Formula Sheet

Intensity Ratio:
I
A
I
B
= 2.S12
M
B
-M
A

Magnitude Difference: H
A
H
B
= 2.S log
I
A
I
B

Small Angle Formula:
unguIu dumctc-ucscconds
206265
=
Incu dumctc
dstuncc

Circular Velocity: I
C
= _
uM
-mctcs

Compare LGP:
LuP
A
LuP
B
= [

2

Resolving Power: o =
11.6
(cm)

Magnification: H =
P
O
P
E

Wiens Law: z
mux
=
3,000,000
1-dcgccs KcIn

z
mux
=
.2987
1
1u
8

I =
2.910
8

pcuk x

Stefan-Boltzmann Law: E = oI
4
([sm
2
)
Doppler Formula:
v
r
c
=
A
Z
x
c

Fusion Explained: E = mc
2

Distance to Star: J =
206,265
p-ucscconds

F Ratio:
]ocuI Icngth(mm)
ob]cctc dumctc (mm)

M = mass of central body (kg)
G = 6.67 10
-11
m
3
/s
2
kg
* Answer in m/s
D = diameter
* Answer in times ()
D = diameter (cm)
* Answer in arcseconds
F
O
= focal length of objective
F
e
= focal length of eyepiece
* Answer in nm
T = K
o = 5.67 10
-8
J/m
2
s degree
4

* Answer in J
V
r
= radial velocity
x
= change in z
c = 300,000 km/s z
o
= observed z
m = kg * Answer in Joules
c = 310
8
m/s
p = parallax * Answer in AU
Distance Modulus: m

= S +Slog J J = 1u
m
v
-M

+S
S
= pc
Luminosity of Star:
L
L

= _
R
R

__
1
1

_
Mass of Binary System: H
A
+ H
B
=
u
3
p
2

Keplers 3
rd
Law: p
2
= o
3

Mass-Luminosity Relation: I = H
3.5

Life Expectancy: I =
1
M
2.S

Schwarzschild Radius: R
S
=
2uM
c
2

Hubble Law: I

= Bu
Redshift: Z =
Ax
x
O

Age of Universe:
0
=
1
H
1u
12
ycors
Distance-Rate-Time: J = rt
r =
d
t

t =
d

Newtons Law of Gravity: F = 0
m
1
m
2

2

Keplers 1
st
Law (Eccentricity): c =
c
u

Ratio:
dstuncc
szcscpuuton

Frequency: : =
c
z


* Answer in times ()
M = solar masses
p = orbital period (yrs) a = AU
p = orbital period (yrs) a = distance (AU)
M = star mass in M
O
* Answer in times ()
M = star mass in M
O
* Answer in O lifetimes 10 billion = years
G = 6.67 10
-11
m
3
/s
2
kg M = mass (kg)
C = 3 10
8
m/s * Answer in m
I

= velocity of recession of galaxy (km/s)

H = 20km/s/Mpc d = distance (Mpc)
z = change in z z
O
= unshifted z
H = 70 km/s/Mpc
* Answer in years
G = 6.67 10
-11
m
3
/s
2
kg
m
1
m
2
= masses of objects in kg
r = distance between the two masses (m)
F = the strength of the gravitational force (N)
Flux:
1
d
2

I(H
v
) = r
2


dstuncc to stu
dumctc o] cuth
|
s obt
=
]ocuI Icngth o] scopc (mm)
puuIIux sh]t

Dispersion Distance: =
1
2
-1
1
124.5_[
1
]
2

2
-[
1
]
1

2
]

[
1
400

2
[
1
600

2
= S.472 1u
-6

[
1
400

2
[
1
800

2
= 4.688 1u
-6

[
1
600

2
[
1
800

2
= 1.21S 1u
-6













Diameter of orbit: 300,000 km
* Answer in km
Constants
1 Au = 1.49S979 1u
11
m
1 porscc = 2u6,26S Au
= S.u8S678 1u
16
m
= S.2616SS ligt ycors
1 ligt ycor = 9.46uSS 1u
15
m
c, or tc spccJ o ligt = 2.99792S
1u
8
m
s

0, or tc gro:itotionol constont = (6.67 1u
(-11)
) + (m
3
s
2
)kg
H

= S.976 1u
24
kg
R

= 6,S78.164 km
H

= 1.989 1u
30
kg
R

= 6.9S99 1u
8
m
I

= S.826 1u
26
kg
H o tc Hoon = 7.SSu 1u
22
kg
R o tc Hoon = 17S8 km
H o E otom = 1.67SS2 1u
-27
kg
1 orc minutc (1
i
) =
1
6u

1 orc scconJ (1") =
1
6u

1 Hcgoton = 1,uuu,uuu o INI = 4.S 1u
15
[