the existing A.C. systems.

In today

ABSTRACT:
Beginning with a brief historical perspective on the development of High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) transmission systems, this paper

electricity industry, in view of the

Liberalization and increased effects to conserve the environment, HVDC solutions have become more desirable for the following reasons: interconnections Power flow control Added benefits to the mical solution) (cheapest

presents an overview of the status of HVDC systems in the world today and an overview of superiority of HVDC transmission over the current existing system of H.V A.C transmission. The HVDC transmission systems have led the way in providing assistance from a source other than a generator It then reviews the underlying

technology of HVDC systems, and discusses the HVDC systems from a design, construction, and operation points of view. The paper then gives the idea of the recent developments in HVDC technologies. The paper also presents an economic and financial comparison of HVDC system with those of an AC system; and provides a brief review of reference installations of HVDC systems and also the applications and the cost profile. The paper concludes with a brief set of guidelines for choosing HVDC systems in todays electricity system development when compared to that of NEED

transmission (stability, power quality etc.)

HISTORY:
THE ENTIRE POWER SYSTEM IS DIVIDED IN TO THREE MAJOR PARTS: 1. Generation system 2. Transmission system 3. Distribution system FOR TRANSMISSION

LINES: Power is generated at

generating stations situated at certain specific places in view of economic considerations .This is to be conveyed

to the far of places to serve the consumers of that area. Therefore there is need to transmit the power from generating stations to the areas to be served by conductor system known as transmission lines and distribution lines. TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS: A.C. Transmission D.C. Transmission Both electrical and the of SUPPLY

phase three wires system. Of the two systems D.C. is the best one. But higher voltages cannot be generated because of insulation problem and

commutation problem. In A.C. supply system though

generation is at 11KVA or 33KVA it can be stepped up to very high voltages High gives using voltage reduced

transformers. transmission

loss in lines and hence for given loss reduced size of conductor.

practical

applications

electricity began with direct current later alternating current came into existence. The first widespread application telegraphy was powered practical D.C. by

DISADVANTAGES TRANSMISSION

OF

A.C.

In order to provide adequate insulation and to avoid corona loss spacing between line

electrochemical batteries and using ground-return circuit.

conductors is to be kept more in over head transmission lines. amount of conductor material required is more over D.C. two wire system In long transmission lines

The advent of transformer polyphase circuits and the induction motor in the 1880s and 1890s led to A.C. power systems. Electrically energy can be transmitted by means of either alternating currents or direct upon currents, generation. depending Put the

capacitance effect comes into picture .due to capacitance charging current flows in the line even though the line is open circuited and produces continuous power loss.

present schemes are of A.C. 3-

Construction

of

A.C.

No stabilizer is required for transmission distances. over long

transmission lines is not easy over D.C. lines. Alternators synchronized are before to be

putting

Even though A.C. transmission is having these many disadvantages as stated above and D.C. is having many advantages, A.C. is preferred over D.C., this is due to the only reason that the voltage cannot be stepped up in D.C. and transformer facility is not

them into parallel. The variations in the speeds of alternators are to be controlled with in very low limits to keep constancy of frequency. ADVANTAGES D.C.TRANSMISSION: It requires only two conductors for transmission .also using earth as the return conductor it is possible to transmit by one conductor. Therefore much

available in D.C. STATISTICAL DATA:

The total generation of power in India is about 1, 35,000Mw, where as for the generation of 1Mw of power requires around 4-5 crores. Present day the losses due to transmission are 2630%. So if there is an improvement of 1% in the reduction of losses a bulk of amount can be saved. So in order to cut down the percentage of transmission losses the concept of HVDC

conductor material is saved. No inductance, capacitance,

phase displacement and such problem in D.C. transmission. there is no skin effect and hence full cross-section of the conductor is utilized Less insulation is required. Underground cables can be used because of less potential stress and negligible dielectric loss. For a given load and sending end voltage, voltage regulation is better for D.C. transmission line.

Transmission is introduced.

INTRODUCTION:
WHY HVDC? Energy demand doubles for every 10-12 years. Interconnection of technical

and economic advantages. WHAT IS HVDC RANSMISSION?

The use of D.C. for day to day application is much older in that of A.C. the first central electric station was installed by Sir. Edison in New York in 1882 which operated at 110V D.C. it is the interest to know as to why then A.C. almost replaced all D.C. lines and why direct current again is being used for some high voltage transmission lines. The use of transformer for transmitting power over longer

from DC to AC (inverter) at the receiving end. The components of an HVDC transmission system

distances at higher voltages justified the use of A.C. especially where the electrical energy was to be harnessed from water power which is usually available far from the load centers. However generation and

distribution is done by A.C. So, without changing the system much the losses can be overcomed to a larger extent the concept of HVDC is introduced. The converter station: The converter stations at each end are replicas of each other and therefore consists of all the needed HOW HVDC TRANSMISSION IS DONE? The HVDC technology The equipment for going from AC to DC or vice versa. The main components of a converter station are: Thruster valves: VSC valves. Transformers AC Filters and fundamental process that occurs in an HVDC system is the conversion of electrical current from AC to DC (rectifier) at the transmitting end and

Capacitor Banks

DC filters

Bipolar:
In bipolar transmission a pair of conductors is used, each at a high

Cost structure.
Assumptions made in the price calculations:

potential with respect to ground, in opposite polarity. Since these

conductors must be insulated for the full voltage, transmission line cost is higher than a monopole with a return conductor.

Back to back:
A back-to-back station is a plant in which both static inverters are in the same area, usually in the same building. The length of the direct current line is only a few meters. HVDC back-to-back stations are used for Coupling the depreciation period and desired rate of return (or discount rate) should be considered. Therefore, to estimate the costs of n HVDC system, it is recommended that life cycle cost analysis is undertaken. of electricity mains of

different frequency (as in Japan) coupling two networks of the same nominal frequency but no fixed phase relationship different frequency and phase example, number as (for a

Configurations
Monopole and earth return: In a common configuration, called monopole, one of the terminals of the rectifier is connected to earth ground. The other terminal, at a potential high above, or below, ground, is connected to a transmission line.

replacement for traction current plants) converter

Current limit:
Power transfer capacity of the conductor is decided by the Thermal limit.

lines and where the lengths involved make a.c. cables impractical Interconnecting two AC networks in an

In A.C. systems

the stability limit reaches well before the thermal limit

asynchronous manner.

conductor cannot be fully utilized In D.C. systems

Advantages Systems:

of

HVDC

Only the Thermal limit, limits the current value. Radio interference effects are less in D.C. system D.C. lines does not require reactive power

It is important to remark that an HVDC system not only transmit electrical power from one point to another, but it also has a lot of value added which should have been

necessary to solve by another means in the case of using a conventional AC

Principal applications of D.C. transmission:

for cable crossing bodies of water wider than 32km For A.C. interconnecting systems having

transmission.

Some of these aspects are: No limits in transmitted distance. This is valid for both OH lines and sea or underground

different frequencies or where asynchronous

cables. simpler line conversion Very fast control of power implies flow, which stability

operation is desired. for transmitting large amounts of power over long distances by over head lines in congested urban

improvements, not only for the HVDC link but also for the surrounding AC system. Direction of power flow can be changed very

areas or else where it is difficult to acquire right of way for over head

quickly directionality).

(bi-

An HVDC link dont increase the short-

circuit power in the connecting point. This means that it will not be necessary to change the circuit breakers in the existing network. HVDC can carry more power for a given size of conductor The need for ROW (Right Of Way) is much smaller for HVDC than for HVAC, for the same transmitted power. The environmental impact is smaller with HVDC. HVDC transmissions

These harmonics cause interference with audio frequency signals. lack of HVDC circuit breakers hampers multiterminal or network operation Filters are required at both ends

Modern trends in D.C. Transmission

Power semiconductors and valves. Converter control. D.C. breakers. Conversion of existing A.C. lines. Operation with weak A.C. systems.

HVDCTransmission Technologies:
Power control Terminal demand reactive power. Relative power balance by shunt back switching. Minimum system short circuit capacity of twice rated power.

have a high availability and reliability rate,

shown by more than 30 years of operation.

Limitations of HVDC:
Terminal equipment like valves have little overload capacity. Harmonics are produced both on A.C. and D.C. sides.

CONCLUSION:
HVDC systems remain the best economical friendly and environmentally for the above

REFERENCES:
Power Systems by CL.WADHWA HVDC Transmission by E.W.KIMBARK HVDC Power Converters and systems by B.J.CORY, MC DONALD HVDC power transmission systems: Technology and system interactions-by PADIYAR Power Transmission by direct current by E.UHLMANN,SPRINGERVERLAG INTERNET

option

conventional applications. However, three different dynamics - technology development, deregulation of

electricity industry around the world, and a quantum leap in efforts to conserve the environment are

demanding a change in thinking that could make HVDC systems the

preferred alternative to high voltage AC systems in many other situations as well. It is quite conceivable that with changed circumstances in the

electricity industry, the technological developments, and environmental

considerations, HVDC would be the preferred alternative in many more transmission projects.