185

Append|x A Ler|ved ormu|ae

Appendix A: Derived formulae
Flexure: beams and slabs
Singly reinforced sections
he rectangu|ar stress ||oc| shown |e|ow |n l|gure A! may |e used
h
A
s2
A
s
d
a) Section b) Strain c) Forces
neutral axis
d
2
e
c
e
sc
lx
e
s
x
nf
cd
F
c
z
F
st
F
sc
Figure A1
Strains and forces in a section
Fig. 3.5
lor grades o concrete up to CS0/60, e
cu
0003S, n ! and l 0S
_
cd
a
cc
_
c|
/g
C
0SS _
c|
/!S
3.1.6(1), 2.4.2.4(1)
& NA
_
yd
_
y|
/ g
S
_
y|
/!!S 0S/_
y|
2.4.2.4(1) & NA
lor s|ng|y re|norced sect|ons, the des|gn equat|ons can |e der|ved as o||ows
Lever arm, z
z = d 0.4x
F
st
F
c
0.8x
Figure A2
Beam lever arm
?
c
(0SS _
c|
/!S) [ (0Sq) 04S3_
c|
[q
?
st
0S/:
s
_
y|
Cons|der moment

, F, a|out the centre o the tens|on orce

F 04S3_
c|
[qs
Now s ] 04q
= q 2S(] s)
F 04S3_
c|
[2S(] s)s
!!333 (_
c|
[s] _
c|
[s
2
)
let D F/[]
2
_
c|
!!333 (_
c|
[s] _
c|
[s
2
)/[]
2
_
c|
!!333(s] s
2
)/]
2
= 0 !!333|(s/])
2
(s/])| D
(s/])
2
(s/]) 0SS23SD

ln pract|ce the des|gn moment, F

ld
wou|d |e used
A1
A1.1
186
So|v|ng the quadrat|c equat|on
s/] |! (! 3S29D)
0S
|/2
s ]|! |! 3S29D)
0S
|/2
Table C5
Bm bl \hglb]^k^] `hh] ikZ\mb\^ bg ma^ ND mh ebfbm s(] mh Z fZqbfnf h_ )'2.]' !Mabl `nZk]l Z`Zbglm
k^erbg` hg o^kr mabg l^\mbhgl h_ \hg\k^m^ pab\a Zm ma^ ^qmk^f^ mhi h_ Z l^\mbhg fZr [^ h_
jn^lmbhgZ[e^lmk^g`ma'"MZ[e^l`bobg`oZen^lh_s(]Zg]q(]_hkoZen^lh_DfZr[^nl^]'
Area of reinforcement, A
s
a||ng moments a|out the centre o the compress|on orce
F 0S/:
s
_
y|
s
:
s
F/(0S/_
y|
s)
Limiting value of relative exural compressive stress, K'
Assum|ng no red|str||ut|on ta|es p|ace, a ||m|t|ng va|ue (on the strength o concrete |n
compress|on) or D can |e ca|cu|ated (denoted D) as o||ows
e
cu3
concrete stra|n 0003S
e
s
re|norcement stra|n
S00/(!!S 200 !0
3
) 00022
lrom stra|n d|agram, l|gure A!
q 0003S]/(0003S 00022)
06]
lrom equat|ons a|ove
F 04S3_
c|
[qs
F 04S3_
c|
[ 06] (] 04 06 ])
020/_
c|
[ ]
2
= D 020/
lt |s oten cons|dered good pract|ce to ||m|t the depth o the neutra| ax|s to avo|d 'over-
re|norcement' (|e to ensure that the re|norcement |s y|e|d|ng at a||ure, thus avo|d|ng |r|tt|e
a||ure o the concrete) Oten q/] |s ||m|ted to 04S h|s |s reerred to as the |a|anced sect|on
|ecause at the u|t|mate ||m|t state the concrete and stee| reach the|r u|t|mate stra|ns at the
same t|me
|3!|
h|s |s not a lurocode 2 requ|rement and |s not accepted |y a|| eng|neers
Nonethe|ess or q 04S]
lrom equat|ons a|ove
F 04S3_
c|
[qs
F 04S3_
c|
[ 04S] (] 04 04S])
0!6/_
c|
[]
2
= D 0!6/
Cl. 5.5(4)
q/] |s a|so restr|cted |y the amount o red|str||ut|on carr|ed out lor _
c|
< S0 Mla
d ~ 04 (06 000!4e
cu
)q
u
/]
where
] red|str||uted moment/e|ast|c |end|ng moment |eore red|str||ut|on
q
u
depth o the neutra| ax|s at 0lS ater red|str||ut|on
e
cu
compress|ve stra|n |n the concrete at 0lS
h|s g|ves the va|ues |n a||e A!

Table 3.1
187
Append|x A Ler|ved ormu|ae
A1.2
A2
A2.1
Table A1
Limits on D with respect to redistribution ratio, d
d 1 0.95 0.9 0.85 0.8 0.75 0.7
% redistribution 0 S !0 !S 20 2S 30
K' 020S 0!9S 0!S2 0!6S 0!S3 0!3/ 0!20
l D > D the sect|on shou|d |e res|.ed or compress|on re|norcement |s requ|red ln ||ne w|th
cons|derat|on o good pract|ce out||ned a|ove, this publication adopts a maximum value
of K'= 0.167
Compression reinforcement, A
s2
he ma|or|ty o |eams used |n pract|ce are s|ng|y re|norced, and these |eams can |e des|gned us|ng
the ormu|a der|ved a|ove ln some cases, compress|on re|norcement |s added |n order to
lncrease sect|on strength where sect|on d|mens|ons are restr|cted, |e where N D > D
o reduce |ong term de|ect|on N
o decrease curvature/deormat|on at u|t|mate ||m|t state N
A
s2
A
s
Figure A3
Beam with compression reinforcement
v|th reerence to l|gure A!, there |s now an extra orce
?
sc
0S/:
s2
_
y|
he area o tens|on re|norcement can now |e cons|dered |n two parts, the |rst part to |a|ance
the compress|ve orce |n the concrete, the second part to |a|ance the orce |n the compress|on
stee| he area o tens|on re|norcement requ|red |s thereore
:
s
D' _
cu
[]
2
/(0S/_
y|
s) :
s2
where
s |s ca|cu|ated us|ng D' |nstead o D
:
s2
can |e ca|cu|ated |y ta||ng moments a|out the centre o the tens|on orce
F F 0S/_
y|
:
s2
(] ]
2
)
F D _
cu
[]
2
0S/_
y|
:
s2
(] ]
2
)
kearrang|ng
:
s2
(D D) _
c|
[]
2
/|0S/ _
y|
(] ]
2
)|
Shear
Shear resistance (without shear reinforcement), V
Rd,c
O
kd,c
|<
kd,c
d(!00r! _
c|
)
!/3
d
!
s
cp
| [
w
] ~ (o
m|n
d
!
s
cp
) [
w
] Exp. (6.2)
where
<
kd,c
0!S/g
C
0!S/!S 0!2
NA
d ! (200/])
0S
< 20
188
A2.2
A2.3
r
!
:
s
/([
w
]) < 002
d
!
0!S
s
cp
0 or non-prestressed concrete
o
m|n
003Sd
!S
_
c|
0S
=O
kd,c
0!2d(!00 r
!
_
c|
)
!/3
[
w
] ~ 003Sd
!S
_
c|
0S
[
w
]
Shear capacity
Exp. (6.9)
he capac|ty o a concrete sect|on w|th vert|ca| shear re|norcement to act
as a strut, O
kd,max

O
kd,max
a
cw
[
w
?v
!
_
cd
/(cot y tan y)
Cl. 6.2.3(3) Note 1,
Exp. (6.6N) & NA
where
a
cw
!0
v
!
v 06 |! _
c|
/2S0|
_
cd
a
cc
_
c|
/g
C
!00 _
c|
/!S
=O
kd,max
040 [
w
s _
c|
|! _
c|
/2S0|/(cot y tan y)
kearrang|ng th|s equat|on g|ves
y 0S s|n
!
|o
ld.
/(020_
c|
|! _
c|
/2S0|)| ~ cot
!
2S
where
o
ld.
O
ld
/[s O
ld
/([09])
ln most cases, where cot y 2S, y 2!S
o
kd,max,cot y 2S
0!3S[
w
s _
c|
|! _
c|
/2S0|
or
o
kd,max,cot y 2S
0!3S_
c|
|! _
c|
/2S0|
where
o
kd,max,cot y 2S
O
kd,max,cot y 2S
/([s)
O
kd,max,cot y 2S
/(09[])
vhere cot y > 2S, the ang|e o the strut and o
kd,max
shou|d |e ca|cu|ated, or o
kd,max
may |e
|oo|ed up |n ta||es or charts (eg a||e C/ or l|gure C!)
Shear reinforcement
Exp. (6.13) O
kd,s
(:
sw
/l)s_
ywd
(cot y cot a)s|n a ~ O
ld
where
:
sw
cross-sect|ona| area o the shear re|norcement
l spac|ng
s |ever arm (approx|mate va|ue o 09] may norma||y |e used)
_
ywd
_
yw|
/g
S
des|gn y|e|d strength o the shear re|norcement
a ang|e o the ||n|s to the |ong|tud|na| ax|s lor vert|ca| ||n|s,
cot a 0 and s|n a !0
kearrang|ng or vert|ca| ||n|s
:
sw
/l ~ O
ld
/s_
ywd
cot y
or
:
sw
/l ~ o
ld,.
[
w
/ _
ywd
cot y
M|n|mum area o shear re|norcement
Exp. (9.5N) & NA
:
sw,m|n
/(l[
w
s|n a) ~ 00S_
c|
0S
/_
y|
where
l |ong|tud|na| spac|ng o the shear re|norcement
[
w
|readth o the we|
189
Append|x A Ler|ved ormu|ae
A3

a ang|e o the shear re|norcement to the |ong|tud|na| ax|s o the mem|er lor vert|ca|
||n|s s|n a !0
kearrang|ng or vert|ca| ||n|s
A
sw,m|n
/l ~ 00S[
w
s|n a _
c|
0S
/_
y|
Columns
a) Strain diagram b) Stress diagram
n ax|s
_
cd
a
cc
n_
c|
/g
C
]
2
]
c
q
a
]
2
s
sc
s
st
e
cu2
e
sc
e
y
e
c
:
s!
:
s2
Figure A4
Section in axial
compression and
bending
Fig. 6.1
lor ax|a| |oad
G
ld
_
cd
[]
c
:
s2
s
sc
:
s!
s
st
but as :
s2
:
s!
:
sN
/2
G
ld
_
cd
[]
c
:
sN
(s
sc
s
st
)/2
G
ld
_
cd
[]
c
:
sN
(s
sc
s
st
)/2
(G
ld
_
cd
[]
c
)/(s
sc
s
st
) :
sN
/2
:
sN
/2 (G
ld
_
cd
[]
c
)/(s
sc
s
st
)
=:
sN
/2 (G
ld
a
cc
n_
c|
[]
c
/g
C
)/(s
sc
s
st
)
lor moment a|out centre o co|umn
F
ld
_
cd
[]
c
(a/2 ]
c
/2) :
s2
s
sc
(a/2 ]
2
) :
s!
s
st
(a/2 ]
2
)
but as :
s2
:
s!
:
sM
/2
F
ld
_
cd
[]
c
(a/2 ]
c
/2) :
sM
(s
sc
s
st
)(a/2 ]
2
)/2
F
ld
_
cd
[]
c
(a/2 ]
c
/2) :
sM
(s
sc
s
st
)(a/2 ]
2
)/2
|F
ld
_
cd
[]
c
(a/2 ]
c
/2)|/(s
sc
s
st
)(a/2 ]
2
) :
sM
/2
=:
sM
/2 |F
ld
a
cc
n_
c|
[]
c
(a/2 ]
c
/2)/g
C
|/|(s
sc
s
st
)(a/2 ]
2
)|
So|ut|on
lterate q such that :
sN
:
sM
Note
lor sect|ons who||y |n compress|on, the stra|n |s ||m|ted such that average stra|n
e
cs
000!/S (assum|ng ||||near stressstra|n re|at|onsh|p)
Cl. 6.1(6), Fig. 6.1,
Table 3.1