GSSP Table - All Periods

Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) of the International Commission of Stratigraphy Age (Ma) GSSP Location CGTS 2008 Phanerozoic Eon Cenozoic Era Quaternary System Holocene Series Stage Holocene Stage 0.011784 NorthGRIP ice core, central Greenland Latitude, Longitude Boundary Level

Correlation Events

Status

Reference

75.1000N 42.3200W

Climatic -- End of the 1492.45m depth Younger Dryas cold spell, in Borehole which is reflected in a Ratified 2008 NGRIP2 shift in deuterium excess values

Episodes 31/2, 2008; J. Quaternary Sci., Vol. 24 pp. 317, 2009

Pleistocene Series AmsterdamTerminal borehole, Netherlands Candidate sections in Italy (Montalbano Jorica or Valle di Manche) and Japan (Chiba) Climatic -- Base of the Eemian interglacial stage (= base of marine isotope Accepted by stage 5e) before final Episodes 31/2, ICS in 2008, on glacial episode of 2008 hold by IUGS Pleistocene. Base of Tyrrhrenian regional stage of Mediterranean Magnetic -- BrunhesMatuyama magnetic reversal (base of Chron 1n) Anticipated 2009

Tarantian Stage

0.126

52.3792N 4.9144E

63.5 m below surface

Ionian Stage

0.781

Calabrian Stage

1.806

Vrica, Italy

39.0385N 17.1348E

Gelasian Stage

2.588

Monte San Nicola, Sicily, Italy

37.1469N 14.2035E

base of the marine claystone overlying the sapropelic Magnetic -- ~15 kyr after marker Bed 'e' end of Olduvai (C2n) Ratified 1985 (Mediterranean normal polarity chron Precession Related Sapropel, MPRS 176) Magnetic -base of marly Matuyama/Gauss layer overlying boundary (C2r/C2An) is Ratified 1996 sapropel MPRS 1m below GSSP. GSSP 250 level is within Marine Isotope Stage 103.

Episodes 8/2, p. 116 120, 1985

Episodes 21/2, p. 8287, 1998

Neogene System Pliocene Series Piacenzian Stage 3.6 Punta Piccola, Sicily, Italy 37.2889N 13.4933E base of the beige marl bed of small-scale carbonate cycle 77 (MPRS 347) base of the Trubi Formation which corresponds to Insolation cycle 510 Magnetic -- Gauss/Gilbert (C2An/C2Ar) magnetic reversal is recorded Ratified 1997 immediately above the GSSP Magnetic -- base of the Thvera magnetic event (C3n.4n) is only 96 kyr (5 Ratified 2000 precession cycles) younger than the GSSP. Episodes 21/2, p. 8893, 1998

Zanclean Stage Miocene Series Messinian Stage

5.332

Eraclea Minoa, Sicily, Italy

37.3917N 13.2806E

Episodes 23/3, p. 179 187, 2000

7.246

Oued Akrech, Morocco

33.9369N 6.8125W

Tortonian Stage

11.608

Monte dei Corvi Beach, near Ancona, Italy

43.5867N 13.5694E

Serravallian Stage

13.82

Ras il Pellegrin section, Fomm Ir- 35.9139N 14.3361E Rih Bay, west coast of Malta Potentially in astronomicallytuned ODP core (Leg 154) or in Italy (Moria or La Vedova ) Potentially in astronomicallytuned ODP core

Langhian Stage

15.97

Burdigalian Stage

20.43

Aquitanian Stage

23.03

Lemme-Carrioso 44.6589N Section, 8.8364E Allessandria Province, Italy

Planktonic foraminifer first regular occurrence of reddish layer of Globorotalia miotumida, sedimentary Ratified and calcareous cycle number 15 nannofossil FAD Amaurolithus delicatus mid-point of Calcareous nannofossil sapropel layer of last common occurrence Ratified basic cycle of Discoaster kugleri number 76. formation Oxygen-isotopic event boundary (global cooling episode) between the Mi3b; near calcareous Ratified Globigerina nannofossil LAD of Limestone and Sphenolithus Blue Clay heteromorphus Near planktonic foraminifer FAD of Praeorbulina glomerosa and top of magnetic polarity chronozone C5Cn.1n Near planktonic foraminifer FAD of Globigerinoides altiaperturus or near top of magnetic polarity chronozone C6An Magnetic -- base of Chron C6Cn.2n; planktonic foraminifer FAD of Paragloborotalia 35m from the kugleri; calcareous top of the Ratified nannofossil near LAD section Reticulofenestra bisecta (base Zone NN1); Oxygen isotopic event Mi-1.

2000

Episodes 23/3, p. 172 178, 2000

2003

Episodes 28/1, p. 6 - 17, 2005

2007

1996

Episodes 20/1, p. 23 28, 1997

Paleogene System Oligocene Series Chattian Stage 28.4 0.1 Possibly Monte Cagnero, Umbria-Marche region, Italy Massignano, near Ancona, Italy 43.5328N 13.6011E Potentially extinction of planktonic foraminifer Chiloguembelina (base Foram Zone P21b); or an isotopic/climatic event base of a 0.5m thick greenish- Foraminifer LAD grey marl bed Hantkenina and 19m above Cribrohantkenina base of section Calcareous nannofossil near FAD Chiasmolithus oamaruensis (base Zone NP18) Calcareous nannofossil near LAD Reticulofenestra reticulata Planktonic foraminifer FAD of Hantkenina Carbon Isotope base of Bed 1 in Excursion base, initiation Ratified 2003 DBH subsection of basal Eocene Thermal maximum ("PETM") 30.5m above the base of Itzurun Formation base of the red marls of Itzurun Formation Micropaleontology 49/1, p.41 59, 2003; Episodes 30/4, p. 271 286, 2007 Ratified 1992 Episodes 16/3, p.379 - 382, 2001

Rupelian Stage Eocene Series Priabonian Stage

33.9 0.1

37.2 0.1

Bartonian Stage

40.4 0.2

Lutetian Stage 48.6 0.2

Alano section, Piave River; Veneto Prealps, Belluno province, N. Italy Contessa highway section near Gubio, Central Apennines, Italy candidate is Agost section, Murcia province, Betic Cordilleras, Spain Dababiya, near Luxor, Egypt 25.5000N 32.5311E

Tiziano Bed

Ypresian Stage

55.8 0.2

Paleocene Series Thanetian Stage Selandian Stage 58.7 0.2 Zumaia section, northern Spain Zumaia section, northern Spain Oued Djerfane, west of El Kef, Tunisia 43.3006N 2.2594W 43.3006N 2.2594W Magnetic -- Base of Chron C26n Ratified 2008

61.1 0.2

Danian Stage 65.5 0.3

36.1537N 8.6486E

Onset of a carbon isotope shift and seaRatified 2008 level drop Iridium geochemical reddish layer at anomaly. Associated with the base of the a major extinction Ratified 1991 50cm thick, dark horizon (dinosaurs, boundary clay ammonites, foraminifers, etc.)

Episodes 29/4, p. 263 278, 2006

Mesozoic Era Cretaceous System Upper Cretaceous Series Mean of 12 biostratigraphic criteria of level 115.2 on equal importance. platform IV of Closely above is FAD of the geological ammonite Pachydiscus Ratified 2001 site at Tercis les neubergicus. Boreal Bains proxy is FAD of belemnite Belemnella lanceolata. Crinoid LAD Marsupites testudinarius Inoceramid bivalve FAD Cladoceramus undulatoplicatus

Maastrichtian Stage

70.6 0.6

Tercis les Bains, 43.6795N Landes, France 1.1133W

Episodes 24/4, p. 229 238, 2001

Campanian Stage Santonian Stage

83.5 0.7

85.8 0.7

Coniacian Stage

89.3 1

candidates are in southern England and in Texas candidates are Olazagutia (Spain) and TenMile Creek (Texas) candidates are in Poland (Slupia Nadbrzena), USA (Pueblo, Colorado), and Germany (Salzgitter-Salder Quarry) Pueblo, Colorado, USA 38.2822N 104.7275W base of Bed 86 of the Bridge Creek Limestone Member 36 meters below the top of the Marnes Bleues Formation on the south side of Mont Risou

Inoceramid bivalve FAD Cremnoceramus rotundatus (sensu Trger non Fiege)

Turonian Stage

93.6 0.8

Ammonite FAD Watinoceras devonense

Ratified 2003

Episodes 28/2,p. 93 104, 2005

Cenomanian Stage

99.6 0.9

Mount Risou, Hautes-Alpes, France

44.3925N 5.5119E

Planktonic foraminifer FAD Rotalipora globotruncanoides

Ratified 2002

Episodes 27/1, p. 2132, 2004

Lower Cretaceous Series Candidates include: (1) calcareous nannofossil FAD of Praediscosphaera columnata (= P. cretacea of some earlier studies), (2) carbon-isotope excursion (black-shale episode), (3) ammonite Magnetic -- base of Chron M0r; near FAD of Paradeshayesites oglanlensis ammonite zone Ammonite FAD Spitidiscus hugii Spitidiscus vandeckii group Ammonite FAD of genus Acanthodiscus (especially A. radiatus) Calpionellid FAD Calpionellites darderi (base of Calpionellid Zone E); followed by ammonite FAD Thurmanniceras pertransiens Candidates include: (1) Magnetic -- base of Chron M18r, (2) Base of Calpionellid zone B, (3) ammonite FAD of Berriasella jacobi

Albian Stage

112 1

Southeastern France

Aptian Stage

125 1

Barremian Stage Hauterivian Stage

130 1.5

133.9 2

Valanginian Stage

140.2 3

candidate is Gorgo a Cerbara, Piobbico, Umbria-Marche, central Italy candidate is Ro Argos near Caravaca, Murcia Province, Spain candidate is La Charce village, Drme Province, southeast France candidates are near Montbrunles-Bains (Drme province, SE France) and Caada Luenga (Betic Cordillera, S. Spain)

Berriasian Stage

145.5 4

Jurassic System Upper Jurassic Series candidates are Mt. Crussol or Canjuers (SE France) and Fornazzo (Sicily, S. Italy) candidate is Flodigarry (Isle of 57.6000N 6.2000W Skye, NW Scotland) candidates are Redcliff Point (Dorset, SW England) and Savouron (Provence, SE France) Near base of Hybonoticeras hybonotum ammonite zone and lowest occurrence of Gravesia genus, and the base of magnetic polarity Chron M22An Ammonite near base of Anticipated Pictonia baylei ammonite 2009 zone of Boreal realm Ammonite Cardioceras redcliffense Horizon at base of the Cardioceras scarburgense Subzone (Quenstedtoceras mariae Zone) Ammonite FAD of the genus Kepplerites (Kosmoceratidae) (defines base of Macrocephalites herveyi Zone in sub-Boreal province of Great Britain to southwest Germany) base of limestone bed RB07 Ammonite FAD Gonolkite convergens (defines Ratified 2008 base of Zigzagiceras zigzag Zone) Episodes 20/1, p.16 22, 1997 Episodes 24/3, p.166 175, 2001

Tithonian Stage

150.8 4

Kimmeridgian 155.6 4 Stage

Oxfordian Stage

161.2 4

Middle Jurassic Series candidates are Pfeffingen (Swabian Alb, SW Germany) and in Russia

Callovian Stage

164.7 4

Bathonian Stage

Ravin du Bs, Bas-Auran area, 43.9606N 167.7 3.5 Alpes de Haute 6.3153E Provence, France 171.6 3 Murtinheira Section, Cabo Mondego, Portugal Fuentelsaz, Spain 40.1992N 8.9042W 41.1708N 1.8333W

Bajocian Stage Aalenian Stage

175.6 2

Ammonite FAD Hyperlioceras mundum, base of Bed AB Hyperlioceras furcatum, Ratified 1996 11 Braunsina aspera, and Braunsina elegantula Ammonite FAD Leioceras base of Bed FZ opalinum and Leioceras Ratified 2000 107 lineatum Ammonite near FAD of a diversified Eodactylites ammonite fauna; correlates with the NW European Protogrammoceras paltus horizon.

Lower Jurassic Series

Toarcian Stage

183 1.5

Peniche (Portugal)

Wine Haven, Pliensbachian Robin Hood's 189.6 1.5 Stage Bay, Yorkshire Coast, England East Sinemurian 196.5 1 Quantoxhead, Stage SW England Hettangian Stage

54.4069N 0.4975W 51.1909N 3.2364W

Ammonite association of base of Bed 73b Bifericeras donovani and Ratified 2005 Apoderoceras sp. 0.90 m above Ammonite FAD the base of Bed Vermiceras quantoxense, Ratified 2000 145 Vermiceras palmeri FAD of first species (Psiloceras spelae) of Psiloceras ammonite Anticipated group; significantly above 2009 a sharp negative carbonisotope excursion

Episodes 29/2, p. 93 106, 2006 Episodes 25/1, p. 22-28, 2002

candidate is 47.4839N 199.6 0.6 Kuhjoch section, 11.5306E Tyrol, Austria

Triassic System Upper Triassic Series Key sections in Austria, British 203.6 1.5 Columbia (Canada), and Turkey Candidates are Black Bear Ridge in British Columbia (Canada) and Pizzo Mondello, Sicily (Italy) Near FAD of ammonite Cochloceras, conodonts Misikella spp. and Epigondolella mosheri, and radiolarian Proparvicingula moniliformis Base of Stikinoceras kerri ammonoid zone and near FAD of Metapolygnathus echinatus within the M. communisti conodont zones Near FADs ammonoid Daxatina, conodont "Paragondolella" base of marly polygnathiformis and limestone bed bivalves Halobia. Just SW4, 45m from above base of magnetic Ratified 2008 base of San polarity zone S2n and Cassiano above the maximum Formation flooding surface of Sequence Lad 3 of Hardenbol et al (1998). base of a 15 20cm thick limestone bed overlying a distinctive groove (Chiesense groove) of limestone nodules in a shaly matrix, located about 5m above the base of the Buchenstein Beds In Section B, the GSSP level will be either the FAD of conodont Chiosella timorensis at the base of Bed GR7 at ca. 7 m; OR the base of magnetozone MT1n at the 5.7 m level.

Rhaetian Stage

Norian Stage

216.5 2

Carnian Stage 228.7 2

Prati di Stuores, Dolomites, Italy

46.5269N 11.9303E

Albertiana 36, 2007

Middle Triassic Series

Ladinian Stage 237 2

Bagolino, 45.8193N Province of Brescia, Northern 10.4710E Italy

Ammonite FAD Eoprotrachyceras curionii (base of the E. curionii zone). Conodont FAD Ratified 2005 Budurovignathus praehungaricus is in the uppermost Anisian.

Episodes 28/4, p. 233 244, 2005

Anisian Stage 245 1.5

Candidate section at Desli Caira (Dobrogea, Romania); significant 45.0742N sections in 28.8022E Guizhou Province (China) and South Primorye (Russia)

Conodont FAD Chiosella timorensis or Magnetic -- Anticipated base of magnetic polarity 2009 MT1n

Albertiana 36, 2007.

Lower Triassic Series Conodont FAD Neospathodus waageni, just above base of Rohillites rohilla base of Bed ammonite zone, and 13A-2, about below lowest occurrence 4.8m up in Mikin of Flemingites and Anticipated Formation., Euflemingites ammonite 2009 Section M04 genera. Within a (~4000 m prominent positive elevation Carbon-13 peak, and just above widely recognizable sequence boundary. base of Bed 27c Conodont FAD in the Meishan Ratified 2001 Hindeodus parvus D Section

Olenekian Stage

Candidate GSSP Mud (Muth) 31.9654N 249.5 0.7 village, Spiti 78.0246E valley, northwest India

Albertiana 36, 2007.

Induan Stage

251 0.4

Meishan, Zhejiang Province, China

31.0798N 119.7058E

Episodes 24/2, p. 102 - 114, 2001

Paleozoic Era Permian System Lopingian Series Meishan, Changhsingian 253.8 0.7 Zhejiang Stage Province, China base of Bed 4a2, 88 cm above the base of the Changxing Limestone at the Meishan D Section base of Bed 6k in the Penglaitan Section 4.5m above the base of the outcrop section of the Pinery Limestone Member of the Bell Canyon Formation 7.6m above the base of the Getaway Ledge outcrop Section of the Getaway Limestone Member of the Cherry Canyon Formation 42.7m above the base of the Cutoff Formation

31.0819N 119.7064E

Conodont FAD Clarkina wangi

Ratified 2005

Episodes 29/3, p. 175-182, 2006

Penglaitan, Wuchiapingian 23.6953N 260.4 0.7 Guanxi Province, Stage 109.3211E South China Guadalupian Series Nipple Hill, SE Guadalupe 265.8 0.7 Mountains, Texas, U.S.A

Conodont FAD Clarkina postbitteri postbitteri

Ratified 2004

Episodes 29/4, p. 253-262, 2006

Capitanian Stage

31.9091N 104.7892W

Conodont FAD Jinogondolella postserrata

Ratified 2001

Wordian Stage 268 0.7

Guadalupe Pass, 31.8658N 104.8328W Texas, U.S.A

Conodont FAD Jinogondolella aserrata

Ratified 2001

Stratotype Roadian Stage 270.6 0.7 Canyon, Texas, U.S.A Cisuralian Series Kungurian Stage Artinskian Stage Sakmarian Stage candidates are in 275.6 0.7 southern Ural Mtns. candidates are in 284.4 0.7 southern Ural Mtns. candidate is at Kondurovsky, 294.6 0.8 Orenburg Province, Russia. Aidaralash Creek, Kazakhstan

31.8767N 104.8768W

Conodont FAD Jinogondolella nankingensis

Ratified 2001

Near conodont FAD Anticipated Neostreptognathus pnevi 2009 - N. exculptus Conodont FAD Sweetognathus whitei Near conodont FAD Sweetognathus merrelli Conodont FAD of 27m above the isolated-nodular base of Bed 19, morphotype of Aidaralash Streptognathodus Creek "wabaunsensis" Anticipated 2009 Anticipated 2009

Asselian Stage 299 0.8

50.2458N 57.8914E

Ratified 1996

Episodes 21/1, p. 11-18, 1998

Carboniferous System Pennsylvanian Subsystem (series Classification Approved In 2004) Upper Pennsylvanian Series candidates are in Gzhelian southern Urals or 303.4 0.9 Stage Nashui (south China).

Kasimovian Stage

307.2 1

candidates are in southern Urals, southwest USA and Nashui (south China).

Conodont FAD Idiognathodus simulator (s.str.). Close to FAD of ammonoid Shumardites. Fusulinid FAD Protriticites, which is near ammonoid FAD Eothalossoceras. Alternative (higher) base is fusulinid FAD Montiparus montiparus, which is near conodont FAD Idiognathodus sagittalis. Age given here is the higher version; the lower one is about 1 myr older. Either conodont FAD Idiognathoides postsulcatus or Declinognathodus donetzianus.

Middle Pennsylvanian Series Moscovian Stage candidates are in southern Urals or 311.7 1.1 Nashui (south China).

Lower Pennsylvanian Series 82.9m above the top of the Battleship Conodont FAD Formation in the Declinognathodus lower Bird noduliferus Spring Formation

Bashkirian Stage

318.1 1.3

Arrow Canyon, Nevada

36.7333N 114.7778W

Ratified 1996

Episodes 22/4, p. 272-283, 1999

Mississippian Subsystem Upper Mississippian Series (series Classification Approved In 2004) candidates are Verkhnyaya Serpukhovian 328.3 1.6 Kardailovka Stage (Urals) or Nashui (China) Middle Mississippian Series base of bed 83 in the 24.4333N Pengchong, Visean Stage 345.3 2.1 109.4500E Pengchong south China Section Lower Mississippian Series base of Bed 89 in Trench E at La Serre, (but FAD now known to be at base of Bed 85)

Conodont FAD Lochriea ziegleri

Benthic Foraminifer FAD Ratified 2008 Eoparastaffella simplex

Tournaisian Stage

359.2 2.5 La Serre, France

43.5555N 3.3573E

Conodont FAD Siphonodella sulcata IMPRECISE (GSSP discovered in 2006 to Ratified 1990 have biostratigraphic problems, and can not be correlated with precision.)

Episodes 14/4, p. 331-336, 1991; Newsletters on Stratigraphy, 43/2, p. 195 205, 2009

Devonian System Upper Devonian Series Conodont FAD Palmatolepis triangularis, just above a major extinction horizon (Kellwasser Event) with Base of Bed 32a conodont LADs Ratified 1993 Ancyrodella and Ozarkodina, and Goniatite LADs of Gephuroceratidae and Beloceratidae base of Bed 42 at Col du Puech Conodont FAD Ratified 1986 de la Suque Ancyrodella rotundiloba section E Conodont FAD base of Bed 123 Polygnathus hemiansatus 21.25m above the base of the Conodont FAD exposed Polygnathus costatus section, base of partitus sample station WP30

Famennian Stage

Coumiac Quarry, near Cessenon, 43.4613N 374.5 2.6 Montagne Noire, 3.0403E France

Episodes 16/4, p. 433-441, 1993

Frasnian Stage

Col du Puech de 43.5032N la Suque, 385.3 2.6 Montage Noire, 3.0868E France Middle Devonian Series 31.2374N Jebel Mech Irdane, Morocco 4.3541W

Episodes 10/2, p. 97-101, 1987

Givetian Stage 391.8 2.7

Ratified 1994

Episodes 18/3, p. 107-115, 1995

Eifelian Stage 397.5 2.7

Wetteldorf, Eifel Hills, Germany

50.1496N 6.4716E

Ratified 1985

Episodes 8/2, p. 104-109, 1985

Lower Devonian Series Emsian Stage 407 2.8 Zinzil'ban Gorge in the Kitab State 39.2000N Geological 67.3056E Reserve, Uzbekistan 50.0147N 14.3726E 49.8550N 13.7920E base of Bed 9/5 Conodont FAD Polygnathus kitabicus Ratified 1995 Episodes 20/4, p. 235-240, 1997

Velk Chuchle, Pragian Stage 411.2 2.8 Prague, Czech Republic Lochkovian Stage Silurian System Po ry Section, Reporyje, P dol Series 418.7 2.7 Prague, Czech Republic Ludlow Series Ludfordian Stage 416 2.8 Klonk, near Prague, Czech Republic

Conodont FAD base of Bed 12 Eognathodus sulcatus in Velk sulcatus and Ratified 1989 Chuchle Quarry Latericriodus steinachensis Morph beta within Bed 20 Graptolite FAD Monograptus uniformis Ratified 1972

Episodes 12/2, p. 109-113, 1989 IUGS Series A, 5, p. 96-109, 1977 Episodes 8/2, p. 101-103, 1985; Geol. Series, Nat. Mus. Wales, 9, p. 90 - 100, 1989 Lethaia 14; Episodes 5/3, p. 21-23, 1982; Geol. Series, Nat. Mus. Wales, 9, p. 73 - 90, 1989 Lethaia 14; Episodes 5/3, p. 21-23, 1982; Geol. Series, Nat. Mus. Wales, 9, p. 73 - 90, 1989 Lethaia 14; Episodes 5/3, p. 21-23, 1982; Geol. Series, Nat. Mus. Wales, 9, p. 51-73, 1989

50.0277N 14.3249E

within Bed 96

Graptolite FAD Monograptus parultimus

Ratified 1984

52.3592N 421.3 2.6 near Ludlow, UK 2.7772W

coincident with the base of the Leintwardine Formation coincident with the base of the Lower Elton Formation

Imprecise. May be near base of Saetograptus leintwardinensis Graptolite zone.

Ratified 1980

52.3592N Gorstian Stage 422.9 2.5 near Ludlow, UK 2.7772W Wenlock Series Homerian Stage Sheinton Brook, Homer, UK 52.6156N 2.5647W

Graptolite FAD Saetograptus (Colonograptus) varians

Ratified 1980

426.2 2.4

within upper part of the Apedale Graptolite FAD Member of the Cyrtograptus lundgreni Coalbrookdale Formation

Ratified 1980

Sheinwoodian Hughley Brook, 428.2 2.3 Stage UK

52.5811N 2.6389W

base of the Buildwas Formation

Imprecise. Between the base of acritarch biozone 5 and LAD of conodont Pterospathodus amorphognathoides. The current GSSP does not coincide with the base of the Cyrtograptus centrifugus Biozone, as was supposed when the Ratified 1980 GSSP was defined. Restudy recommends a slightly higher and correlatable level on condonts -- the Ireviken datum 2, which coincides approximately with the base of the murchisoni Graptolite Biozone Just above Brachiopod LAD Eocoelia intermedia Ratified 1984 and below FAD of Eocoelia curtisi

Lethaia 14; Episodes 5/3, p. 21-23, 1982; Geol. Series, Nat. Mus. Wales, 9, p. 51-73, 1989

Llandovery Series Telychian Stage 436 1.9 Cefn-cerig Road 51.9700N Section, Wales, 3.7900W UK Trefawr Track Section, Wales, UK within the Wormwood Formation Episodes 8/2, p. 101-103, 1985; Geol. Series, Nat. Mus. Wales, 9, p. 36-50, 1989 Episodes 8/2, p. 101-103, 1985; Geol. Series, Nat. Mus. Wales, 9, p. 36-50, 1989 Episodes 8/2, p. 101-103, 1985; Silurian Times No. 14 (2006)

Aeronian Stage

439 1.8

52.0300N 3.7000W

Graptolite FAD within Trefawar Monograptus austerus Formation sequens 1.6m above the base of the Graptolite FAD Birkhill Shale Akidograptus ascensus Formation

Ratified 1984

Rhuddanian Stage

Dob's Linn, 443.7 1.5 Scotland

55.4400N 3.2700W

Ratified 1984

Ordovician System Upper Ordovician Series Hirnantian Stage Wangjiawan North section, N 445.6 1.5 of Yichang city, Western Hubei Province, China Black Knob Ridge Section, 455.8 1.6 Atoka, Oklahoma (USA) Sularp Brook, 460.9 1.6 Fgelsng, Sweden 30.9841N 111.4197E 0.39m below the Graptolite FAD base of the Normalograptus Kuanyinchiao extraordinarius Bed 4.0m above the Graptolite FAD base of the Diplacanthograptus Bigfork Chert caudatus 1.4m below a phosphorite marker bed in the E14b outcrop Graptolite FAD Nemagraptus gracilis Ratified 2006 Episodes 29/3, p. 183-196, 2006

Katian Stage

34.4305N 96.0746W

Ratified 2006

Episodes 30/4, p. 258-270, 2007

Sandbian Stage

55.7137N 13.3255E

Ratified 2002

Episodes 23/2, p. 102-109, 2000

Middle Ordovician Series Huangnitang section, Darriwilian Changshan, 468.1 1.6 Stage Zhejiang Province, SE China Huanghuachang Section, NE of Dapingian 471.8 1.6 Yichang city, Stage Hubei Province, S. China Lower Ordovician Series Floian Stage Diabasbrottet, 478.6 1.7 Hunneberg, Sweden 28.8539N 118.4897E base of Bed AEP 184 Graptolite FAD Undulograptus austrodentatus Episodes 20/3, p. 158-166, 1997

Ratified 1987

30.8605N 110.3740E

10.57 m above base of the Dawan Formation in the lower Tyen Shale, 2.1m above the top of the Cambrian at the 101.8m level, within Bed 23, in the measured section

Conodont FAD of Baltoniodus triangularis

Ratified 2007

Episodes 28/2, p. 105 - 117, 2005; Episodes 32/2, p. 96-113, 2009

58.3589N 12.5024E

Graptolite FAD Tetragraptus approximatus

Ratified 2002

Episodes 27/4, p. 265-272, 2004

Tremadocian Stage

Green Point 49.6829N 488.3 1.7 Section, western 57.9653W Newfoundland

Conodont FAD Ratified 2000 Iapetognathus fluctivagus

Episodes 24/1, p. 19 - 28, 2001

Cambrian System Furongian Series candidate section is Duibian (Zhejiang province, China) candidate sections at Duibian (Zhejiang province, China) and Gonggiri (Korea) Wuling Mountains, 28.3895N Huayuan County, 109.5257E NW Hunan Province, China Louyixi, Guzhang 28.7200N County, NW Hunan Province, 109.9647E S. China Trilobite FAD of Lotagnostus americanus. An internal substage division might be FAD of Codylodus adesei conodont Trilobite FAD of Agnostotes orientalis

Stage 10

492

Stage 9

496

Paibian Stage 499 2 Series 3 Guzhangian Stage 503

at 396 m in the Huaqiao Formation

Trilobite FAD Ratified 2003 Glyptagnostus reticulatus

Lethaia 37, p. 365-379, 2004

Drumian Stage 506.5

Drum Mountains, 39.5117N Millard County, 112.9915W Utah, USA

121.3 m above the base of the Huaqiao Formation at the base of a dark-gray thinly laminated calcisiltite layer, 62 m above the base of the Wheeler Formation

Trilobite FAD Lejopyge laevigata

Ratified 2008

Trilobite FAD Ptychagnostus atavus

Ratified 2006

Episodes 30/2,p. 85-95, 2007

Stage 5

510

candidate sections are Wuliu-Zengjiayan (east Guizhou, China) and Split Mountain (Nevada, USA)

Trilobite, potentially FAD of Oryctocephalus indicus

Series 2 Stage 4 517 Trilobite FAD Olenellus or Redlichia Trilobites -- their FAD Small Shelly Fossils, or Archaeocyathid species Fortune Head, SE Newfoundland, Canada 47.0762N 55.8310W 2.4m above the base of Member Trace fossil FAD 2 in the Chapel Trichophycus pedum Island Formation Ratified 1992 Episodes 17/1&2, p. 95-100, 1994

Stage 3 521 Terreneuvian Series Stage 2 Fortunian Stage 528

542 1

Precambrian Proterozoic Eon Neoproterozoic Era (1) rapid decay of Marinoan ice sheets and onset of distinct cap carbonates throughout the world, and (2) the Ratified 1990 beginning of a distinctive pattern of secular changes in carbon isotopes.

Ediacaran System

635

Enorama Creek, 31.3314S Flinders Ranges, 138.6334E South Australia

base of the Marinoan cap carbonate

Lethaia 39, p.1330, 2006

Cryogenian System

850

Tonian System 1000 Mesoproterozoic Era Stenian 1200 System Ectasian 1400 System Calymmian 1600 System Paleoproterozoic Era Statherian 1800 System Orosirian 2050 System Rhyacian 2300 System Siderian System Archean Eon Neoarchean Era 2800 2500

Defined chronometrically; but will be replaced by GSSP. First glacial episode occurred after 750 Ma Defined chronometrically Defined chronometrically Defined chronometrically Defined chronometrically Defined chronometrically Defined chronometrically Defined chronometrically Defined chronometrically, but it will be replaced by GSSP

Ratified 1990

Episodes 14/2,1991

Ratified 1990

Episodes 14/2,1991 Episodes 14/2,1991 Episodes 14/2,1991 Episodes 14/2,1991 Episodes 14/2,1991 Episodes 14/2,1991 Episodes 14/2,1991 Episodes 14/2,1991

Ratified 1990 Ratified 1990 Ratified 1990

Ratified 1990 Ratified 1990 Ratified 1990

Ratified 1990

Defined chronometrically Defined chronometrically Defined chronometrically Base is not defined Formation of planet Earth. Informal term

Mesoarchean 3200 Era Paleoarchean 3600 Era

Eoarchean Era 4000 Hadean Eon 4600

Subcomm. decision 1996, but not submitted to ICS Subcomm. decision 1996, but not submitted to ICS Subcomm. decision 1996, but not submitted to ICS Subcomm. decision 1996, but not submitted to ICS

Informally in Episodes 15/2, 1992 Informally in Episodes 15/2, 1992 Informally in Episodes 15/2, 1992 Informally in Episodes 15/2, 1992