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2.9.3.12 Expresiones regulares Regular Expressions

As of release 7.0, ABAP supports extended regular expressions in accordance with POSIX standard 1003.2. Regular expressions can be used after the addition REGEX of the statements FIND and REPLACE for searching in character strings. The classes CL_ABAP_REGEX and CL_ABAP_MATCHER permit object-oriented use of regular expressions. A regular expression r represents a set of character strings. If text is a character string represented by r, we say that r matches text or that r fits text. Two (different) regular expressions match if they fit the same set of character strings. If you apply a regular expression to a character string text as a search string, then you are searching for matches of the regular expression with substrings of text. In this case, specific special characters of the regular expression do not match characters, but instead match positions, thus influencing the type and number of found locations. Syntax of regular expressions Testing regular expressions Note This software uses the Boost Regex Library. Copyright (c) 1998-2004 Dr. John Maddock.

2.9.3.12.1 Sintaxis de expresiones regulares Syntax of Regular Expressions

The syntax of regular expressions can be broken down into: Single character strings Character string patterns Search strings Replacement strings Simplified regular expressions

Using the syntax for single characters and character strings, regular expressions can be created that match whole character strings or substrings of character strings. The syntax for find and replace offers some additional elements that support finding and replacing for substrings in character strings. The special characters that are valid in regular expressions are summarized in: Special characters in regular expressions.

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2.9.3.12.1.1 Patrn de carcter individual Single Character Strings

Single characters are represented by literal characters or operators. If preceded by a backslash \, a special character of an operator is interpreted as a literal character. This applies in particular for the backslash \ itself, so that the regular expression \\ is the same as the single character \. If the backslash is followed by a literal character, the backslash is ignored and not taken into account. Literal characters A literal character is a character that is not a special character, or a special character preceded by a backslash \, or enclosed between \Q ... \E. As a search string, a literal character matches the same single character exactly. Note Upper/lower case sensitivity can be controlled for the corresponding commands or methods. Examples The following table shows some results of the test program, if the value ' ' is passed to ignore_case. Pattern Text Match A A \. A AB A a . AB AB X X X

The regular expression 'AB' is a concatenation of two expressions for single characters. Operators for single characters These operators are made up of the special characters . , [, ], ^ and -, whereby the last two only act as special characters at specific positions within [ ]. The special characters can be made into literal characters using the prefix \. Placeholders for single characters The special character . is a placeholder for any single character. The operator \C has the same effect as the special character .. A regular expression . or \C matches exactly one single character. Examples The following table shows some results of the test program, , whereby the value transferred at ignore_case can be any value. Pattern Text Match . \C A a X X

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. ..

AB AB

The regular expression '..' is a concatenation of two expressions for single characters. Self-defined sets for single characters The special characters [ ] can be set around any number of literal characters or names for character classes (see below), and thus define a set of literal characters. A regular expression [...] matches exactly one single character that is listed as a literal character within the brackets, or which is contained in a specified character class. At least one literal character or one name for a character class (see below) must be contained within the brackets. A character [ or ], which is positioned directly after the opening bracket, is interpreted as a literal character. Some of the special characters that start with a backslash, such as \A or \Q, lose their special function within sets, and are interpreted as the simple literal character A or Q. Examples The following table shows some results of the test program. Pattern Text [ABC] [ABC] [AB][CD] [\d] B ABC AD 9

Match X X X

The regular expression [AB][CD] is a concatenation of two expressions for single characters. Negation of a self-defined set for single characters If the character ^ is the first character in a self-defined set for single characters and is listed directly after [, it acts as a special character and negates the rest of the set of literal characters or character classes. A regular expression [^...] matches exactly one single character that is not listed within the brackets as a literal character, or is not contained in a specified character class. A character ^ that is not listed directly after [ acts as a literal character. Examples The following table shows some results of the test program. Pattern Text [^ABC] [^ABC] [^ABC] [^A][^B] [A^B] B Y ABC BA ^

Match X X X X

The regular expression [^A][^B] is a concatenation of two expressions for single characters. Ranges in a self-defined set for single characters If the character - is between two literal characters, it acts as a special character and defines a range between the literal characters. The range is the set of characters that is enclosed by literal characters in the

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code page of the current operating system. A regular expression [...-...] matches exactly one single character that is within the defined range. A character -, which is not between two literal characters, acts as a literal character. A literal character can not be part of two ranges, for example, 'a-z-Z' is not a regular expression. Examples The following table shows some results of the test program. Pattern Text [A-Za-z0-9] [A-Za-z0-9] [A-Za-z0-9] [A-Za-z0-9] [A-Za-z0-9-] B 5 # -

Match X X X

In the last expression, the closing - does not act as a special character. Character classes Within sets for single characters defined with [ ], predefined platform-independent and language-independent character classes can be specified: [:alnum:] Set of all alphanumeric characters [:alpha:] Set of all upper and lower case letters including language-specific special characters (umlauts, accents, diphthongs) [:blank:] Blank characters and horizontal tabs [:cntrl:] Set of all control characters [:digit:] Set of all digits 0 to 9 [:graph:] Set of all graphic special characters [:lower:] Set of all lower case letters including language-dependent special characters (umlauts, accents, diphthongs) [:print:] Set of all displayable characters [:punct:] Set of all punctuation characters [:space:] Set of all blank characters, tabs, and carriage feeds

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[:unicode:] Set of all characters with a character representation larger than 255 (only in Unicode systems) [:upper:] Set of all upper case letters including language-dependent special characters (umlauts, accents, diphthongs) [:word:] Set of all alphanumeric characters including underscore _. [:xdigit:] Set of all hexadecimal digits (0-9, A-F and a-f) Note

Character classes only act within [ ] as specified. A regular expression [:digit:] does not define the set of all digits, but instead defines a character set consisting of :, d, g, i and t. To specify the set of all digits, the regular expression [[:digit:]] is used. Examples The following table shows some results from the test program, if the value ' ' is passed to ignore_case. Pattern Text Match [[:alnum:]] [[:alnum:]] [[:alpha:]] a ; 1 X X X X X

[[:digit:][:punct:]] 4 [[:digit:][:punct:]] . [[:lower:]] [[:upper:]]

Abbreviations for character sets For frequently used character sets, specific operators are available as abbreviations: Character set Abb. Meaning [[:digit:]] [^[:digit:]] [[:lower:]] lower-case letter [^[:lower:]] that is not a lower-case letter [[:space:]] character [^[:space:]] other than blank characters [[:upper:]] upper-case letter \u Placeholder for an \S Placeholder for characters \L \s Placeholder for a character Placeholder for a blank \d \D \l Placeholder for a digit Placeholder for a non-digit Placeholder for a

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[^[:upper:]] that is not an upper-case letter [[:word:]] alphanumeric character including underscore _ [^[:word:]] non-alphanumeric character except for underscore _ Note

\U \w \W

Placeholder for a character Placeholder for an Placeholder for a

If upper/lower case is not taken into account in the ABAP statement FIND and REPLACE or when generating an object of the class CL_ABAP_REGEX, then \l and \u are equivalent to [[:alpha:]] and \L, and \U is equivalent to [^[:alpha:]]. The special characters \w, \u, \l, \d, \s can also be listed within sets [...]. Use of the special characters \W, \U, \L, \D, \S within sets is not permitted and triggers an exception CX_SY_INVALID_REGEX. Examples The following table shows some results of the test program, if the ' ' is transferred to ignore_case. Pattern Text Match \d \D \l \l \L \s \S \u \U \w \w \W \W Equivalence classes The operators [..] and [==] are reserved for later language enhancements and trigger the exception CX_SY_INVALID_REGEX if used in sets. # U , A 8 : _ 4 ; u U s X X X X X X X X X X X -

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2.9.3.12.1.2 Patrn de strings Character String Patterns

Character strings are represented by concatenations or operators. Concatenations Concatenations are valid regular expressions that are written after each other. IF r and s are regular expressions, the concatenation rs matches all character strings that can be formed from the concatenation of character strings that match r and s. Examples The following table shows some results of the test program. Pattern Text H[aeu]llo H[aeu]llo H[aeu]llo H[aeu]llo Hallo Hello Hullo Hollo

Match X X X -

H[aeu]llo is the concatenation of five regular expressions for single characters. Operators for character strings These operators are made up of the special characters {, }, *, +, ?, |, (, ) and \. The special characters can be made into literal characters using the prefix \ or by enclosing with \Q ... \E. Concatenation operators The operators {n}, {n,m}, *, + and ? (whereby n and m are natural numbers, including zero) can be written directly after a regular expression r, and thus generate concatenations rrr... of the regular expression: The regular expression r{n} is equivalent to a n-fold concatenation of r. The regular expression r{0} matches an empty character string, and therefore also the offset before the first character of a character string, the spaces between the characters in character strings, and the offset after the last character in a character string. The regular expression r{n,m} is equivalent to at least n and a maximum of m concatenations of r. The value of n must be smaller than or equal to the value of m. The expression r{n,} is equivalent to at least n concatenations of r. The regular expression r? is equivalent to r{0,1}, which means the expression r or the empty character string. The regular expression r* is equivalent to r{0,}, i.e. a concatenation of r of any length, including the empty character string. When using subgroups (see below), and in a text search, r* matches the longest possible substring (greedy behavior). The regular expression r+ is equivalent to r{1,}, i.e. a concatenation of any length of r excluding the empty character string. When using subgroups, and in a text search, r+ matches the longest possible substring (greedy behavior).

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The regular expressions r{n,m}?, r*? and r+? are reserved for later language enhancements (non-greedy behavior) and currently trigger the exception CX_SY_INVALID_REGEX. Example

The following table shows some results from the test program. Pattern Text Hel{2}o H.{4} .{0,4} .{4,} .+H.+e.+l.+l.+o.+ x*Hx*ex*lx*lx*ox* l+ Subgroups Hello Hello Hello Hello Hello Hello ll

Match X X X X X

The operators ( ... ) and (?: ... ) group concatenations of regular expressions together into one entity and thus influence the range of effectiveness of other operators such as * or |, which act on this entity. In this case, the regular expressions (r) and (?:r) match the regular expression r. Examples The following table shows some results of the test program. Pattern Text Tral+a Tr(al)+a Tr(?:al)+a Tralala Tralala Tralala

Match X X

In the first expression, the concatenation with the operator + acts on the literal character l, in the second and third expressions, it acts on the subgroup al. Subgroups with registration The operator ( ... ) acts in the same way as (?: ... ) in the formation of subgroups. In addition, when comparing the regular expression with a character string, the substrings that match the subgroups ( ... ) of the expression, are stored sequentially in registers. In this process, an operator \1, \2, \3, ... is assigned to each subgroup, which can be listed within the expression after its subgroup, and thus acts as a placeholder for the character string stored in the corresponding register. In text replacements, the special characters $1, $2, $3, ... can be used to access the last assignment to the register. The number of subgroups and registers is only limited by the capacity of the platform. Note The addition SUBMATCHES of the statements FIND and REPLACE and the eponymous column of the results table filled using the addition RESULTS can be used to access the content of all registers for a found location. The the class CL_ABAP_MATCHER contains the method GET_SUBMATCH for this purpose.

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Examples The following table shows some results of the test program. pattern text (["']).+\1 (["']).+\1 (["']).+\1 "Hello" 'Hello' 'Hello"

match X X -

The concatenation (["']).+\1 matches all text strings of which the first character is " or ' and the last character is the same as the first. A call matcher->get_submatch( index = 1 ) returns the values ", " or ' for all three cases. Reserved enhancements The character string (? ... ) is generally reserved for later language enhancements, and with the exception of the already supported operators (?:...), (?=...) and (?!...), triggers the exception CX_SY_INVALID_REGEX. Alternatives The operator | can be written between two regular expressions r and s, and thus generates a single regular expression r|s, which matches both r and s. Note Concatenations and other operators are more binding than |, which means that r|st and r|s+ are equivalent to r|(?:st) or r|(?:s+), and not to (?:r|s)t or (?:r|s)+. Examples The following table shows some results of the test program. Pattern Text H(e|a|u)llo H(e|a|u)llo He|a|ullo He|a|ullo Literal characters The operators \Q ... \E form a character string of literal characters from all enclosed characters. Special characters have no effect in this character string. The following table shows some results of the test program. Pattern Text .+\w\d .+\\w\\d .+\Q\w\d\E Special: \w\d Special: \w\d Special: \w\d Match X X Hello Hollo Hallo ullo

Match X X

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2.9.3.12.1.3 String de bsqueda Search Strings

One of the principle uses of regular expressions is the search for (and subsequent replacement of) substrings in character strings. In general, a user is interested in a specific selection of character strings that match a regular expression. In ABAP, the search of regular expressions is realized using the addition REGEX of the statement FIND, whereby the found substrings are determined with no overlaps according to the leftmost-longest rule. Leftmost-longest rule First, the substring is determined that is the furthest to the left in the character string, and which matches the regular expression ("leftmost"). If there are several substrings, the longest sequence is chosen ("longest"). This procedure is then repeated for the remaining sequence after the found location. Example For the regular expression d*od*, five substrings are found in doobedoddoo: do at offset 0, o at offset 2, dodd at offset 5, o at offset 9 and o at offset 10. DATA result_tab TYPE match_result_tab. FIND ALL OCCURRENCES OF regex 'd*od*' IN 'doobedoddoo' RESULTS result_tab. Operators for search strings The following operators support searching in character strings. These operators are made up of the special characters ^, $, \, <, >, (, ), =and !. The special characters can be made into literal characters using the prefix \. Start and end of a character string The operators ^ and $ act as anchor characters for the offset before the first character of a line and the offset after the last character of a line. If the character string to be searched contains control characters such as a line feed, it is interpreted as consisting of several lines. The operators \A and \Z have the same effect as ^ and $, but always refer to the whole character string instead of to single lines. Note The operators ^, $ and \A, \Z behave differently if control characters are present. Within ABAP programs, these control characters normally occur only for importing externally generated data records. Example The following search finds Smile at the start of the first line and at the end of the last line of the internal table text_tab. DATA text(10) TYPE c. DATA text_tab LIKE TABLE OF text. DATA result_tab TYPE match_result_tab.

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APPEND APPEND APPEND APPEND APPEND APPEND

'Smile' TO text_tab. ' Smile' TO text_tab. ' Smile' TO text_tab. ' Smile' TO text_tab. ' Smile' TO text_tab. ' Smile' TO text_tab.

FIND ALL OCCURRENCES OF regex '^(?:Smile)|(?:Smile)$' IN TABLE text_tab RESULTS result_tab. Start and end of a word The operator \< fits at the start of a word and the operator \> fits at the end of a word. The operator <\b fits at both the beginning and the end of a word. A word is defined as an uninterrupted sequence of alphanumeric characters. Example The following search finds the three words One, two and 3. Instead of the expression \<[[:alnum:]]+\>, \b[[:alnum:]]+\b can also be used. DATA text TYPE string. DATA result_tab TYPE match_result_tab. text = `One, two, 3!`. FIND ALL OCCURRENCES OF regex '\<[[:alnum:]]+\>' IN text RESULTS result_tab. Preview conditions The operator (?=...) defines a regular expression s as a subsequent condition for a previous regular expression r. The regular expression r(?=s) has the same effect in a search as the regular expression r, if the regular expression s matches the substring that immediately follows the substring found with r. The operator (?!...) acts in the same way as (?=...), with the difference that r(?!s) matches the substring for r if s does not match the subsequent substring. Note The substring found by the preview s is not a part of the match found by r(?=s). Example The following search finds the substring la at offset 7. DATA text TYPE string. DATA result_tab TYPE match_result_tab. text = `Shalalala!`. FIND ALL OCCURRENCES OF REGEX '(?:la)(?=!)' IN text RESULTS result_tab.

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2.9.3.12.1.4 Patrn de sustitucin Replace String

After searching, the replacement of substrings in character strings is the most important application of regular expressions. When replacing, the found locations of a search (or the substrings that match a regular expression), are replaced by one or more different character strings. In ABAP, the replacement is realized using regular expressions with the addition REGEX of the statement REPLACE. In contrast to normal text replacements, when regular expressions are used, operators can be used in the replacement text that refer to the relevant found location. Operators for replacement texts The following operators can be specified in the replacement text. These operators are made up of the special characters $, &, ` and . The special characters can made into literal characters by the prefix \. Addressing the whole found location The operators $0 and $& can be entered in the replacement text as placeholders for the whole current found location. Example After replacement, text has the content Yeah Yeah Yeah!. DATA: text TYPE string. text = `Yeah!`. REPLACE REGEX `\w+` IN text WITH `$0 $0 $&`. Addressing the registers of subgroups The operators $1, $2, $3, ... can be used in the replacement text as placeholders for the character strings stored in the registers of subgroups for the current found location. If the n-th subgroup is not available, or it is not supplied with a value in the match, the corresponding operator $n is replaced by the empty character string. Example After replacement, text has the content Roll'n'Rock. DATA: text TYPE string. text = `Rock'n'Roll`. REPLACE REGEX `(\w+)(\W\w\W)(\w+)` IN text WITH `$3$2$1`. Addressing the text before the found location The operator $` can be used in the replacement text as a placeholder before the current found location. If several found locations are replaced using REPLACE ALL OCCURRENCES, $` contains the unchanged text from the beginning of the text to the start of the found location, for every found location.

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Example After replacement, text has the content again and again. DATA: text TYPE string. text = `again and`. REPLACE REGEX 'and' IN text WITH '$`$0 $`'. Addressing the text after the found location The operator $' can be used in the replacement text as a placeholder for the whole text after the current found location. Example After replacement, text has the content and again. DATA: text TYPE string. text = `again and`. REPLACE REGEX `again ` IN text WITH `$' $0`.

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2.9.3.12.1.5 Expresiones regulares simplificadas Simplified Regular Expressions

In addition to the regular expressions according to the extended POSIX standard IEEE 1003.1, the class CL_ABAP_REGEX also offers an alternative type of simplified regular expressions with restricted functionality. These simplified regular expressions (also known as simplified expressions) do not support all POSIX operators and use a slightly varying syntax. The semantics of regular expressions and simplified expressions is, however, the same. Simplified syntax The following table provides an overview of the syntax differences between regular expressions and simplified regular expressions. Regular syntax Simplified syntax * + { } ( ) [ ] | (?= ) (?! ) (?: ) * not supported \{ \} \( \) [ ] not supported not supported not supported

Note Regular expressions with simplified syntax can only be used within the class CL_ABAP_REGEX. If the value 'X' is transferred for the input parameter simple_regex, the regular expression is viewed according to the simplified syntax. By default, the syntax is used according to the extended POSIX standard. If the simplified syntax is to be used in the statements FIND or REPLACE, an object must be transferred.

Example Regular expression (.) \(.\) Simplified expression a (a) a (.) (a) \(.\) Matches

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Example The following program determines all consecutive repeated double characters. DATA: regex TYPE REF TO cl_abap_regex, res TYPE match_result_tab, text TYPE string. CREATE OBJECT regex EXPORTING pattern = '\(.\)\1' simple_regex = 'X' FIND ALL OCCURRENCES OF REGEX regex IN text RESULTS res.

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2.9.3.12.1.6 Caracteres especiales en expresiones regulares Special Characters in Regular Expressions

The following tables summarize the special characters in regular expressions: Escape character Special character \ Special character for single character strings Special character . \C \d \D \l \L letter \s \S character \u \U letter \w _ \W except for _ [ ] [^ ] [ - ] characters [ [:alnum:] ] set [ [:alpha:] ] [ [:blank:] ] tabulators in a value set [ [:cntrl:] ] [ [:digit:] ] [ [:graph:] ] set [ [:lower:] ] Meaning Escape character for special characters

Meaning Placeholder for any single character Placeholder for any single character Placeholder for any single digit Placeholder for any character other than a digit Placeholder for any lower-case letter Placeholder for any character other than a lower-case Placeholder for a blank character Placeholder for any character other than a blank Placeholder for any upper-case letter Placeholder for any character other than an upper-case Placeholder for any alphanumeric character including Placeholder for any non-alphanumeric character Definition of a value set for single characters Negation of a value set for single characters Definition of a range in a value set for single Description of all alphanumeric characters in a value Description of all letters in a value set Description for blank characters and horizontal Description of all control characters in a value set Description of all digits in a value set Description of all graphic special characters in a value Description of all lower-case letters in a value set

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[ [:print:] ] [ [:punct:] ] [ [:space:] ] carriage feeds in a value set [ [:unicode:] ] with a code larger than 255 [ [:upper:] ] [ [:word:] ] set, including _ [ [:xdigit:] ] \a \f \n \r \t \v [..] [==] -> More

Description of all displayable characters in a value set Description of all punctuation characters in a value set Description of all blank characters, tabulators, and Description of all Unicode characters in a value set Description of all upper-case letters in a value set Description of all alphanumeric characters in a value Description of all hexadecimal digits in a value set Diverse platform-specific control characters Reserved for later enhancements Reserved for later enhancements

Special characters for character string patterns Special character Meaning {n} {n,m} single characters {n,m}? ? * including 'no characters' *? + excluding 'no characters' +? | ( ) (?: ) \1, \2, \3 ... \Q ... \E (? ... ) -> More Special characters for search strings Special character ^ \A $ Meaning Anchor character for the start of a line Anchor character for the start of a character string Anchor character for the end of a line Concatenation of n single characters Concatenation of at least n and a maximum of m Reserved for later enhancements One or no single characters Concatenation of any number of single characters Reserved for later enhancements Concatenation of any number of single characters Reserved for later enhancements Linking of two alternative expressions Definition of subgroups with registration Definition of subgroups without registration Placeholder for the register of subgroups Definition of a string of literal characters Reserved for later enhancements

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\Z \< \> \b \B (?= ) (?! ) -> More Special characters for replacement texts Special character $0, $& $1, $2, $3... $` $' -> More

Anchor character for the end of a character string Start of a word End of a word Start or end of a word Space between characters within a word Preview condition Negated preview condition

Meaning Placeholder for the whole found location Placeholder for the register of subgroups Placeholder for the text before the found location Placeholder for the text after the found location

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2.9.3.12.2 Examinar expresiones regulares Testing Regular Expressions

The following program section can be used for testing regular expressions: DATA: matcher TYPE REF TO cl_abap_matcher, match TYPE c LENGTH 1. matcher = cl_abap_matcher=>create( pattern = ... ignore_case = ... text = ... ). match = matcher->match( ). The data object match contains the value "X" if the regular expression transferred to pattern matches the character string transferred to text. The following program has the same functions, but works using explicit generation of an object of the class CL_ABAP_REGEX. If the same regular expression is used several times for different texts, this form is better for performance than the shorter version above. DATA: regex TYPE REF TO cl_abap_regex, matcher TYPE REF TO cl_abap_matcher, match TYPE c LENGTH 1. CREATE OBJECT regex EXPORTING pattern = ... ignore_case = ... . matcher = regex->create_matcher( text = ... ). match = matcher->match( ).

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Copyright

Copyright 2011 SAP AG. Reservados todos los derechos. Queda prohibido el traspaso o la reproduccin de esta documentacin o de alguna de sus partes sin la autorizacin por escrito de SAP AG, sea cual sea el fin y la forma. La informacin contenida en esta documentacin podr modificarse o ampliarse sin previo aviso. SAP es una marca registrada de SAP AG. Todos los dems productos que se citan en esta documentacin son marcas registradas o no registradas de las empresas respectivas.

Informacin release ndice de contenido SAP AG ______________________________________________________________

2.9.3.12 2.9.3.12.1 2.9.3.12.1.1 2.9.3.12.1.2 2.9.3.12.1.3 2.9.3.12.1.4 2.9.3.12.1.5 2.9.3.12.1.6 2.9.3.12.2

Expresiones regulares Sintaxis de expresiones regulares Patrn de carcter individual Patrn de strings String de bsqueda Patrn de sustitucin Expresiones regulares simplificadas Caracteres especiales en expresiones regulares Examinar expresiones regulares

1 1 2 7 11 14 16 18 21

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