57:020 Mechanics of Fluids and Transport Processes Professor Fred Stern Fall 2006

Chapter 6

Chapter 6 Differential Analysis of Fluid Flow

Inviscid flow: Eulers equations of motion
Flow fields in which the shearing stresses are zero are said to be inviscid, nonviscous, or frictionless. for fluids in which there are no shearing stresses the normal stress at a point is independent of direction: p = xx = yy = zz For an inviscid flow in which all the shearing stresses are zero, and the normal stresses are replaced by p, the Navier-Stokes Equations reduce to Eulers equations V + ( V ) V g p = t In Cartesian coordinates: u p u u u gx = + u + v + w x x y z t

gy
gz

v p v v v = +u +v +w y x y z t

w p w w w = +u +v +w z x y z t The Bernoulli equation derived from Eulers equations The Bernoulli equation can also be derived, starting from Eulers equations. For inviscid, incompressible fluids, we end up with the same equation p V2 + + gz = const 2
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57:020 Mechanics of Fluids and Transport Processes Professor Fred Stern Fall 2006

Chapter 6

It is often convenient to write the Bernoulli equation between two points (1) and (2) along a streamline and to express the equation in the head form by dividing each term by g so that p1 V12 p2 V22 + + z1 = + + z2 2g 2g The Bernoulli equation is restricted to the following: inviscid flow steady flow incompressible flow flow along a streamline The Irrotational Flow and corresponding Bernoulli equation If we make one additional assumptionthat the flow is irrotational V = 0 the analysis of inviscid flow problems is further simplified. The Bernoulli equation has exactly the same form at that for inviscid flows: p1 V12 p2 V22 + + z1 = + + z2 2g 2g but it can now be applied between any two points in the flow field, not limited to applications along a streamline.

57:020 Mechanics of Fluids and Transport Processes Professor Fred Stern Fall 2006

Chapter 6

Various regions of flow: (a) around bodies; (b) through channels The Velocity Potential For an irrotational flow: w v u w v u V = i + j+ k = 0 y z z x x y So we have w v u w v u = , = , = y z z x x y It follows that in this case the velocity components can be expressed in terms of a scalar function (x, y, z, t), called velocity potential, as u= , v= , w= x y z In vector form: V =
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57:020 Mechanics of Fluids and Transport Processes Professor Fred Stern Fall 2006

Chapter 6

The velocity potential is a consequence of the irrotationality of the flow field, whereas the stream function is a consequence of conservation of mass. It is to be noted, however, that the velocity potential can be defined for a general three-dimensional flow, whereas the stream function is restricted to two-dimensional flows. For an incompressible flow we know from the conservation of mass: V = 0 and therefore for incompressible, irrotational flow, it follows that 2 = 0 The velocity potential satisfies the Laplace equation. In Cartesian coordinates: 2 2 2 + 2 + 2 =0 2 x y z In cylindrical coordinates: 1 1 2 + 2 =0 r + 2 2 z r r r r Some Basic, Plane Potential Flows For potential flow, basic solutions can be simply added to obtain more complicated solutions because of the major advantage of Laplace equation that it is a linear PDE. For simplicity, only plane (two-dimensional) flows will be considered. Since we can define a stream function for plane flow, u= , v= y x
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57:020 Mechanics of Fluids and Transport Processes Professor Fred Stern Fall 2006

Chapter 6

If we now impose the condition of irrotationality, it follows u v = y x and in terms of the stream function = y y x x

2 2 + =0 x 2 y 2 Thus, for a plane irrotational flow we can use either the velocity potential or the stream functionboth must satisfy Laplace's equation in two dimensions. It is apparent from these results that the velocity potential and the stream function are somehow related. It can be shown that lines of constant (called equipotential lines) are orthogonal to lines of constant (streamlines) at all points where they intersect. Recall that two lines are orthogonal if the product of their slopes is 1, as illustrated by this figure

Along streamlines =const: dy v = dx along = const u Along equipotential lines = const d = dx + dy = udx + vdy = 0 x y

57:020 Mechanics of Fluids and Transport Processes Professor Fred Stern Fall 2006

Chapter 6

dy u = dx along = const v Uniform flow at angle with the x axis

Velocity potential: = U ( x cos + y sin ) Stream function: = U ( y cos x sin ) Velocity components: u = U cos ,
v = U sin

Source or sink (m > 0 source; m < 0 sink)

Velocity potential: = 2 ln r Stream function: =

m 2

m , vr = Velocity components: 2 r

v = 0

57:020 Mechanics of Fluids and Transport Processes Professor Fred Stern Fall 2006

Chapter 6

Free vortex ( > 0 counterclockwise; < 0 clockwise)

Velocity potential: = 2 Stream function: =

ln r 2 v =

Velocity components: vr = 0, Doublet (with strength k=ma/)

2 r

K cos r K sin = Stream function: r K cos vr = , Velocity components: 2 r

Velocity potential: =

v =

K sin r2
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57:020 Mechanics of Fluids and Transport Processes Professor Fred Stern Fall 2006

Chapter 6

Superposition of Basic, Plane Potential Flows Source in a Uniform StreamHalf-Body Flow around a half-body is obtained by the addition of a source to a uniform flow.

The flow around a half-body: (a) superposition of a source and a uniform flow; (b) replacement of streamline = bU with solid boundary to form half-body. m = Ur cos + ln r Velocity potential: 2 m = Ur sin + Stream function: 2 m vr = , v = U sin Velocity components: 2 r Rankine Ovals Rankine ovals are formed by combining a source and sink with a uniform flow.

57:020 Mechanics of Fluids and Transport Processes Professor Fred Stern Fall 2006

Chapter 6

The flow around a Rankine oval: (a) superposition of sourcesink pair and a uniform flow; (b) replacement of streamline = 0 with solid boundary to form Rankine oval. m = Ur cos ( ln r1 ln r2 ) Velocity potential: 2 m 2ar sin = Ur sin tan 1 2 2 Stream function: 2 r a 12 ma 2 Body half length: l = U + a h2 a 2 2 Uh h= tan Body half width: 2a m Flow around a Circular Cylinder A doublet combined with a uniform flow can be used to represent flow around a circular cylinder.

The flow around a circular cylinder K cos = Ur cos + Velocity potential: r

57:020 Mechanics of Fluids and Transport Processes Professor Fred Stern Fall 2006

Chapter 6

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Stream function: = Ur sin Velocity components: a2 vr = U 1 2 cos , r

K sin r
a2 v = U 1 + 2 sin r

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