Normal Shock Only way a supersonic flow feels the presence of a body is through a shock wave.

A shock wave is termed as a normal shock if it is inclined at an angle of 90o with respect to the incoming flow. Examples of flow involving normal shock include: i. converging-diverging nozzle ii. normal shock in front of a blunt body at supersonic speed iii. traveling normal shock in a shock tube, and iv. normal shock created by the sudden motion of a piston in a cylinder. We can obtain properties across a normal shock by employing one-dimensional compressible flow equation

1V1 = 2V2
P1 + h1 +
2 1V1

(1)
2 2V2

= P2 +

P1
(2) (3)

P2 M2 V2

M1 V1

V12 V2 = h2 + 2 2 2

using h = enthalpy = cpT and cp = R/(1) Eq. (3) can be written as

R R 1 V 2 ( 1) 1 V22 ( 1) T1[1 + 1 T2 [1 + ]= ] 1 1 2 RT1 2 RT2

(note = k)

using a2=RT and M2=V2/a2 above yields

T1[1 +

1 2 1 2 M1 ] = T2 [1 + M2 ] 2 2

(4)

Eq. (2) can be written as

P1[1 +

1 2 V1 ] = P2 [1 + 2 V22 ] P1 P2

using a2=P/, we get

2 P1 (1 + M12 ) = P2 (1 + M 2 )

(5)

using equation of state P=RT and V=M a, the continuity equation can be written as
P1 P M1a1 = 2 M 2 a2 RT1 RT2

using Eq. (5) and a=(RT)1/2, the above equation becomes

2 M (RT1 )1/ 2 M 2 (RT2 )1/ 2 1 + M 2 = 1 = T1 T2 1 + M12

This can be written in the following form ( after using Eq.(4) )

1 2 M2 1+ 2 1 + M 2 M1 2 = 1 + M12 M 2 1 + 1 M 2 1 2

Above equation can be solved ( by squaring both sides and writing the resulting equation as a quadratic in M22 ) to yield

2 M2 =

M12 +

2 M12 1 1

2 1

(6)

M2
1.0

not possible

This is shown plotted Note (i) as M11, M21 (ii) as M1, M2=(1)/2=0.143 for =1.4 using Eq. (6) in Eq. (4) yields 1.0

M1

T2 = T1

(1 +

1 2 2 M1 )( M12 1) 1 2 1 2 M12 ( + ) 1 2

(7)

and similarly Eq. (5) yields

P2 1 = [2M12 ( 1)] P1 + 1 (8)

Then 2/1=V1/V2 can be written as

V1 2 P2 T2 = = V2 1 P1 T1

Now use Eqs. (7) and (8) above

+1 2 M1 V1 2 2 = = V2 1 1 + 1 M 2 1 2

(9)

Thus, we have expressed all properties across a normal shock, i.e. P2/P1, 2/1, T2/T1, V1/V2, M2 etc., in term of M1. These are plotted in Fig. D.4 of the textbook.

Finally, the entropy change across a normal shock can be obtained by using
S2 S1 T P = ln 2 ln 2 R P1 1 T1

using Eqs. (7), (8) and (6) yields

1 2 R M1 1+ S2 S1 1 1 2 1 2 2 M1 = ln[ ] [ ] +1 2 R +1 +1 M1 2

(10)

Note: (i) As M1 1, S2 -S1 0 isentropic process (ii) For M1 < 1, S2 -S1 < 0 which is impossible, i.e. normal shock exists only for M1 > 1 Also using
1 2 1 P0 = P (1 + M ) 2
S2 S1 P = ln 02 R P01

(11)