904.02 thousand (d) The answer in (a) corresponds to the area of left hand rectangles. These rectangles lie under the curve B(x). The answer in (c) corresponds to the area under the curve. This area is greater than the area of rectangles.
10.5
7 meters
10
2
0
v(t) dt (3)(3)
1 (1)(3) 2
27. (a)
0.5
(1.6x 2
2.3x
2.3 2 x 2
5.0) dx
10.5
1.6 3 x 3
5.0x
0.5
798.97 thousand
2.5.
10
v(t) dt
1 (1)(3) 2
(b) The answer in (a) corresponds to the area of midpoint rectangles. The curve now gives a better approximation since part of each rectangle is above the curve and part is below. 3(3)
1 (1)(3) 2
10
1 (2 2
3)
1 (3)(3) 2
19.5 meters
10
21.
0
27.08 e
t/25
dt
27.08 25e
t/25
27.08[25e
0
0.4
25]
2n 18 8 [120 2(10)
f (x0)
i 1
2 f (xi)
2(110) 2(120)
22.
0
3.9 93.6
3.9t
28.8
t cos 12
24 0
r)
r, Length
2 r: Area
k(3), so k 18N
9
2 and F(x)
9
2x.
2(9) F(x) dx
2x dx
0
x2
81 N cm
0
(d)
0
10,000(2 20,000
80,000 3
20,000
0
(2r 4
8 3
kx; 10,000
d
k(1), so k
1 2 kx 2
d 0
10,000.
1 2 kd 2 1 (10,000)(0.5)2 2
20,000
0
kx dx
0
5000
r 2)
in. sec
(2 r) r in2 16
0
in3 sec
W 31.
5000
1250 2(0.04)
(c)
0
8(10 16 396
r2)(2 r) dr 5r 2
in3 sec 1 4 r 4
3
(10r 45
81 4
r 3) dr 0
2(0.04) 2(0.06)
2(0.04) 2(0.06)
16
0
1244.07
in3 sec
Section 7.2
(12 0) [3.6 2(12)
293
32.
2(2.8) 2(3.2)
2(2.8) 2(3.4)
2(3.2) 2(3.4)
40 thousandths or 0.040
A Family of Butterflies
33. (a) x
My M
mkxk . Taking dm mk
x dm
(2 2x 2
2 sin x) dx 2 cos x
0
dA 0, k
yields
dm
For k
/2
2: 2 sin 2x)
/2
(b) y
My M
mky . Taking dm mk
y dm
[(4
0 /2
(2 sin 2x)] dx
dA as mk and letting
(4
0
4 sin 2x) dx 2
0
4x dA 0, k yields .
dm
2 cos 2x
4 3 will continue to be
34. By symmetry, x
y dm y
3. Ak
[(2k
0 /k
k sin kx)
k sin kx] dx
(2k
0
y
dm
4
dA
y(2
0 4
y) dy y dy
4 0
2
0
Ak
(2k
0 /k
2 y 5/2 2 12 5
2 5
(2
0
2 3/2 4 y 3 0
(2
0
4. 2
5. Because the amplitudes of the sine curves are k, the kth butterfly stands 2k units tall. The vertical edges alone have lengths (2k) that increase without bound, so the perimeters are tending to infinity. 0. For x, use vertical strips:
35. By symmetry, y
x dm
x
dm
2 0
1.
dA
0 1
sin x dx
1 2x e 2
cos x
0 1 0
[ 1
1]
x(2x) dx
2 0
2.
0
e2x dx
/4
1 2 (e 2
1)
3.195
2x dx
3.
2
sec2 x dx
tan x
/4 /4
1
2
( 1)
/4
2 3 2 x 3 0
x2 4 3
2 0
4.
0 3
(4x
x 3) dx x 2 dx
2x 2
1 4 x 4
(8
0
4)
5.
3
9 radius 3.)
294
Section 7.2
1 0
3.
0 1
(y 2 [(12y 2
1
y 3) dy 12y 3)
1 3 y 3
1 4 y 4
1 12
4.
0
(2y 2
2y)] dy
( 12y 3 3y 4
10y 2
10 3 y 3
2y) dy y2
1 0
1. From the graphs, it appears that e is 1, so that if they are 1) is at a minimum. 1, i.e., when
(x
10 3
4 3
(x
1)] 0
1 is zero when e x 1
0. Test: e0
8. Inspection of the graphs shows two intersection points: (0, 0), and ( , 0). Check: 02 0 sin 0 0 and 2 2 sin 0. 9. Solve
2x x2 1
(x 4
2x 2)] dx
2 ( x4
0
4x 2) dx
4 3 x 3 32 3
2 0
1 5 x 5 32 5
x 3.
128 15
x2 x2 2
1 2
2 x4 x
2
x4 x2
1
2x 4) dx
2 x3
1 3
2 5 x 5
2
0
1 3
2 5
22 15
0
8
(2
4 3
y
1 2
y) dy
5 6
4 3/2 y 3
1 2 y 2
1 0
(0, 0), ( 1,
[(2 2y
y)
1 2 y 2
y] dy
2 3/2 y 3
1
2
0
1 2
2 3
5 6
[ 2, 2] by [ 2, 2]
[(2x 3 [( x 2
0
x2 3x)
5x) (2x 3
( x2 x2
2 0
( 0.9286,
2 2 0
(1
cos x) dx
1 x 2
1 sin 2x 4
(2x 3
8x) dx 4x 2
0 2
( 2x 3 4x 2 16)
1 4 x 2
1 4 x 2
2. Use symmetry:
/3
[0 4 sin2 t dt
0 /3
(8
16)]
[( 8
0]
16
2
0
1 sec2 t 2
(sec2 t 4t
4 3
8 sin2 t) dt
/3
tan t 3
4 3
2 sin 2t
0
Section 7.2
10. Integrate in three parts:
1
295
13. Solve 7 x 1.
1
2x 2
x2
4: x 2
[( x
2 2
2)
(4
x )] dx
[(7
1
2x 2)
(x 2
4)] dx
1
( 3x 2
1
3) dx x 2) dx
[(4
1 3
x 2)
( x
2)] dx 3
(1
1
[( x
2 1
2)
(4
x 2)] dx
2
3 x
2
1 3 x 3
1 1
(x
2 3 2
2) dx
1
( x
2) dx 14.
2 3
2 3
(x 2
x
1 2 x 2 1 x2 2 1 2
2) dx
1
1 3 x 3 1 x3 3 1 3 8 3
2x
2 3
1 3 x 3
1 x2 2
2x
1
[ 3, 3] by [ 1, 5]
2x
2
1 and x
2. Use the
2
1 2
4x 2 5x 2
5 3 x 3 5 3
4)
x 2] dx
2
2 [x 2
1
(x 4 5x 2
4x 2 4) dx
2
4)] dx
2
9 2
4
8 3
2 (x 4
0
4) dx
1
2 ( x4
1
9
49 6
2 x5
1 2 5
1 5
4x
0
2
32 5
1 5 x 5 40 3
5 3 x 3
4x
1
1 6
1 5
5 3
11. Solve x 2 x
2
2. [2
2
(x 2
2)] dx
2
(4 8
8 3
x 2) dx 8
8 3 32 3
4x
1 3 2 x 3 2
10
2 3
3 3 a, a by [ a 2, a 2] 2 2
0 and x
12. Solve 2x
x2
3: x 2
2x
(x
3)(x 3.
3 1
1)
1 and x
1 3 x 3
x 2 dx
2 2 0
1 2 (a 3
x 2)3/2
1 3 a 3
a 0
(2x
1
3) dx
x (9
3x 1
9 10
2 3
9)
1 3
2 3 a 3
32 3
296
16.
Section 7.2
18. Solve y 2 y 2: y2 y 2 (y 2.
1 3 y 3 8 3 1 2
2 1
2)(y
1)
0, so the
curves intersect at y
2
1 and y
1 2 y 2
(y
1
y 2) dy
2y 4 4
1 2 y 4 y 4
The curves intersect at three points: x 1, x 4 and x 9. Because of the absolute value sign, break the integral up at x 0 also:
0 1
2
9 2
1 3
x 5
9
6 x
x dx
0
x 5
x dx
y2 4
1 and x
y 4
4. 5 0,
x
4
6 5
dx
1 2 x 2
1 9 4
1 (y
4:
y2 4
1 2 x 2
y2
6x 5 2 3/2 x 3
20
5)(y
4)
0. 5.
6x 5
2 ( x)3/2 3
1 2 x 2
4 and y dy
2 3/2 x 3
6x 5
4
y 4
5 4
4
y2 4 y2 8 25 8 y 4
y2 4
1 5 dy
5
11 10
2 3 189 10 1 6 5 3 16 3
32 5 32 5 2 3
16 3
y3 12 125 12
5y
4
18
13 30 16 15
25
16 3
20
243 8
30
3 8
y 2 and x
2y 2. Now solve 1.
(3
2y 2
y 2) dy
2 6
0 1 0
(3 (1
3y 2) dy y 2) dy
1 3 y 3 1 3
1 0
The curves intersect at x 0 and x 4. Because of the absolute value sign, break the integral up at x 2 also (where x 2 4 turns the corner). Use the graphs symmetry:
2
6y
2
0
x2 2
2
4
2
(4
4
x 2) dx
x 2
2
2
2
x2 2
(x 2
4) dx 6 1 y 2 and x 2 3y 2: y 2
2
0
3x dx 2
2
2
8 dx
4
x3 2 2 0
2 2
x3 6 32 3
8x
2
Now solve at y
1
y2
2[4]
32
16
21
3y 2 (1
y 2) dy 4y
(2
1
2y 2) dy 4 1
0
y 2) dy
1 3 y 3
1 3
8 3
Section 7.2
22. Solve for y: y Now solve 4 x4 4x 2 5 4 4x 2 (x 2 4x 2 and y x4 1: 5) 1. The curves intersect at x Use the regions symmetry:
1
297
x4
1.
27.
1)(x 2
0.
[ 1.5, 1.5] by [ 1.5, 1.5]
0 and x
symmetry: [(4
1
4x 2)
(x 4 4x 2
1)] dx 2 5) dx
1
sin
0
x 2
x dx
2 2
4
2 1 2
cos
x 2 2
1 2 x 2
1 0
2 2 2
( x4
1 5 x 5 1 5 4 3
4 3 x 3
5x
0
0.273
104 15
14 15
2 3 y2 y and x
y2 2 :y 4
2
(sec2 x
/4
tan2 x) dx (sec2 x
/4
y2 . 4
2 2
[sec2 x dx 2 x
1)] dx
/4 0
4, 2.
y2 dy 4
3y 2 dy 4 y3 4
2 0
(tan2 y
tan2 y) dy
/4
tan2 y dy
/4
2 3y 2(6 24.
0
4 tan y 0 8
1 cos 2x 2
y
0
2)
4 1 4 4
/2
0 0.858
(2 sin x
sin 2x) dx
2 cos x 2
1 2
1 2
30.
0
3 sin y
cos y dy
3 3 0
2 (cos y)3/2 3 2 3
/2 0
(8 cos x
sec x) dx 3) 0] 6
/3
2 8 sin x 3
tan x
0
y 3 and x
y.
2[(4 3 26.
0 and x 2 y2
1 2
0 and x
symmetry: 2 ( y
0
y 3) dy
1 2
0. x2
1 3 x 3 1 3
cos
2 2
x 2 x 2
dx
1 0
2 x 2 1
sin 0
4 3
0.0601
298
32.
Section 7.2
(b) The two areas in Quadrant I, where x
c 4
y, are equal:
y dy
0 c
y dy
4
y
1
x and y
2
1 intersect at x x2 1 dx x2 1 2 x 2 1 2
1 0
x dx
0 1
1 2
( 1)
c .
24/3 c)-by- c
cos x, i.e., at x
/4
(c) Divide the upper right section into a (4 rectangle and a leftover portion:
(cos x
0
sin x) dx
sin x 2 1
cos x
0
0.414
0
(c 34. cx c
[ 3, 3] by [ 2, 4]
3/2
x 2) dx
1 3 x 3
c
(4 4
c) c
c
c
(4 4x
x 2) dx
1 3 x 3
2 c
c3/2 c
3/2
1 3/2 c 3
4 c
2.
2 3/2 c 3
8 3 16 3
4 c 4 c
1 3/2 c 3 1 3/2 c 3
4
16 3
c3/2
(3
x2
1) dx
(4
x 2) dx
1 3 x 3 8 3
2 0
4 3/2 c 3
c3/2 0
32 3
4 42/3 24/3
c 36.
y. The
y-intercepts are
3
2
1
y dy
2 (3 3
y)3/2
1
[ 1, 5] by [ 1, 3]
16 3
32 3
0, x
1 and x
4.
y = x2 (2, 4)
1
0
x
2 3/2 x 3 2 3 1 8
x dx 4 x2 8
1
4 1
2 x
x dx 4 x2 8
4 1
x
3 x
4
0
x 4
(8
2)
1 8
11 3
If y (
x2
c, then x
c, c) and ( c, c).
Section 7.2
37. First find the two areas. For the triangle, (2a)(a 2) For the parabola, 2 (a 2 The ratio, then, is
a
0 3 a
299
cos x and y
x 2.
1 2
4 3 a 3
[ 1.5, 1.5] by [ 0.5, 1.5]
4 3 a 3
3 , which remains 4
constant as a
approaches zero.
b b
2
0
(cos x
x 2) dx
functions by k will not change the x-value of any intersection point, so the area condition to be met is
0.8241
38.
a
f (x)] dx
a
(k cos x
0.8241
kx 2) dx x 2) dx
39. Neither; both integrals come out as zero because the 1-to-0 and 0-to-1 portions of the integrals cancel each other. 40. Sometimes true, namely when dA [f (x) g(x)] dx is always nonnegative. This happens when f (x) g(x) over the entire interval. 41.
2 2 k
k 2
0
(cos x
k(1.0948) 1.8269.
1
x2 a2 x2 a2 x2 a2
y2
[ 1.5, 1.5] by [ 1.5, 1.5]
b2 1 b 1
(b) 2 ln x 2 ln 2 ln 4
1 2
2
b 1
a a
b 1
a 0
2
0
2x x2 1
dx
1
1 2
1 4 x 4
1 0
x2 a2
dx or
x2 dx a2
2
a
b 1
x2 dx or 4 a2
b 1
0.886
42.
(d, e) 2
a
b 1
x2 dx a2
2b
x 2
x2 a2
a x sin 1 2 a
a 2b sin 1 (1) 2
a sin 1 ( 1) 2
ab
[ 1.5, 1.5] by [ 1.5, 1.5]
0 and x
to find 2
0
(sin x
x 3) dx
0.4303.
where f (x) and g(x) represent the upper and lower edges.
b
[f (x)
each.
300
Section 7.3
1 : 2
, so Area
s2
x2 . 2
[ 1.5, 1.5] by [ 1, 1]
mx, 5. b 6. b 7. b 8. x and h h h
2
x, so Area
1 bh 2 1 bh 2
1. Then,
1 bh 2 x2 . 2 x2 . 4
3 2 x .
x, so Area
x 2
x x2 1
mx dx
1 2 mx 2
(1/m) 1 0
, so Area
1 2 ln (x 2 2
1) 1 m
ln
1 m m
1 m
2x
2x
ln (m)
1.
x and h
1 bh 2
(2x)2
15 2 x . 4
Exploration 1
1 2 x 2
15 x, so 2
2. Unrolling the cylinder, the circumference becomes one dimension of a rectangle, and the height becomes the other. The thickness x is the third dimension of a slab with dimensions 2 (xk 1) by 3xk xk2 by x. The volume is obtained by multiplying the dimensions together.
3
4x, h
3x, and
6x .
2 (x
1)(3x
x 2) dx.
10. The hexagon contains six equilateral triangles with sides of length x, so from Exercise 5, Area 6
4 3 2 x 3 3 2 x . 2
4.
45 2
Exploration 2
b
Surface Area
dy 2 dx dx
1.
a
2 y 1
The limit will exist if f and f are continuous on the interval [a, b]. (b) A 2. y
b
(1 x 2). 2(1
x 2).
w, so A(x)
w 2
w2
4(1
w 2 2
sin x, so 2 y 1
dy dx
cos x and
(c) A (d) A
, so A(x)
x 2).
dy 2 dx dx
2 sin x
0
1
1
cos2 x dx
14.424.
A(x)
(2
x 2)2
3(1
x 2).
3. y
4
x, so 2 x 1
dy dx 2
and dx 36.177.
2 x 1 2 x
Section 7.3
2. In each case, the width of the cross section is w (a) A (b) A (c) A (d) A A(x) r 2, where r s 2, where s s 2, where s
w , so A(x) 2 w 2 2
301
2 x. x.
sec x
tan x.
r2 (sec x
w, so A(x)
w 2
(sec x
, so A(x)
w 2 2
2x.
/3 4 /3
(sec2 x
tan2 x) dx
/3
/3
(2
x)2
3x.
4
tan x tan x 3 3
2 sec x sec x 2
2
x
/3
x and area
2
s2 x2
w
4 0
2 2
2x dx
0
x2
2 2
2x 2 (b) A(x) V
2
1
w 2 2
s2
/3 /3
w2 (sec x
x ) . The volume is 1) dx
1
(1
1
x ) dx
2 2
(x
1
1 5 x 5 16 . 15
x
1
5y 2 and area
2 1
x 2 and area
1 1
2 0
5 4 y dy 4
y5
5 4 y . The volume is 4 2
8 .
0
s2
w2 x 2) dx
4(1
1
4(1
1
x 2) dx 2 1
4 x
1 3 x 3
16 . 3
2
1 1
y 2 and area
2(1
x 2 and area
1 1
2(1
1
y 2) dy
s2
2
w 2
2(1
1
2(1
1
x ) dx
(1
1
2 x
1 3 x 3
8 . 3
11. (a) The volume is the same as if the square had moved without twisting: V Ah s 2h. (b) Still s 2h: the lateral distribution of the square cross sections doesnt affect the volume. Thats Cavalieris Volume Theorem. 12. Since the diameter of the circular base of the solid extends from y
12 2
2 sin x.
(a) A(x) V
0
3 sin x, and
6 to y
3 sin x dx 3
0
of 3, the solid has the same cross sections as the right circular cone. The volumes are equal by Cavalieris Theorem.
sin x dx cos x
0
3 2 (b) A(x) V
0
3. s2 w2 4 sin x, and 4
0
13. The solid is a right circular cone of radius 1 and height 2. V 4 cos x
0
1 Bh 3
1 ( r 2)h 3
1 ( 12)2 3
2 3
4 sin x dx
sin x dx
8.
302
Section 7.3
19.
tan
y and area
r2 tan2
4
tan2 y dy
4 4 4
y . The volume is
1
tan 1
y
0
[ 6, 6] by [ 4, 4]
3. The volume is
36 .
r2
2 cos2 x
1, we know
0 when 0 or x 1. A cross
cos 2x cos x and since cos 2x 1 2 sin2 x, we 2 /2 1 cos 2x know sin2 x . sin2 x cos2 x dx 0 2 /2 1 cos 2x 1 cos 2x dx 0 2 2
/2
x(1
x)
r2
(x
2x 3
1 4 x 2
x 4).
1 5 x 5
1 0
4 4 8
(1
/2
cos2 2x) dx
cos 4x dx 2
/2 0
/2
The volume is (x 2 2x 3 x 4) dx
30
4
/2
8 8
(1 0
21.
1 sin 4x 4
16
17.
[ 1, 2] by [ 1, 2]
Use cylindrical shells: A shell has radius y and height y. The volume is
1
[ 2, 4] by [ 1, 5]
0
1 3 y 3
1 0
2 . 3
r2
x 4 dx
32 . 5
[ 1, 3] by [ 1, 3]
18.
Use washer cross sections: A washer has inner radius r outer radius R
1
x,
(R 2
1
r 2) .
3 x 2.
[ 4, 6] by [ 1, 9]
1 3 x 3
r2
x 6. The volume is
1 7 x 7
2 0
x 6 dx
128 . 7
Section 7.3
23. 26.
303
[ 2, 3] by [ 1, 6]
[ 1, 5] by [ 3, 1]
The curves intersect when x 2 1 x 3, which is when x 2 x 2 (x 2)(x 1) 0, i.e., when x 1 or x 2. Use washer cross sections: a washer has inner radius r x 2 1, outer radius R x 3, and area A(x) (R 2 r 2) [(x 3)2 (x2 1)2] ( x 4 x 2 6x 8). The volume is
2 1
The curves intersect where x 2, which is where x 4. Use washer cross sections: a washer has inner radius r x, outer radius R 2, and area A(x) (R 2 r 2) (4 x).
4
The volume is
0
(4
x) dx
4x
1 2 x 2
8
0
27.
( x4
1 5 x 5 32 5
x2
1 3 x 3 8 3
6x
8) dx
2
3x 2 12 16
8x
1
1 5
1 3
117 . 5
24.
2 r2 ( 2 (
sec x tan x and area 2 sec x tan x)2. Use NINT to find 2.301.
[ 2, 3] by [ 1, 5]
The curves intersect when 4 x 2 x, which is when x2 x 2 (x 2)(x 1) = 0, i.e., when x 1 or x 2. Use washer cross sections: a washer has inner radius r 2 x, outer radius R 4 x 2, and area A(x) (R 2 r 2) [(4 x 2)2 (2 x)2] (12 4x 9x 2 x 4). The volume is
2
28.
[ 1, 3] by [ 1, 3]
. A cross
(12
1
4x 2x 2 8
x 4) dx
1 5 x 5
2
12x 24 25.
The volume is
1
/2
12
1 5
108 . 5
4 (1
0
2 sin x 2 cos x 2 (3
sin2 x) dx
1 sin 2x 4
/2 0
4 4 29.
3
3 x 2 3 4
8)
by [ 0.5, 2]
Use washer cross sections: a washer has inner radius r sec x, outer radius R 2, and area A(x) (R 2 r 2) (2 sec2 x). The volume is
/4
[ 1, 3] by [ 1.5, 1.5]
5y 2 and area
1
(2
/4
sec2 x) dx
2x
tan x
/4
A(y)
r2
5 y 4.
1
The volume is 1
5 y 4 dy
y5
2 .
1
2
2
1 2 .
304
30.
Section 7.3
35.
[ 1, 4] by [ 1, 3]
[ 1, 5] by [ 1, 3]
The curved and horizontal line intersect at (4, 2). (a) Use washer cross sections: a washer has inner radius r A(x)
4 0
r2
y 3. The volume is
1 4 y 4
2
y 3 dy
4 .
0
x, outer radius R (R
2
31.
r ) 4x
(4
x) dx
8
0
y 2 and area
2 0
A(y) 1,
r2
y 4.
2
Use washer cross sections. A washer has inner radius r outer radius R A(y) (R 2
1 0
The volume is
0
y 4 dy
1 5 y 5
32 . 5
y r 2) (y 2
(y 2 y2
1 0
2 (4 4
volume is 32.
A(x)
r2
(2
x)2
The volume is
4
(4
0
x) dx
4x
8 3/2 x 3
1 2 x 2
4 0
8 . 3
volume is
0
2 (x)(x) dx
1 3 x 3
1 0
2 . 3
A(y) (8y 2
(8y 2
y 4) dy
8 3 y 3
1 5 y 5
2 0
224 15
[ 2, 4] by [ 1, 5]
36.
The volume is
0
2 (x)(x 2) dx
1 4 x 4
8 .
0
[ 1, 3] by [ 1, 3]
34.
The slanted and vertical lines intersect at (1, 2) (a) The solid is a right circular cone of radius 1 and height 2. The volume is
[ 0.5, 1.5] by [ 0.5, 1.5]
1 Bh 3
1 ( r 2)h 3
1 ( 12)2 3
2 . 3
0 and x
1. Use cylindrical x
1 3 x 3
1 0
(b) Use cylindrical shells: a shell has radius 2 height 2x. The volume is
1 1
x and
x. The volume
2 . 15
is
0
2 (x)(
x) dx
2 5/2 x 5
2 (2
0
x)(2x) dx
4
0
(2x x2
x 2) dx
1 3 x 3
1 0
8 . 3
Section 7.3
37. 40.
305
[ 2, 2] by [ 1, 2]
[ 2, 2] by [ 1, 3]
The curves intersect at ( 1, 1). (a) A cross section has radius r A(x) r2 (1 x 2)2 1 (1 x and area 2x 2 x 4). 41.
1
x2
2
2 x
x at x
2
1 0
x 2. The volume is x x 2) dx 2 x2
1 3 x 3 1 4 x 4 5 . 6
2 (x)(2
16 . 15
The volume is
1
(1
1
2x 2
x 4) dx
2 3 x 3
1 5 x 5
(b) Use cylindrical shells: a shell has radius 2 height 2 y. The volume is
1 1
y and
[ 1, 5] by [ 1, 3]
2 (2
0
y)(2 y) dy
4
0
(2
4 3/2 y 3
y 3/2) dy
2 5/2 y 5
1 0
x. The volume is
128 . 5
2 (x)(
0
x) dx
2 5/2 x 5
4 0
42. (c) Use cylindrical shells: a shell has radius y height 2 y. The volume is
1 1
1 and
2 (y
0
1)(2 y) dy
4
0
( y3/2
y) dy
2 3/2 y 3
1 0
[ 2, 2] by [ 2, 2]
2 5/2 y 5
64 . 15
x, i.e., at x
1.
h 1
x and area b
r2
2
h2 1
x 2 dx b
h 1
x 2 . The volume is b b b x 3 h2 1 bh 2. 3 3 b 0
(2x x
1) 2x
2x 2
1. The volume is
1
2 (x)(
1) dx
(x 3/2
2x 2
2 3 x 3
x) dx
1 2 x 2
1 0
2
7 . 15
2 5/2 x 5
y 3).
x
0
2 h x2 39.
1 2
x2 dx b b x3 b 2h. 3 3b 0
2 (y)12(y 2
y 3) dy
24
0
( y3
y 4) dy
1 5 y 5
1 0
1 4 y 4
6 . 5
y. The volume is y 3) dy y 2) dy
1 3 y 3
1 0
2 (1
0 1
y)12(y 2 ( y4 2y 3
1 4 y 2
0
24
[ 2, 3] by [ 2, 3]
x 2
3 x. 2
1 5 y 5
4 . 5
The volume is
0
2 (x) x dx
3 2
x3
8 .
0
306
Section 7.3
45.
8 5
y. The volume is y 3) dy
[ 1, 3] by [ 1.4, 9.1]
2
0
8 5
1 0
y 12( y 2 y4
24 24
1 5 y 5
13 3 8 2 y y dy 5 5 1 13 4 8 3 y y 2 . 20 15 0 2 . The volume is 5
The functions intersect at (2, 8). (a) Use washer cross sections: a washer has inner radius r A(x)
2 0
x 3, outer radius R (R
2
2
0
y
1
24
0
24
2 12( y 2 y 3) dy 5 2 2 3 3 y4 y y dx 5 5 1 1 5 3 4 2 3 y y y 2 . 5 20 15 0 y4 4
r ) x 6) dx
(16x 2
512 . 21
y and
2 (y) y 2
y4 dy 4
1 4 y 4
1 6 y 24
2 0
8 . 3
46.
y. The volume is
4
2 (2
0 2
y) y 2
y5 4
y 4
dy
[ 0.5, 1.5] by [ 0.5, 1.5]
2
0
1 6 y 24
y4 y 3 2y 2 dy 2 1 4 2 3 1 5 y y y 4 3 10
8 . 5
(a) Use cylindrical shells: a shell has radius x and height 2x x2 x x x 2) dx x 2. The volume is 2
1 3 x 3 1 4 x 4
1 0
y. The volume is
2 (5
0 2
y) y 2
y5 4 5y 4 4 1 5 y 4
y4 dy 4
2 (x)(x
0
. x and
2
0
y3
1 4 y 4
5y 2 dy
5 3 y 3
2
1 6 y 24
x . The volume is
1
0
0
2 (1
x)(x
x 2) dx
2
0
(x 3
2x 2
2 3 x 3
x) dx
1 2 x 2
1 0
5 . The volume is 8 y 4
4
2
6
1 4 x 4
2
0
y
2
5 8 y5 4 1 6 y 24
y2
5y 4 32
dy y3
1 4 y 4 5y 2 dy 8 5 3 y 24
2
2
0
1 5 y 32
4 .
0
Section 7.3
47. (a) Solve
d dc
[ 0.5, 2.5] by [ 0.5, 2.5]
2 2
2
307
4 c 2
2
0 0 2 c 0
2
c c
r )
1 y4
1 dy 16
1 y4 1 3y 3
0.
2 2 2
1. The volume is
1 2 x 2
1 1/4
(b) Since the derivative with respect to c is not zero anywhere else besides c at c 0 or c
2
2 (x)
1/4
1 x
1 dx , x f (x) 0 1 x
2 3/2 x 3
11 . 48
0 is
x(sin x) x
4.935,
and for c
1 it is
2.238. c
sin 0 .
(b) Use cylindrical shells: a shell has radius x and height y. The volume is
0
2 sin x dx
0
4 .
x 12
[0, 2] by [0, 6]
36
x 2 and area
The volume gets large without limit. This makes sense, since the curve is sweeping out space in an ever-increasing radius. 51. (a) Using d
C
r2 (36x 2
144
(36x 2
, and A
144
x 4) dx
12x 3
1 5 x 5
6 0
36 cm3. 5
d 2 2
C2 yields the 4
following areas (in square inches, rounded to the nearest tenth): 2.3, 1.6, 1.5, 2.1, 3.2, 4.8, 7.0, 9.3, 10.7, 10.7, 9.3, 6.4, 3.2.
(b)
192.3 g
sin x and area (b) If C(y) is the circumference as a function of y, then the (c 2 2c sin x sin2 x). area of a cross section is
C(y)/ 2
2
2c sin x 2c cos x 2c 4 c
1 2
2
sin2 x) dx
1 x 2 1 sin 2x 4
C 2( y) , 4 1 4
6 6 0
C 2(y) dy.
c2x c c
2
2c .
(c)
1 4
A( y) dy
0
2 2
1 C 2(y) dy 4 0 1 6 0 [5.42 24 4
2(4.52 10.82
4.42 11.62
5.12 11.62
6.32 10.82
7.82
9.42
9.02)
6.32]
34.7 in.3
308
Section 7.3
2y and area
5
55. Solve ax
5
x2
0: This is true at x
0 and x
a. For
2 y. The volume is
0
2 y dy A(h).
dh , dt
y2
25 .
0
revolution about the x-axis, a cross section has radius r A(x) ax x 2 and area r2 (ax x 2)2 (a 2x 2 2ax 3 x 4).
The volume is
a
For h
dh so dt
8 ,
units3 . sec
(a 2x 2
2ax 3
x 4) dx
1 2 3 a x 3 1 a 5. 30
1 4 ax 2
1 5 x 5
a 0
53. (a)
x 2. The volume is 2
1 3 ax 3 1 4 x 4
a 0
2 (x)(ax
0
x 2) dx
1 4 a . 6
The remaining solid is that swept out by the shaded region in revolution. Use cylindrical shells: a shell has radius x and height 2 .r .
r2 22
5.
r2
x 2. The volume is
2 (x)(2 r 2
2 2 (r 3 4 ( 8) 3
r
x 2) dx
x )
2 3/2
r2 4
2 k 1
g( yk) 1
integral.
dx dy 1
32 . 3
57. g ( y)
2
, and
2
2
(b) The answer is independent of r. 54. Partition the appropriate interval in the axis of revolution and measure the radius r(x) of the shadow region at these points. Then use an approximation such as the trapezoidal
b
2
0
y 1
2 y 1 2 y
dy
0
4y (4y
1 dy 1)3/2
2 0
6 13 3
13.614
dx dy y3 3
y 2, and ( y 2)2 dy
2 3 1 (1 6
2
0
y 4)3/2
1 0
(2
1)
0.638.
59. g ( y)
3
dx dy
2
1
y1/2
3
1 1
1 1/2 2 y dy 2 1 dy. 4y
2
1
y1/2
16.110
Section 7.3
66. Use washer cross sections: a washer has inner radius 60. g ( y)
1
309
dx dy
1 2y 1
, and
1 2y 1
2
r dy
a2 r 2) a2 a2
y 2, outer radius R
a2
y 2, and
2
5/8 1
2y
1 1 2y dy
y 2)2
(b
a2
y 2)2]
2
5/8
y 2. The volume is y 2 dy
a
2
4 3
2
2
2 3/2 y 3
1 5/8
4 b a2
4 b
a
a2
a2 2
y 2 dy
1
dy dx
5 16
5 2
4 b 2.997. 2
2 2
61. f (x)
2 0
67. (a) Put the bottom of the bowl at (0, 1 4x2 dx evaluates, horizontal cross section is ( a The volume for height h is
h a a
2 x2
2 x2
y 2)2
h a a
(a2
y 2).
using NINT, to
dy dx
(a2 4, y 12)
1 dV A dt
y 2) dy
a2y
1 3 y 3
h2(3a 3
h)
62. f (x)
3
3 x )
2
2 (3x
0
(52
dh dt
to 63. f (x)
1.5
44.877.
dy dx 1 2x x x2
, and
1 2x x x2
2
1.5
2
0.5
2x
x2 1
1 dx
1.5
A(x)
r2
a2
x 2)2
volume is
a a
2 2
dy dx 1 2 x 1 1 2
5
x
0.5
6.283
(a2
x 2) dx
a2x
1 3 x 3 1 3 a 3
a a
64. f (x)
5
, and
2
a3
a3
1 3 a 3
2
1
1 1
5 dx 4 5 3/2 4
5
dx
1
4 3 a. 3
2
1
x
2 x 3 25 3/2 4
r 1 r2 1
2
4 3
x2
r2 1
y 2 h
9 3/2 4
49 3
51.313
2
volume is
h
h)
2 2
A1.
r2 1
2y h
y2 dy h2
r2 y
1 2 r h. 3
y2 h
y3 3h2
h 0
Right circular cylinder with cone removed cross sectional area: R2 Since A1 h2 A2
volume of cone
2 3 R. 3
310
Section 7.4
3. (a) x (b)
cos y, so Length
0
cos2 y dy.
(1
1, equals
[ 1, 2] by [ 1, 4]
2, equals 4. (a) x x
2 4)2 x2
2 x x or . 2 2
3.820 y(1 y 2)
1/2 1/2
1/2
, so
y2 1 y2
dy.
4.
1 2 x2 4x 4
1 2 x 16
1 x2
1 4
(x 2
which,
. x ,
[ 1, 2] by [ 1, 1]
5.
1 equals
1.047 2x 1 2
7 1
2y 2y 2x
1, so (y 1)2 2x 2, and
1 2x 2 2
is undefined at x
x
there. 8.
d ( dx
5
1. Then y 1
1 2x
, and
x 3)
3. (b) 2. k ,
Length
dx.
4x
3
4 sin x
2 has a corner at x
where k is any integer. f (x) has vertical tangents at these values of x. 6. (a) y
[ 1, 7] by [ 2, 4]
9.294 x sin x 1
0
cos x
x sin x, so
Length
2
x 2 sin2 x dx.
(b) 1 4x 2 dx.
Length
1
(2x)2 dx
(b)
[0, ] by [ 1, 4]
(c) Length
[ 1, 2] by [ 1, 5]
4.698
0
/6
7. (a) y (b) y
0
tan2 x dx.
6.126
sec x, so Length
/3
sec x dx.
0,
3
by [ 0.1, 0.2]
, 0 by [ 3, 1]
(c) Length
0.549
(c) Length
2.057
Section 7.4
/4
311
8. (a) x
sec2 y
1, so Length
sec y dy.
/3
10. y (b)
(e x 2
e x)
, so Length
3
ex 2
x 2
dx.
(b) x so x
sec2 y
tan y ,
3
ln (cos y) ln (cos y) 0
y y
4
0
[ 3, 3] by [ 2, 12]
20.036 2)1/2(2x) x x2
3 0
1 2 (x 2
1
3 0
(x x 2 1) dx
2)2 dx
1 3 x 3
[ 2.4, 2.4] by
(x 2
3 2
x
0
2.198 12. y
4
x, so the length is
3 2
2
4
sec x tan x, so
/3
Length
/3
1
0
dx
0
1
8 1 27 80 10 27
(b)
9x dx 4 9x 3/2 4 8
4 0
13. x
3
y2
3 1
by [ 1, 3]
(c) Length
3.139 14. x
2
1
1
y2
53 . 6
1 2 dy 4 y2
1 4y
3 1
y3 1
y3
1 2 dy 4 y3
2 1
y3
1 8y 2
1 2 dy 4 y3
2 1
1 4 y 4 123 . 32
15. x
2
y2 2
1 , so the length is 2y 2 y2 2 1 2 dy 2 y2
2 1
1
1
y2 2 1 2y
1 2 dy 2y 2
2 1
1 3 y 6
17 . 12 1 4(x 1)2
16. y
x2
2x
4 (4x 4)2
(x
1)2
so the length is
2
1
0 2
(x (x
1)2 1)2
1)2
2
dx dx
53 . 6
1 (x 3
1)3
4(x
1)
312
17. x
Section 7.4
sec4 y
/4
1, so the length is
/4
24. The area is 300 times the length of the arch. sec2 y dy
/4
1
/4
(sec4 y
1) dy
y
25
/4
sin
tan y
/4
2. to
1
25
18. y
1
3x 4 1
2
1, so the length is
1
(3x 4
1) dx
2
3 x3 19. (a) y So y
7 3 . 3
0 at x
10
22.3607, and
0.
the limits, so use the tracks symmetry, and back away from the upper limit a little, and find
22.36
(b) Only one. We know the derivative of the function and the value of the function at one value of x. 20. (a)
dx 2 dx 1 1 corresponds to 4 here, so take as 2 . dy dy y y 1 Then x C and, since (0, 1) lies on the curve, y 1 C 1. So y . 1 x
2
0
(y1 )2 dx
little stretch at each end is a straight line, add 2 100 track 1 as 0.2(22.36)2 0.156 to get the total length of
(b) Only one. We know the derivative of the function and the value of the function at one value of x. 21. y
/4 0
cos 2x dx
0
2 cos x dx
/4
2
2
Y2
32.274 + NINT
, t, x, 0 and
2 sin x
0
1.
0.2t
graph in a [ 30, 0] by [0, 60] window to see the effect of the x-coordinate of the lane-2 starting position on the length
22. y
1
(1 1
2/4 1
x 2/3)1/2x (1 x
2/3
1/3
, so the length is
2/3
of lane 2. (Be patient!) Solve graphically to find the intersection at x 19.909, which leads to starting point
8 8
24 1
x 2/3)x dx
dx
26. f (x) x
2/4
8
3 2 3 2
1/3
dx
1
1 2/4
0
8 x 2/3 8
x 6.
3 sin x for 0 20
3 1 2 2
4y
20. x x
2 0
4y 4y 1
, and
1/3
(x )2 dy
3.6142.
to
21.07 inches.
Section 7.5
(4x 2
1
313
27. f (x)
8x)
31. Because the limit of the sum xk as the norm of the partition goes to zero will always be the length (b the interval (a, b). 32. No; the curve can be indefinitely long. Consider, for a) of
length is
1/2
using NINT, to
1.
33. (a) The fin is the hypotenuse of a right triangle with leg lengths xk and
[ 2, 2] by [ 1, 5]
df dx x xk
xk
1
f (xk 1) xk.
(b) lim
n
k 1
n b
( xk)2 xk 1
5x 5x 5 5
1
2 0 2 0 1
2
x x x x
0 and 1 0 . 1
lim
n
k 1
1
( f (x))2 dx x c, where c is a
34. Yes. Any curve of the form y constant, has constant slope
a
The length is
0
(y )2 dy
1
1, so that a 2.
1
2
(3x 2
5)2 dx
1
0
(3x 2
1
0
(y )2 dx
2 dx
0
1. (a)
0
dx
1
0
1 e
x x
, but NINT may fail using y over the entire 0. So, split the curve x
1
(b)
1
0.632 e x dx 1.718
/2
2. (a)
0
ex
e
0
y 1
x
1 with
1 2 x
(b) 3. (a)
/2
dx,
sin x dx
/4
cos x
/4
2 2
1.623.
(b)
3
0.707 (x 2 2) dx
1 3 x 3
3
4. (a)
0
2x
0
15
(b) 15
2
5. (a)
1
x2 x
3
dx
1 ln (x 3 1) 3 1 [ln 9 ln 2] 3 1 9 ln 3 2
2 1
0. So, use 6.
(b)
7
y ,0 1
2: x
2 (x
0 7
using NINT, to
(1
0
314
7
Section 7.5
8.
0 7
cos2 x dx
y 2 (10 2 3 4
10. (a) F y) dy s
1/8
ks, so 150
1 ,F 8
k
1 8
1 and k 16
9.
0 7
2400
300 lb.
1/8
10.
0
sin2 x dx
(b)
0
2400x dx
1200x 2
18.75 in.-lb
0
1.
0 3
xe
x/3
dx
x dx 4
3e
x/3
(3 sin
x)
0
24 e 5/3
11. When the end of the rope is x m from its starting point, the 9
x 4
3 0
2.
0
x sin
4 4
x 4 3 2
x cos
4 2 2
(0.624)(50
0
x) dx
(p , V ) 2 2
1 2 x 2
50
780 J.
0
(p , V ) 2 2 (p , V ) 1 1
3.8473 J
3
F(x) dx
pA dx
p dV
3.
0
x 9
10
x 2 dx
1 (9 3
9J
0 10
(p , V ) 1 1
(50)(243)1.4
(p , V ) 2 2 109,350 V1.4 (p , V ) 1 1
109,350, so p dV
0.4 V
V 32 243
4.
0
(esin x cos x
2) dx
esin x esin 10
2x
0
19
109,350 5. When the bucket is x m off the ground, the water weighs F(x) Then
20
2.5V
20 x 490 20
490 1
x 20
490
24.5x N.
20
37,968.75 in.-lb 13. (a) From the equation x 2 y2 32, it follows that a thin y 2 y, where y is
W
0
(490
24.5x) dx
490x
12.25x 2
4900 J.
0
6. When the bucket is x m off the ground, the water weighs F(x) Then
20
distance from the top, and pressure 62.4y. The total force is approximately (62.4yk)(2 9
k 1 3 n
490
20
4x/5 20
490 1
x 25
490
20
19.6x N.
W
0
(490
19.6x) dx
490x
9.8x
5880 J.
0
124.8yk
9
k 1
yk2) y
7. When the bag is x ft off the ground, the sand weighs F(x) Then
18
(b)
0
124.8y
y 2 dy
144
18 18
x/2
144 1
x 36
144
18
4x lb.
W
0
(144
4x) dx k(14
2
144x
2x
1944 ft-lb
0
200 lb/in.
2
distance from the top, and pressure 62.4y. The total force is approximately
n
200x dx
0
400 in.-lb.
0
1600 200
(62.4yk) 6 k 1
8
yk2 64
374.4yk k 1
7987.2 1
1
8 0
yk2 64
y.
k(8
1/2
(b)
0
374.4y 1
y2 dy 64
y 2 3/2 64
1/2 0
7987.2 lb
7238x dx
0
904.75 3619x 2
1
7238x dx
1/2
2714 in.-lb.
Section 7.5
315
18. The work needed to raise a thin disk is (10)2(51.2)y y, where y is height up from the bottom. The total work is
30
100 (51.2)y dy
0
5120
1 2 y 2
30
7,238,229 ft-lb
0
k 1 8
62.4(yk
3
k 1
46.8(yk
15) y
3yk) y.
(b)
46.8(y 22 3494.4
3y) dy ( 210.6)
15.6y 3 3705 lb
70.2y 2
4 (62.4)(y
0
15) dy
249.6
1 2 y 2
15y
0
84,687.3 ft-lb for the whole tank. Work to pump over the rim is y). (2)2(62.4)(6
6 0
horizontal rectangle has area 2 2y y, where y is distance from the bottom, and pressure 62.4(4 The total force is approximately
4 (62.4)(21) dy
62.4(4 k 1
n 4
the whole tank. Through a hose attached to a valve in the yk3/2) y. bottom is faster, because it takes more time for a pump with a given power output to do more work.
124.8 k 1
(b)
0
124.8 124.8
2(4
8 3
y ) dy
2 5/2 y 5
4 0
2 y3/2 2
20. The work is the same as if the straw were initially an inch long and just touched the surface, and lengthened as the 62.4(10 12)( y)y.
20 0
1064.96
1506.1 lb
Total work
0
62.4(120)y dy
62.4 60y 2
5990.4 sec
7 0
to
91.3244 in.-oz.
62.4(120)y dy 21. The work is that already calculated (to pump the oil to the rim) plus the work needed to raise the entire amount 3 ft higher. The latter comes to
250
(d) The weight per ft3 of water is a simple multiplicative factor in the answers. So divide by 62.4 and multiply by the appropriate weight-density For 62.26: 1,497,600
62.26 1,494,240 ft-lb and 62.4 62.26 5990.4 5976.96 sec 100 min. 62.4
1 2 r h (57)(3) 3
57 (4)2(8) 30,561.41
total is 22,921.06
22. The weight density is a simple multiplicative factor: Divide by 57 and multiply by 64.5. 30,561.41
64.5 57
34,582.65 ft-lb.
316
Section 7.5
(d) 0 if we assume a continuous distribution. Between 2 y) y 59.5 in. and 60.5 in., the proportion is
60.5
y 2)2(56)(10
f (x) dx
59.5
0.071 (7.1%) e
(x 498)2/(2 1002)
56 (12
0
1 100 2
to
(a)
400
f (x) dx
0.34 (34%)
f (x) dx
1 2 (62.4)y dy 6
(10)2(62.4)y dy
29. Integration is a good approximation to the area (which represents the probability), since the area is a kind of Riemann sum. 30. The proportion of lightbulbs that last between 100 and 800 hours.
35,780,000
58,110,000 ft-lb. Total work 58,222,320 58,222,320 ft-lb, which will take
1000MG dr r2
1000 MG 6.6726
1 r
35,780,000
, which for
6,370,000
M 25. (a) The pressure at depth y is 62.4y, and the area of a thin
11 ft, so horizontal strip is 2 y. The depth of water is 6
5.975 5.1446
1024, G 1010 J.
10
11
evaluates to
32. (a) The distance goes from 2 m to 1 m. The work by an external force equals the work done by repulsion in moving the electrons from a 1-m distance to a 2-m
(62.4y)(2 dy)
0
209.73 lb.
(b) On the sides, which are twice as long as the ends, the initial total force is doubled to 419.47 lb. When the
11 ft, and the 3
distance:
2
Work
1
23 r
10
2
29
dr
1 r
28
2 1
(62.4y)(2 dy)
838.93 lb,
23 1.15
10
29
which means that the fluid force doubles. 26. 3.75 in.
5 ft, and 7.75 in. 16 31 ft. 48
10
31/48
Force on a side
p dA
0
(64.5y)
5 dy 16
4.2 lb.
(b) Again, find the work done by the fixed electrons in pushing the third one away. The total work is the sum of the work by each fixed electron. The changes in distance are 4 m to 6 m and 2 m to 4 m, respectively.
6
27. (a) 0.5 (50%), since half of a normal distribution lies below the mean.
65
Work
4
23
10 r2
29
dr
1 r
29
6 4
2
23
23
10
29
10 r2 4 1 r 2
29
dr
f (x)
1 3.2 2
. The result is
7.6667
10
J.
0.0036 (0.36%).
Chapter 7 Review
dv dt dv , so dx
317
33. F W
mv
x 2 x 1 x 2 x 1 v 2 v 1
F(x) dx 1. mv
dv dx dx
v(t) dt
0 0
(t 2
0.2t 3) dt 0.05t 4
5
1 3 t 3
7 7
10.417 ft
0
mv dv 2.
1 mv 2 2 1 1 2 mv . 2
c(t) dt
0 0
(4 4t
0.001t 4) dt 0.0002t 5
100
1 mv 2 2 2
31.361 gal
0
34. Work
100
3.
0
B(x) dx
0
(21 21x
e0.03x) dx 33.333e0.03x
100
1464
0
35. 0.3125 lb
0.3125 lb 0.009765625 slug, and 32 ft/sec2 5280 ft 1 hr 90 mph 90 132 ft/sec, so 1 mi 3600 sec 1 Work change in kinetic energy (0.009765625)(132)2 2
4.
0 24
(x) dx
0
(11
24
4x) dx
11x
t 12 t 12
2x 2
14 g
0
5.
0
E(t) dt
0
300 2 300 2t
12
cos sin
dt
24
14,400
0
6. 0.003125 slug, so
1 (0.003125)(280)2 2
122.5 ft-lb.
[ 1, 3] by [ 1, 2]
2 oz
124 mph so Work 38. 14.5 oz Work 39. 6.5 oz Work 40. 2 oz
1 lb 1 /(32 ft/sec2) slug, and 16 oz 256 5280 ft 1 hr 124 mph 181.867 ft/sec, 1 mi 3600 sec 1 1 (181.867)2 64.6 ft-lb. 2 256
1. The area is
1 0
0.02832 slug, so
x dx
0 1
1 dx x2
1 2 x 2 1 2
1 x 1 2
2 1
1.
6.5 oz
1 lb /(32 ft/sec2) 16 oz
1 (0.01270)(132)2 2
110.6 ft-lb.
1 1 lb slug. Compression energy of spring 8 256 1 2 1 1 2 ks (18) 0.5625 ft-lb, and final height is 2 2 4 0.5625 given by mgh 0.5625 ft-lb, so h 4.5 ft. (1/256)(32)
[ 4, 4] by [ 4, 4]
2 and x
1
1. The area is x
1 2 x 2
[3
2
x2
(x
1)] dx
( x2
1 3 x 3 1 3 1 2
2) dx
1
2x
2
8 3
9 . 2
318
8.
Chapter 7 Review
x y 1 implies y (1 x)2 1 2 x x. 12.
[ 0.5, 2] by [ 0.5, 1]
1
3 2
by [ 3, 3]
The area is
0
(1
x) dx
x
1 . 6
4 3/2 x 3
1 2 x 2
1 0
sin 2x) dx
2 cos x
1 cos 2x 2
4.
0
13.
9. x
2y 2 implies y
x . 2
[ 5, 5] by [ 5, 5]
[ 1, 19] by [ 1, 4]
(4
3
0 3
x dx 2
3x
2 3 y 3
3
3 2
18,
or 10. 4x x
2y 2 dy y2
18.
0
4 implies x 4.
1 2 y 4
1, and 4x
16 implies
[ 4, 4] by [ 4, 4]
1 y 4
(3
0.8256
cos x
4) and (5.25, 5). The area is ends of the region: x , i.e., dy symmetry of the area:
7 /3
5 7 or . Use the 3 3
1 y 4
4
1 2 y 4
1 2 y 4 1 y 4 1 2 y 8 38 3
1 5 dy
5
2
2
[(1
7 /3
cos x)
(2 1) dx
cos x)] dx
2
2
(2 cos x x
1 3 y 12 425 24
5y
4
7 /3 2
243 8
2
5 /3
3 [(2
5 /3
2 3
11.
cos x)
(1
/3
2 cos x) dx
5 /3 /3
x
[ 0.1, 1] by [ 0.1, 1]
/4
2 sin x 3
4 3
2
1 2 x 2
2
7.653
/4
The area is
0
(x
sin x) dx
cos x
0
2 2
32
0.0155.
Chapter 7 Review
17. Solve x 3 x 0 and x
x x2 1
319
x and
2 (4 the area is
2 1/4 0 4
x)(2 x (8 x 4x 2x 2
2
0
x 2) dx
1 3 x 3
4 0
2
0
x x2 1 1 ln (x 2 2
(x3 1)
x) dx
1 4 x 4 1 2 x 2
21/4 0
16 3/2 x 3
64 . 5
y and
ln ( 2
1)
1.2956.
18. Use the intersect function on a graphing calculator to determine that the curves intersect at x The area is
1.8933 1.8933
1.8933.
31
x2
x2 3 dx, 10
5.7312.
2y)2 dy y2 k , 1,
k 0
2 0
2y dy k2
y2
4 .
0
x sin x dx
4 sin x
x cos x
0
4 . (b)
2y dy
2 dV
r
1
2 8
9 x . x
9
1 1
dt
V 21.
9 x dx
dk dt
dk dt 1 dV 2 k dt
2 k .
1 (2) 2 1 1
unit per
12 1
The graphs intersect at (0, 0) and (4, 4). 1 1 (a) Use cylindrical shells. A shell has radius y and height y
y . The total volume is 4 4 4 y2 y3 2 (y) y dy 2 y2 dy 4 4 0 0 4 1 3 1 4 2 y y 3 16 0 32 . 3
2
11/2
4x 2 . The volume is, given the symmetry, 121 11/2 4x 2 4x 2 dx 24 1 dx 121 121 0 11/2 2 1 2 24 x x3 3 11 0 11 11 24 2 6
88
276 in3.
24. The width of a cross section is 2 sin x, and the area is (b) Use cylindrical shells. A shell has radius x and height 2 x
4
2 (x)(2 x
0
x) dx
2
0
(2x
3/2
x ) dx
1 3 x 3
4 0
4 5/2 x 5
128 . 15
320
25.
Chapter 7 Review
29.
[ 1, 2] by [ 1, 2]
[ 1, 3] by [ 3, 3]
Use washer cross sections. A washer has inner radius r outer radius R The volume is
ln 3 0
1,
3x 2
0 or 2. The maximum
r 2)
(e x
1).
is at x
(3x 2
(e x
1) dx
ex (3 (2
x
0
ln 3 ln 3).
2.296 sec.
26. Use cylindrical shells. Taking the hole to be vertical, a shell has radius x and height 2 piece cut out is
3 3
30. If (b) were true, then the curve y k sin x would have to get vanishingly short as k approached zero. Since in fact the curves length approaches 2 instead, (b) is false and (a) is true. 31. F (x)
5
22
2 (x)(2 22
0
x 2) dx
2
0
2x
2 (4 3
x 2 dx
3 0
1
2
(F (x))2 dx
x 4 dx
x2)3/2
x 2 dx
5
4 (1 8) 3 28 29.3215 ft3. 3
1 3 x 3
39.
2
32. (a) (100 N)(40 m) = 4000 J (b) When the end has traveled a distance y, the weight of the remaining portion is (40 y)(0.8)
40
3. y
3
length is
3
( 2x)2 dx
1
3
32
0.8y.
19.4942.
(32
0
32y
0.4y 2
640 J.
0
(c) 4000
[ 2, 2] by [ 2, 2]
33. The weight of the water at elevation x (starting from x 0 and x 1. Use the graphs is (800)(8)
4750
0)
128 4750 95
is
0
128 4750 95
1 x dx 2
128 4750x 95
x) 1
3x
1, and the total perimeter is 1)2 dx, which using NINT evaluates to 34. F ks, so k
0.3
22,800,000 ft-lb.
F 800 80 N/m. Then s 3 0.3 0.3 800 800 2 x dx x 12 J. 3 6 0
4
0
(3x 2
5.2454. Work
Work
0.3
800 x dx 3
800 2 x 6
1.3
213.3 J.
0.3
35. The work is positive going uphill, since the force pushes in the direction of travel. The work is negative going downhill.
Chapter 7 Review
36. The radius of a horizontal cross section is y is distance below the rim. The area is (64 weight is 0.04 (64 the rim is 0.04 (64
8
321
82
1 2
x 2/2
(b)
2 3
f (x) dx f (x) dx
3
0.04 y(64
2
y ) dy
0.04
2
(64y 32y 2
y ) dy
1 4 y 4
8 2
(c)
0.04 36
113.097 in.-lb.
37. The width of a thin horizontal strip is 2(2y) force against it is 80(2
2
320y(2
0
y) dy
320 ( y
0
2y) dy y2
2
320
1280 3
1 3 y 3
volume is
0
0
2 (x)
3 x dx 2
x3
1 0
x 2
3 x. The total 2
426.67 lb.
7 ft, and 10 in. 24 5 ft. 6
45.
Force
57
6.6385 lb.
2
Force
0
7 57 y dy 24 23 y dy 48
5.7726 lb.
0 5/6
2 (x)
1/2
1 dx x
1 x
2 dx
1/2
2 x
1/2
3 .
Force
0
57
1311 1 2 y 48 2
( 6
(
0
x)4 dx,
3 2
by [ 2, 2]
which using NINT evaluates to exactly 14.4. 40. Choose 50 cm as a conveniently large upper limit.
50 20
A shell has radius x and height sin x. The total volume is 2 (x)(sin x) dx
0
sin x
x cos x
0
47.
1 3.4 2
(x 17.2)2/(2 3.42)
dx, evaluates,
using NINT to
0.2051 (20.5%).
[ 1, 4] by [ 4, 1]
41. Answers will vary. Find , then use the fact that 68% of the class is within of to find , and then choose a
1 and x 3x) x
(x
4x
3. The total
1 2
(x
)2/(2
dx.
2 (x)( x 2
4x
3) dx
2
1
( x3
1 4 x 4
4x 2
4 3 x 3
3x) dx
3 2 x 2
3 1
2
16 . 3
322
Section 8.1
x cos x sin x . The graphs of y3 and y5 clearly show x2 y1
x0 y2
48. Use the intersect function on a graphing calculator to determine that the curves intersect at x has radius x and height 3
1 x
2
3. y5
is equal to
10
lim
y1
2 (x) 31
x2
9.7717. 2)(x 2) 5
5 2 x 4
[ 3, 3] by [ 2, 2]
1. x 1 1 10 100 1000
x and height 5
0.1 x x
2 (4
2 2 2
x) 5
1 3 x 4
5 2 x dx 4
10 10
320 3
x
1 2 x 2
4 dx
2
10,000 1,000,000
2
1 4 x 16
1 3 x 3
4x
335.1032 in3.
1 x
50. Since 1
dL dx 1 x 2
( f (x))2
( f (x))2, and
1 2 x 4 3 4 1 ln x 2 x2
f (x)
1 . Then f (x) 2x 1 2 x 4
0.001 0.0001
1 ln x 2
/4
2 (tan x) 3.84.
(sec x) dx,
5.02.
sin x x
lim
x0
cos x 1
1
y1
x0 y2 x0 y2
lim
y1
As x 1 , 1