DC POWER FLOW

EDSA MICRO CORPORATION

16870 West Bernardo Dr, Suite 330 San Diego, CA 92127 U.S.A.
Copyright 2008 All Rights Reserved

Version 6.20.00

August 2008

DC Power Flow

EDSA MICRO CORPORATION

WARRANTY INFORMATION

There is no warranty, implied or otherwise, on EDSA software. EDSA software is licensed to you as is. This program license provides a ninety (90) day limited warranty on the diskette that contains the program. This, the EDSA Users Guide, is not meant to alter the warranty situation described above. That is, the content of this document is not intended to, and does not, constitute a warranty of any sort, including warranty of merchantability or fitness for any particular purpose on your EDSA software package. EDSA Micro Corporation reserves the right to revise and make changes to this User's Guide and to the EDSA software without obligation to notify any person of, or provide any person with, such revision or change. EDSA programs come with verification and validation of methodology of calculation based on EDSA Micro Corporation's in-house software development standards. EDSA performs longhand calculation and checks the programs results against published samples. However, we do not guarantee, or warranty, any program outputs, results, or conclusions reached from data generated by any programs, which are all sold "as is". Since the meaning of QA/QC and the verification and validation of a program methodology are domains of vast interpretation, users are encouraged to perform their own in-house verification and validation based on their own inhouse quality assurance, quality control policies and standards. Such operations - performed at the user's expense - will meet the user's specific needs. EDSA Micro Corporation does not accept, or acknowledge, purchase instructions based on a buyer's QA/QC and/or a buyer's verification and validation standards. Therefore, purchase orders instructions are considered to be uniquely based on EDSA's own QA/QC verification and validation standards and test systems.

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All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced without prior written consent from EDSA Micro Corporation

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Table of Contents
1. 2. 3. 4. Foreword .......................................................................................................................................... 1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 1 Capabilities....................................................................................................................................... 1 Simulation Models and Background Information ............................................................................. 2 4.1 Network ...................................................................................................................................... 3 4.2 Load ........................................................................................................................................... 3 4.3 Constant-E Source..................................................................................................................... 4 4.4 AC/DC Rectifier.......................................................................................................................... 5 4.5 Motor Starting............................................................................................................................. 5 4.6 Load Voltage Calculation Inside Schedules .............................................................................. 5 4.7 Default Voltage, System Voltage and Rated Voltage ................................................................ 6 4.8 Multiple Islands, Dead Islands ................................................................................................... 6 4.9 Time Period Length and Variable Simulation Step .................................................................... 8 4.10 Functional Load Bus ................................................................................................................ 8 4.11 Load Flow Calculation.............................................................................................................. 9 4.12 Dynamic Switch Branch ........................................................................................................... 9 4.13 Minimum Voltage and Dropout Voltage Violation Report ...................................................... 10 4.14 Program Configuration........................................................................................................... 10 Battery Simulation .......................................................................................................................... 11 5.1 Discharge Curve Model ........................................................................................................... 11 5.2 Temperature and Aging Correction ......................................................................................... 14 5.3 Battery Data Interpolation ........................................................................................................ 14 5.4 Split Bus Battery....................................................................................................................... 16 A Typical Network Topology (Example 1)...................................................................................... 18 Panel Schedule Network Topology (Example 2) ........................................................................... 20 Schedule Report ............................................................................................................................ 24 References..................................................................................................................................... 24 DC Load Flow Tutorial Exercise No.1 (General Case).................................................................. 25 Link to Battery and Charger Sizing ................................................................................................ 42 DC Load Flow Tutorial No.2 (Split Battery System)....................................................................... 47 DC Load Flow Tutorial No.3 (Dynamic Switching) ........................................................................ 51 DC Load Flow Tutorial No. 4 (DC Transit System)........................................................................ 61 DC Load Flow Sample Job Files.................................................................................................... 67

5.

6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.

List of Figures
Figure 1: Figure 2: Figure 3: Figure 4: Figure 5: Figure 6: Figure 7: Figure 8: Figure 9: Figure 10: Figure 11: Figure 12: Figure 13: Figure 14: A Typical DC Distribution System............................................................................................ 3 A Typical DC Circuit................................................................................................................. 3 A Bus Load Curve.................................................................................................................... 4 A Source Voltage Curve .......................................................................................................... 5 DC Motor Starting Characteristics ........................................................................................... 5 A Schedule Example................................................................................................................ 6 Momentary Load Conversion................................................................................................... 8 A Dynamic Switch Branch ..................................................................................................... 10 Battery Discharge Curves...................................................................................................... 12 Battery Rt Curves................................................................................................................... 12 Cell Current and Voltage Profile ............................................................................................ 13 Battery Current and Voltage Profile ....................................................................................... 13 Battery Voltage Interpolation ................................................................................................. 14 Two Different Simulation Cases ............................................................................................ 15

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DC Power Flow

Figure 15: Figure 16: Figure 17: Figure 18: Figure 19: Figure 20: Figure 21:

A Split Bus Battery ................................................................................................................. 16 Network to be Modeled .......................................................................................................... 18 Network Topology for Example 2........................................................................................... 21 Tutorial Case Study No. 1 (File: DCLF.axd")......................................................................... 25 Tutorial Case Study No. 2 (File:Splitbu1.axd) ....................................................................... 47 Tutorial Case Study No. 3 ("Dctrain.axd") ............................................................................. 61 Tutorial Case Study No. 4 (File: DCDS.axd") ........................................................................ 51

List of Tables
Table 1: Table 2: Table 3: Table 4: Table 5: Cable Information................................................................................................................... 19 Loading Information ............................................................................................................... 19 Battery Data ........................................................................................................................... 20 Example 2 Loads ................................................................................................................... 21 Panel A Load ......................................................................................................................... 22

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Note:

You can view this manual on your CD as an Adobe Acrobat PDF file. The file name is: Object Oriented DC Load Flow DCPF.pdf

You will find the Test/Job files used in this tutorial in the following location: C:\DesignBase\Samples\DCLF = DC Power Flow

Test Files:

See DC Load Flow Sample Job Files at the end of this manual for a complete list of job files.

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DC Power Flow

1. Foreword It is assumed that the user is a Professional Engineer familiar with the concepts of DC distribution systems, DC loads, DC generators, AC/DC rectifiers, rechargeable storage batteries and load flow calculation. Determination of validity of the results, and whether the DC Load Flow program is applicable to a system, is the user's sole responsibility. EDSA DC Load Flow program is continuously improved in the attempt to make it as comprehensive and easy to use as possible. Additional analysis capabilities will be made available as they are developed. Any comments, suggestions or errors encountered in either the results or documentation should be immediately brought to EDSA's attention. 2. Introduction Load flow study of a power system involves the study of the flow of power from one or more power sources through the distribution network to energy consuming loads. Electric power flow in a power network, like water flow in a complex water supply system, divides the flow among branches according to their respective resistances (impedances) until a pressure or voltage balance is reached according to Kirchhoff's laws. Direct current (DC) power distribution systems have been extensively used in nuclear power plants and transit systems. The major concern in DC system load flow studies is the Voltage and Voltage drop at load buses. In many cases the load in a DC system varies with time. In such cases the total period of interest can be divided into small study periods. In each study period, bus load is assumed to be constant and the load flow is performed to show Voltage profile (Voltage plotted versus time period). The commonly used DC power sources are DC generators, AC/DC rectifier converters, where AC power is converted into DC power, and rechargeable storage batteries. In the case of AC/DC rectifiers, the interaction between the AC and DC systems, the reactive power consumption and the harmonics generated by a rectifier are of concern. In the case of battery application, the discharge of the stored electric energy, and the battery Voltage profile are of interest. EDSA DC Load Flow program has been designed to study the load flow of DC distribution systems to assist the user in understanding the associated problems. The DC load flow problem is nonlinear. The Newton-Raphson algorithm has been proved to be the most reliable method for nonlinear load flow problems. The Jacobian matrix is a sparse matrix. For a large network most of its elements are zeroes. The sparse matrix technique is used to speed up load flow solution and to save computer memory requirements. 3. Capabilities Multi Split Bus Split Bus with Common Load Unlimited Bus Dynamic Switch in DC Load Flow Rectifier Voltage or Current Control Mode Automatic Battery status changes from Load to source when Emergency load comes up. Multi-islands Unlimited Scenarios DC Schedules Battery Sizing

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Minimum required voltage and dropout voltage report DC Motor Starting Handles different loads size/type for each period DC Transit System Simulation Temperature & Aging Correction Change Rectifier Voltage Control to Current Control and bring up Batteries Moving loads/changing impedances Calculate DC Load Flow inside schedules Functional Load - combination of Constant KVA, I, Z, etc. DC load flow reads battery data library Calculates continuous load for battery sizing The program can handle DC systems with unlimited buses, branches, batteries and other devices. It can simulate up to 24 periods. Load can be modeled as constant power (kw), constant current (I) or constant impedance (resistance) load, or a combination of different types (functional load). Available DC power source models are: Constant Voltage (DC generator), Rectifier and Battery. If the simulation periods are more than one, bus load and constant voltage bus voltages can be differently specified for each period. A rectifier may be modeled in DC Voltage control mode, DC current control mode. Text output and graphics output are both available. A battery can be simulated by using its discharge curves, supplied by the battery manufacturer. A library of commonly used battery discharge curves is available, ready to be used by the user. One can also easily add a new battery to the library and/or edit the existing battery curves in the library. The effect of operating temperature and aging factor on the performance of a battery can be simulated. A battery minimum Voltage, for example 1.75/Cell, can be specified by the user. Batteries with split bus can be simulated. The voltage profile of both the main bus and the split bus can be obtained. Motor starting events can be simulated for before starting, during starting and after starting conditions. One could specify different load types for different starting conditions, for example, constant Z load for the starting condition, constant KVA load for after starting normal running condition. Dynamic switch branches have been added to simulate switch events in DC power distribution systems. For example, when the Voltage of a battery is lower than its minimum voltage, the load is switched to a back-up battery. Transit train systems can also be simulated by the program. This program is based on the object-oriented programming technology, which means it is very user friendly and it is a true Windows program. 4. Simulation Models and Background Information A typical DC distribution system includes three parts: sources, distribution network and loads, as shown in Fig. 1.

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Figure 1: A Typical DC Distribution System 4.1 Network Feeders, switches, fuses and breakers in DC distribution networks are treated as resistance branches, as shown in Fig. 1, in the load flow study. The network is, therefore, represented by its conductance matrix and the Voltage-current relationship as follows: i=Gv where, i(n1) v(n1) G= N : : : : bus current vector into the network; bus voltage vector; network conductance matrix; number of buses in the network.

|gij|(nxn)

Note:

(1) In a DC power distribution system, power is supplied to a load through a positive line (forward path) and a negative line (backward path), as shown in Fig.2 (a). The equivalent circuit for the load flow study is shown in Fig.2 (b). One has to make sure that the feeder resistance r includes both forward path and returning path resistances.
r1 + V r = r 1+ r
2

V r (a)
2

Load

Load

(b)
Figure 2: A Typical DC Circuit

In the master job file the user may select: Single Circuit Rx2; Double Circuit Rx1. If the single circuit Rx2 option is chosen, all feeder resistance will be doubled inside the program to calculate the load flow. 4.2 Load

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Loads in DC distribution systems could be modeled as constant power, constant current or constant impedance loads, or combination of different types (functional load). For constant power loads, the power consumption is assumed to be constant in the load flow calculation; for constant current loads, load current keeps constant; and for constant impedance loads, load resistance keeps constant. The following bus codes are used for load buses: 'L' 'I' 'Z' 'F' Note: : constant power load; : constant current load; : constant resistance load; : functional load.

Generally speaking, changing the load type from 'L' to 'I', or from 'I' to 'Z', may improve the convergence of a load flow study.

If there is more than one simulation period, the load on a bus may be differently specified for each period. In each period, bus load is assumed to be constant, as shown in Fig.3, where the total simulation length is divided into 10 study periods, and load is specified for each study period. For a motor starting load, different load types ( 'L', 'Z', 'I', 'F' ) can be defined for different study periods.

Figure 3: A Bus Load Curve

4.3 Constant-E Source A DC generator may be considered as a constant Voltage source in the load flow calculation. For different study periods, the source Voltage may be differently specified, as shown in Fig.4.

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Figure 4: A Source Voltage Curve

4.4 AC/DC Rectifier Information required for rectifier are: AC System Voltage Power Rating Power Factor DC Voltage Control DC Current Control

4.5 Motor Starting Starting one, or several, DC motors in a DC distribution system can be simulated by the program. The simulation may be divided into three periods: pre-starting, during starting and post-starting. The motor load might look like Fig. 5. The time unit for simulation is usually the second. Motor load could be modeled as constant power load, constant current load or constant impedance load. It can be modeled differently for different periods. It is suggested that pre-starting be modeled as a 'N' load, during starting as a 'Z' load, and post starting as a 'L' or 'I' load. Experience shows that starting a large motor may cause load flow convergence problems if the motor load is not modeled as constant impedance load during starting period.

Figure 5: DC Motor Starting Characteristics

4.6 Load Voltage Calculation Inside Schedules As shown in Fig. 6(b), a schedule in load flow calculation is treated as a node (bus). After the load flow calculation is converged, you can go inside each schedule to find Voltage at each load point in

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the schedule. As shown in Fig. 6(c), for each load in a schedule, a protective device and a feeder can be considered. By load flow calculation the schedule bus voltage Vbus is found. The load point voltage Vload is calculated by considering the load and the impedance of the protective device and the feeder.

bus

load

Protective D evice

Feeder

(c) Figure 6: A Schedule Example

Load

4.7 Default Voltage, System Voltage and Rated Voltage The default Voltage in the Master Job File is the default system Voltage for a project. A system Voltage is specified for each specified bus, which may be different from the default Voltage. If bus system Voltage is, for some reason, left at zero, it will be assigned the default Voltage. For load buses ('L', 'Z', 'I', 'F'), a rated Voltage can be specified. Bus system Voltage is used for per unit value calculation and bus rated Voltage is used for bus data transformation. The following is an example: For a 'Z' bus, system Voltage is 250V, rated Voltage 260V, bus load 2.0kW. Base KW 10kW.
R load

= 260 2 / (2.0 1000 ) = 33.80(ohms )

R load

Rated Voltage2 LoadKW 1000

= R(ohms)

BaseKW 1000 2 System Voltage

= 33.80 10 1000 / 250 2 = 5.408(pu )

4.8 Multiple Islands, Dead Islands There can be as many islands as desired in a project, and there can be different system Voltages for different islands. For example, one island is a 125V system, another one is a 250V system. All buses in an island must have the same system Voltage. Otherwise, the program will present the

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following error message during power flow execution:

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4.9 Time Period Length and Variable Simulation Step The program has no limitation regarding the time period and simulation step length; which may be specified in minutes or seconds. When battery Voltage profile calculation is performed, simulation period length should usually be larger than, or equal to, one minute. One reason for this is that battery discharge curves supplied by a manufacturer usually determine the battery's one minute rating. A commonly used method is to convert a momentary load with less than one minute period into an equivalent one minute load, as shown in Fig. 7.
I(Amp) I(Amp)

150 100

150

100

50

50

20

40

60

Time(s)

20

40

60

Time(s)

(a) A 20s Load

(b) The Equivalent one-minute Load

Figure 7: Momentary Load Conversion

The other reason is that a small simulation step may make the simulation process last very long, and requires huge amounts of data to be stored. Battery simulation is a step-by-step process. The Voltage profile output is an interpolation of discrete points. For each simulation period, there should be at least several simulation points to produce accurate curves. A scheme called variable simulation step is available, and the Min Simulation Points in A Period can be specified in the program configuration under the Tools Menu. The default value is 4. When the program encounters a short time period length, less than 4 times the simulation step for example, the period will be divided into 4 intervals and the simulation step will be of the period length. It will resume to normal simulation step for the next period. If a simulation step of less than 1.0 min is specified, the following message will appear:

You can use the time step you specified(<1.0min) or let the program set it as 1.0 min.

4.10 Functional Load Bus A combination of 'L' load, 'Z' load, 'I' load can be specified as a functional load bus. For the load, enter the bus total load, a percent of 'L' load, a percent of 'Z' load. The percent of 'I' load is always 100% - L% - Z%. The calculation of the resistance for the 'Z' part of load and the amperes of the 'I' part of load is based on the bus rated voltage.

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4.11 Load Flow Calculation The load flow of a DC distribution system can be simply stated as follows: For the specified Voltage at source buses and the specified power at load buses, find a set of load bus Voltages such that the mismatch between the actual power and the specified power is within a required tolerance. The convergence of the load flow is tested by the following equation:
max p specified p calculated < e

where, e is a specified mismatch tolerance in %, pu, or kW at user's choice. The load flow problem is solved by the Newton-Raphson method, which has been proved to be the best load flow method available. The Jacobian matrix is a sparse matrix. The sparse technique is used to speed up the solution process and to save computer memory requirements. In the Load Flow Options, there is a Fast Simulation, Constant J-Matrix option, which, when checked, keeps the J-Matrix constant in each period. This is based on the fact that, normally, for each period the load, and therefore the Voltage, will not have large changes. If there are convergence problems using this option, it may be turned off. Note that the accuracy of the load flow simulation will not be affected by checking or unchecking the option.

4.12 Dynamic Switch Branch During the simulation process, a user may want to switch a load or a set of loads from one power supply source to another backup source. A dynamic switch branch has been added to simulate the switching event, as shown in Fig.8. The dynamic switch could be at the From node side or at the To node side. The switch can be based on bus Voltage (when bus Voltage is lower than a user defined value) or time (when simulation time is larger than a user defined value). When a switch event is happening, the program will give out the following message:

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Bus-A Bus-C Bus-B

Figure 8: A Dynamic Switch Branch

4.13 Minimum Voltage and Dropout Voltage Violation Report For a protective device in a DC distribution system, there is a user defined minimum Voltage and a dropout Voltage. If the bus Voltage is lower than the minimum Voltage, the device will not work properly. If the bus Voltage is lower than the dropout Voltage, the device will be out of service. The program can find out the lowest Voltage of a bus and flag the protective devices attached to the bus in the minimum Voltage and dropout Voltage violation report.

4.14 Program Configuration

The following items are defined in the program configuration: Battery Voltage Plotting Lower Limit: Lower limit for the y-axis for plotting battery Voltage profile. Smallest Battery Discharge Current: When battery current during the calculation is less than the value, it will be treated as 0.0. Min Simulation Points In A Period: Minimum points for a period for the variable simulation step.

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LF Iterations At A Jump: When changing from one simulation period to another, there is a jump in battery voltage. Load flow calculation is iterated at the points. The number controls the iterations. Battery Graphic Display Includes: When plotting battery Voltage profile, one can include the check items.

5. Battery Simulation Note: Starting from Windows V1.00.00, the Capacitor/Resistor battery model is no longer supported. The only battery model available is the discharge curve model. It has been found that the Capacitor/Resistor battery model is not accurate enough for practical applications.

5.1 Discharge Curve Model Battery discharge curve model is based on the manufacturer supplied, or field-tested, battery discharge curves ("FAN" curves), or Rt ("S" curves) curves, as shown in Fig. 9 and Fig. 10. The curves are first sampled and entered into EDSA battery data library, which can then be used for both the EDSA Battery Sizing and EDSA DC Load Flow programs. Note: (1) The curves, for example the 1.75V, 1.81V curves in Fig. 9, are splined inside program. Therefore, it is not necessary to sample too many points. Depending on length of a curve, 4~15 points, 10 amperes (R t ) apart, for each curve recommended. Too many points may make the curves look bad, because of inaccuracy of sampling points and the spline algorithm inside the program. the the are the

(2) The battery discharge characteristics can be entered into the program either in discharge curve format or in R t curve format. Inside the program, R t curves will be converted to equivalent discharge curves. The battery Voltage profile calculation is solely based on the discharge curves. The simulation with the discharge curve model is also a step-by-step process. Users have to specify a step length for each simulation. The step has to be equal to, or less than, the smallest period length or duty cycle length. For example, a simulation is divided into 10 periods. The smallest period is one minute. The simulation step can be 0.1~1 minute. Just like transient stability simulation of power systems, the total simulation process consists of hundreds or thousands of steps. In each step a load flow is performed. It must be assured that the load flow of the system can converge with a small error tolerance. One suggestion is that first batteries in the system are modeled as constant E sources and the study system is adjusted so that the load flow can converge. Then the accurate battery model can be used to simulate the system behavior.

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Battery Cell Discharge Curves

Manufacturer : CD Battery Identifier : 2LCR-13/15 D-841
2.00 140.00 Initial Voltage T itle 1.60V 1.65V 1.70V 1.75V 1.78V 1.80V 1.81V 1.85V 1.90V 1.95V Init Volt

120.00 1.50

Ampere Hours/Positive

100.00

80.00 1.00

60.00

40.00

0.50

20.00 1.90 50.0000 1.85 1.80 1.78 1.81 1.75 1.70

1.65

1.60

1.95 0.00 0.0000

0.00 100.0000 150.0000 200.0000

Ampere(Amps)/Positive

Figure 9: Battery Discharge Curves

Battery Cell RT Curves

Manufacturer : CD Battery Identifier : 2LCR-13/15 D-841
T itle 1.60V 1.65V 1.70V 1.75V 1.78V 1.80V 1.81V 1.85V 1.90V 1.95V

Time in minutes

1.95

1.90

1.85

1.811.80 1.78

1.75

1.70

1.65

1.60

1 0.0000 50.0000 100.0000 150.0000 200.0000

Rt/Positive

Figure 10: Battery Rt Curves

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Initial Voltage

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Cell Current/Positive, Battery: BATT-1B

60.0

Amps

40.0

20.0

0.0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120

Time (min)

Cell Voltage, Battery: BATT-1B

2.00

Volts

1.50 1.00 0.50 0.00 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120

Time (min)

Figure 11: Cell Current and Voltage Profile

Load Current, Battery: BATT-1B

600

Amps

400

200

0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120

Time (min)

Voltage, Battery: BATT-1B

200

Volts
100 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120

Time (min)

Figure 12: Battery Current and Voltage Profile

The simulation results, battery current and Voltage profile, are presented per cell and per battery, as shown in Fig. 11, Fig. 12. Their relationships are as follows: Battery Current = Battery Voltage = Cell Current ( no. of positive plates ) Cell Voltage ( no. of cells )

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5.2 Temperature and Aging Correction The effects of temperature and aging on battery capacity can be considered in the simulation. According to the IEEE Std-P485-1994, the battery load current is adjusted by a temperature factor and an aging coefficient for a particular application, as follows: Amps(adjusted) = Amps(load) TempFactor / AgingCoef For example, the battery discharge curves entered into the library are measured at a temperature of 0 0 0 25 C (77 F) and a particular time, but simulation may be desired at a condition of 60 F and at 5 years in use after the measurement. The temperature correction factor according to IEEE Standard (ANSI/IEEEStd 450-1987) is 1.110. It is believed that the battery has lost, for example, 3% of its capacity due to aging. The aging coefficient for this case is 0.97. The battery capacity (AmpHrs) is adjusted in the program according to the above equation. Note: The aging correction coefficient used in the load flow study is different from the aging factor used in battery sizing. In battery sizing, a battery is sized for use, for example, for ten years. It must be "over-sized", say 20%, for the aging. Therefore, an aging factor of 1.20 has to be used. In the load flow study, a battery already in use, for example, for five years is simulated. The battery capacity may be less than the one described by the discharge curves. Therefore an aging correction coefficient, say 0.95, to count 5% capacity loss due to aging has to be used. 5.3 Battery Data Interpolation Battery Voltage is found using the vertical interpolation of its discharge curves. As shown in Fig.13, there are three points: A, B, C on the graph. For point A, the program uses the 1.85V curve and 1.90V curve to find the Voltage, which will result in accurate battery Voltage. For point B, the program uses the 1.80V curve and 1.90V curve for the voltage, which may be inaccurate. For point C, the program will give a warning message. To get accurate simulation results, the battery discharge curves must cover enough range.

B C

Figure 13: Battery Voltage Interpolation

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If the program looks for battery data outside the range of the entered discharge curves during a simulation process, the following warning message will appear:

Note: After the warning message the battery will be turned off and the simulation will continue. The user must determine whether the simulation results after the battery has been turned off are meaningful. For example, in Fig.14 (a), when the dynamic switch switches the load from Battery A to Battery B, Battery A will be turned off. This is a normal case. However, in Fig. 14 (b), Battery C is turned off for some reason and the case is not normal. The user must make his/her own decision in these cases.
A B C

Load

Load

(a)
Figure 14: Two Different Simulation Cases

(b)

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5.4 Split Bus Battery

High V Bus 250 V

Total 125 Cells Split Bus 120 V Split 60 Cells

Figure 15: A Split Bus Battery

Some cases may have a split bus battery in the DC distribution system, as shown in Fig.15. The high Voltage terminal (250 Volts) is supplying power to the main DC distribution system and the low Voltage split terminal (120 Volts) is supplying control circuits. In Figure 15, is an example of 125 cells, 16 positive plates, 250 Volts battery with a split bus at 62 cells, 125 Volts system Voltage. EDSA can handle multiple split-bus, e.g., Battery Upper Split, Lower Split and a user can also put common loads on the two split buses.
Battery

For a split bus the one line diagram is drawn in EDSA as shown above. When modeling a split battery the options are: 1. The battery have a split with one bus feeding loads of different voltage (refer to Figure 15) V125lower = Vbattery_split_lower - (Ilower_load*Rlower) Note: In this case ignore the upper branch and bus shown in the above diagram.

2. The battery has two split buses feeding loads of different voltages and common load is unchecked. In this case the common bus is fed directly from the battery. V125Lower = Vbattery_split_lower - (Ilower_load*Rlower) V125Upper = Vbattery_split_upper - (Iupper_load*Rupper) Vbattery = Vbattery_split_lower + Vbattery_split_upper Vcommon = Vbattery- (Icommon_load*Rcommon)

Rupper 125Upper

Rlower

Rcommon 250Common

125Lower

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3. The battery has two split buses feeding loads of different voltages and common load option is checked. Even though in the one line the 250Common bus is shown fed from the battery but in reality it is fed from the 125Upper and 125Lower buses as shown in the figure below. V125Lower = Vbattery_split_lower - (Ilower_load*Rlower) V125Upper = Vbattery_split_upper - (Iupper_load*Rupper) Vbattery = Vbattery_split_lower + Vbattery_split_upper Vcommon = (V125Lower+V125Upper) - (Icommon_load*Rcommon)

Battery

Rupper 125Upper R2com

Rlower 125Lower R1com 250Common

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6. A Typical Network Topology (Example 1) The system to be modeled is shown in Figure 16, with cable data in Table 1, loading information in Table 2, and battery information in Table 3.

Figure 16: Network to be modeled

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CABLE ID DC22 DC24 DC33 DC10 DC25 DC4 DC5 DC6 DC7 DC8 DC9 DC16A/B/C DC116 DC121 DC126 DC131

LENGTH (FEET) 110 450 214 232 400 41 60 60 185 100 837 60.5 190 465 190 230

Table 1: Cable Information SIZE QTY/ FROM (AWG) 4/0 4/0 500MCM #4 #4 4/0 #12 #12 #4 #8 #12 500MCM 350MCM 1/0 10 10 POLE 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 BUS ID SWGR-1B STRTR-B SWGR-1B RX-STRT1 SWGR-1A SWGR-1B RCIC-BUS RCIC-BUS RX-STRT1 RX-STRT1 RX-STRT1 BATT-1B TG-STRTR TG-STRTR TG-STRTR TG-STRTR

TO BUS ID STRTR-B RX-STRT1 TG-STRTR PNL-A RCIC-BUS INV-1A RCIC-CP RCIC-VP RR-53A RHR-25A C-RHR25A SWGR-1B TG-EOP SOP RFP-EOPA RFP-EOPB

Table 2: Loading Information EDSA ID RHR-25A RR-53A C-RHR25A RCIC-CP RCIC-VP TG-EOP SOP RFP-EOPA RFP-EOPB INV-1A PNL-A PERIOD NO. PERIOD DURATION (MIN) Rated Volts 250 250 230 240 240 240 240 240 240 230 240 Rated Load 22 A 10 HP AMPS 11 A 11.5 A 207 A 91 A 18.9 18.9 20KW 100A 88 N/A N/A 22 23 414 A 178 40 40 N/A N/A LRA Load Type M K Z Z M I I Z Z K F
(1)

0-1 MIN. 0 10 0.12 11 0 0 S 0 0 8 10 1 1

1-4 MIN. S 10 0.29 11 S 0 91 0 0 8 100 2 3

4-8 MIN. 5.5 10 0.12 11 11.5 S 91 0 0 8 50 3 4

8-10 MIN. 5.5 10 0.12 11 11.5 207 91 40 0 8 40 4 2

10-60 MIN. 5.5 0 0.12 11 11.5 0 0 18.9 0 12 0 5 50

60-120 MIN. 5.5 0 0.12 11 11.5 0 0 18.9 0 8 0 6 60

1. Functional Load, with 50% constant impedance load, 20% constant KVA load, and 30% constant current load.

19

DC Power Flow

2. For motor starting, the load is modeled as a constant impedance load during the starting period.
Table 3: Battery Data

MFGR ID # of Cells # of Positive Plates Temperature Aging Minimum Volt

C&D LCR-25 D-841 125 13 70F 1.0 1.75

Please use EDSA to open Battery_Sizing.AXD file and study the way the file has been modeled. The file is available in EDSA2005 > Samples > DCLF folder.

7. Panel Schedule Network Topology (Example 2) As shown in Table 4, if all loads in the system are directly represented, seven (7) buses and six (6) branches are needed. To reduce the number of buses in a large system with many control devices, all the loads can be modeled in a schedule. The schedule will add all loads together and transfer the total load

20

DC Power Flow

to the panel bus. In this way, only two buses and a branch are needed to represent the system shown in Figure 17.
Table 4: Example 2 Loads

Load ID MOV MOTOR HEATER RESISTOR RELAY

Rating 2 2 240 5 1

Units Amps HP Watts Ohms Amps

Status ON ON ON ON OFF

Type I L Z Z Z

Cable Size 19 AWG 16 AWG 19 AWG 8 AWG ----------

Cable 9.9350 5.2836 9.9350 0.8086 ------------

Length 400 150 200 200 ----------

A schedule in load flow calculation is treated as a node (bus). After the load flow calculation is converged, the voltage at each load point is shown in the schedule. For each load in a schedule, a protective device and feeder can be considered. By load flow calculation the schedule bus voltage (VBUS) is found. The load point voltage (VLOAD) is calculated by considering the load and the impedance of the protective device and the feeder.

BATTERY 240 Volts

100 ft 0.254 /1kft

Panel A

PNL A

For Loading See Table 5

Figure 17: Network Topology for Example 2

The load converted to HP, kW, and Amps is calculated in Table 5 using the following formulas:
Ohms to Amps Amps = Rated Voltage Resistance
Rated Power Rated Voltage

Watts to Amps Amps =

HP to Amps Amps =

746 x HP Rated Voltage

Ohms to KW KW =

(Rated Volts) 2 1000 x Ohms

21

DC Power Flow

HP to KW KW = HP x 0.746

Amps to KW KW =

Rated Volts x Rated Amps 1000

Ohms to HP HP =

(Rated Volts) 2 746 x Ohms

Watts to HP HP =

Watts 746

Amps to HP HP =

Rated Volts x Rated Amps 746

Total Load Type x100 Total Load

To calculate the percent of the load type, % load type =

Table 5: Panel A Load Load ID MOV MOTOR HEATER RESISTOR RELAY TOTAL TOTAL L %L TOTAL Z % Z TOTAL I %I 2 49 Load Rating 2 2 240 5 1 Units Amps HP Watts Ohms Amps Status ON ON ON ON OFF Type I L Z Z Z Amps 2 6.217 1 48 0 57.217 6.217 HP 0.643 2 0.322 15.442 0 18.407 2 10.86 % 15.764 85.64 % 0.643 3.5 % 0.48 11.76 kW 0.48 1.492 0.24 11.52 0 13.732 1.492

Please use EDSA to open Example2.AXD file and study the way the file has been modeled. The file is available in EDSA2005 > Samples > DCLF folder.

22

DC Power Flow

In EDSA the data are shown above. As shown, the total load is calculated, and the % of each load type is automatically calculated. Below is an explanation of the available options: Load ID Load Rating Units Status Type Prot Dev Device Set Prot Dev Res Cable Number Text field for information only. Value of the load (numeric). Available options are: Amps, HP, KW, ShKW, Watts, Ohms. On or OFF. If the load is OFF it will not be added to the total load. Load type : I-Consant current, Z-Constant Impedance, L-constant KW. For information only. Available options: None, Switch, Breaker, Fuse. For information only. Protective Device Resistance in Ohms, added to the cable resistance to calculate voltage drop to the load. For information only.

23

DC Power Flow

Cable Code

Cable Size Cable Length Cable Res Reference

Cable to be selected from the library. By moving the cursor to the cable button and select the cable from the code field, Press the library. For information only. Cable length in feet. Cable resistance in Ohms/1000 ft. For information only.

The following functions are also available: Load Excel Spreadsheet: The user can load an existing spreadsheet into the panel schedule. It should be noted that, in order to load an Excel spreadsheet into EDSA, the spreadsheet must be created in EDSA and saved into Excel, then loaded back into EDSA for any given node.

Save Excel spreadsheet: The existing panel information can be saved into an Excel spreadsheet.

8. Schedule Report In the Bus Schedule Voltage Report the voltage at the terminals of the device is calculated by performing a Load Flow calculation using the bus voltage as swing bus, and correcting the current based on the load type. The total resistance for voltage drop calculation is equal to the sum of the cable resistance and protective device resistance. For Constant Current Load
I Corrected = I Load

For Constant Impedance Load

I Corrected =

VCalculated*I Load VRated

VRated* I Load VCalculated

For Constant Impedance Load

I Corrected =

9. References

[1]

Disosway, J. 'Comparison of Service Test Results with Analytical Predictions for a Lead-Acid Battery', IEEE Trans. on Energy Conversion, Vol. 7, No. 3, pp 391-395, Sept. 1992. 'IEEE Recommended Practice for Sizing Large Lead Storage Batteries for Generating Stations and Substations', IEEE Std 485-1983. Zhou, E.Z. Object-oriented Programming, C++ and Power System Simulation, IEEE Trans on Power System, Vol.11 , No.1, pp 206-215, Feb. 1996. Zhou, E., Nasle, A. M. 'Simulation of DC Power Distribution Systems', IEEE I&CPS Technical Conference, Irvine, California, pp 191-195, May 1994.

[2]

[3]

[4]

24

DC Load Flow

10.

DC Load Flow Tutorial Exercise No.1 (General Case)

Figure 18: Tutorial Case Study No. 1 (File: DCLF1.axd")

This first tutorial is based on the single line diagram shown in Figure 18 above. The system consists of battery, two DC Motors, and two DC loads; all of which are fed via fuses, cables and the respective switchgear composed of busses 1 and 2. In this tutorial we will study the effect of starting motor 2 while the rest of the system is running on steady-state condition. The assumption being made is that motor 2 will take 3 seconds to start, and that we will consider a total simulation time of 588 seconds (9.8 minutes) split into 8 periods as indicated in Table 6. The table shows the individual duration of each period as well as the total time line for the simulation. Each load is represented as a changing demand (kW) on the system. These demands are based on the characteristics assigned to this example. In addition, the letter in brackets indicates the characteristic of the load for that particular period (L) indicates constant kW load, whereas (Z) indicates a constant impedance load. Notice that Motor 2 behaves as a constant impedance load during the first three seconds of the simulation, which as mentioned earlier, will be considered as its starting time. The greyed-out areas in the table indicate the start-up process for motor 2.

25

DC Load Flow

Duration Time Line Motor 1 Motor 2 Load 1 Load 2

Period 1 1 sec 1 sec 60 kW (L) 100 kW (Z) 10 kW (L) 80 kW (L)

Period 2 1 sec 2 sec 60 kW (L) 400 kW (Z) 50 kW (L) 80 kW (L)

Period 3 1 sec 3 sec 60 kW (L) 600 kW (Z) 10 kW (L) 80 kW (L)

Period 4 60 sec 63 sec 80 kW (L) 20 kW (L) 50 kW (L) 20 kW (L)

Period 5 90 sec 153 sec 60 kW (L) 50 kW (L) 10 kW (L) 30 kW (L)

Period 6 135 sec 288 sec 20 kW (L) 60 kW (L) 30 kW (L) 40 kW (L)

Period 7 120 sec 408 sec 50 kW (L) 80 kW (L) 45 kW (L) 60 kW (L)

Period 8 180 sec 588 sec 25 kW (L) 40 kW (L) 60 kW (L) 80 kW (L)

Table 6: Time Line and Load Characteristics

Invoke the EDSA-CAD interface, and proceed to create a new job-file. Name the file DCLF1.

Step 2: From the Network Type definition field, select DC.

Step 4: In the Feeder R Options field select Double Circuit (Rx1). Step 3: In the Unit Type field select US Standard. Step 1: Fill out the general information as indicated here.

Step 6: Select OK.

Step 5: Select Time Periods tab and fill out the timeperiod data, according to the information provided in Table 1.

26

DC Load Flow

10.1

Proceed to fill out the Master Job File Editor record, according to the guidelines shown in the above screen-capture.

27

DC Load Flow

Step 1: Place the DC Battery from the DC catalogue in the drawing.

Step 2: Double click on the battery to edit data..

10.2

Place the battery bus in the design space and subsequently invoke its database editor, as indicated in the above screen-capture.

Step 1: Enter the DC Battery as indicated in those two screen-captures.

Step 2: Select OK.

10.3

Once the Battery editor appears, proceed to enter the data as indicated in the above screen-capture.

28

DC Load Flow

Step 1: Place the DC Fuse from the dc catalog, into the drawing.

Step 2: Double-click on the DC Fuse to edit data.

10.4

Next, place the battery output fuse in the design space and subsequently invoke its database editor. Proceed as indicated in the above screen-capture.

Step 1: Enter the data for the DC Fuse as indicated in this screen-capture.

Step 2: Select OK.

10.5

Once the DC-Fuse editor appears, proceed to enter the data as indicated in the above screencapture.

29

DC Load Flow

Step 1: Place the DC Busbar, from the dc catalog, in the drawing.

Step 2: Double-click on the DC Busbar to edit data.

10.6

Next, place the DC Busbar in the design space and subsequently invoke its database editor. Proceed as indicated in the above screen-capture.

Step 1: Enter the data for the DC Busbar, as indicated here.

Step 2. Select OK.

10.7

Once the DC-Bus editor appears, proceed to enter the data as indicated above.

30

DC Load Flow

Step 1: Place another DC fuse following the steps 10.4-10.5

Step 2: Place the DC Feeder under the DC Fuse as indicated here. Select it from the DC catalog. Step 3: Double-click on the DC Feeder to edit data.

10.8

Next, place an additional fuse (identical to the first fuse) and a DC Feeder in the design space and subsequently invoke its database editor. Proceed as indicated in the above screen-capture.

10.9

Once the DC-Branch editor appears, proceed to enter the data as indicated above.

31

DC Load Flow

Step 1: Place the DC Motor under the DC Feeder as indicated here. Select it from the dc catalog.

Step 2. Double-click on the motor to edit data.

10.10

Continue by placing Motor 1 in the design space and subsequently invoke its database editor. Proceed as indicated in the above screen-capture.

Enter the data for the Load Flow field as indicated here.

10.11

Enter the data for Motor 1, as indicated in the above screen-capture. When finished, select OK.

32

DC Load Flow

10.12

Following the guidelines shown in steps 10.1 to 10.11, complete the single line diagram as shown in the above screen-capture. The data for all the components follow: - DC Lines: - DC Buses: - DC Fuses: All DC feeders have the same specifications. Refer to step 10.9 All 250 Volts DC including non-contributing nodes. Refer to step 10.7 All DC fuses have the same specifications. Refer to step 10.5

For further information on how to build a single-line diagram using the ECAD interface, please refer to the EDSA User Guide.

33

DC Load Flow

Step 1: Enter the data for the Short Circuit field as indicated here.

Step 2: Enter the data for the Load Flow field as indicated here.

10.13

The above screen-capture shows the data for Motor 2.

Enter the data for the Load Flow field as indicated here.

10.14

The above screen capture shows the data for Load 1.

34

DC Load Flow

10.15

The above screen capture shows the data for Load 2.

Step 1: Click here for error checking.

Step 2: Once no errors have been detected, select Done.

10.16

Before proceeding with the DC Load Flow Analysis, ensure that the network is free of errors by following the procedure shown in the above screen-capture.

35

DC Load Flow

10.17

Invoke the DC Load Flow program from the main menu by selecting Analysis > Power Flow > DC Power Flow or simply click on the DC Load Flow icon as shown below.

To run the analysis click the DC Load Flow icon.

Next, click the Analyze icon.

Choose the following options and click OK

10.18

Run the analysis as indicated in the above screen-capture.

36

DC Load Flow

Step 1: Choose Text Report.

Step 2: Define your output option preference and select OK.

10.19

Once the DC Load Flow has converged, proceed to view the text report as indicated in the above screen-captures.

10.20

Once the calculations are completed, the results are shown in the DC Load Flow Results output screen. The report is structured in such manner that the user can view the detailed calculations for each period. At this point, the report can be printed out, copied to the clipboard or saved as a text file

37

DC Load Flow

for third part software customisation. To exit select Done from the menu.

Step 1: Choose Graphic Results.

10.21

To view the results graphically, proceed to invoke the bus display menu according to the steps shown in the above screen-capture.

38

DC Load Flow

To display the battery results, click here.

10.22

To graphically display the results that pertain to the battery bank, proceed as indicated in the above screen-capture. Selecting the desired bus from the columns labelled Rectifier, Train, MstrBus or Others can retrieve graphical data for any other section of the network.

39

DC Load Flow

Step 1: Choose Min Voltage Violation. Step 2: Choose Dropout Voltage Violation.

10.20

The DC Power Flow program is capable of creating 2 types of violation reports: Minimum Voltage and Dropout Voltage reports. Two create these reports, proceed as indicated in the screen-capture shown above.

10.21

The above screen-capture shows both the Minimum Voltage report and the Dropout Voltage report. These reports are based on the voltage operating characteristics of the switching devices entered in the network under study.

40

DC Load Flow

10.22

The above screen-capture allows the user to generate Voltage reports for the following options: - All Busses - Selected Busses - Busses with Voltage Violations (Over and Under) The LogInfo command logs step-by-step the convergence status of the analysis. This data is useful for troubleshooting problem areas when convergence cannot be achieved. Finally, the last items in the Tools menu are the Program Debugging tools. Here the user has access to different reports related to the job file under study.

10.23

10.24

41

DC Load Flow

11. Link to Battery and Charger Sizing 11.1 DC Load Flow now allows the user to link to the Battery and Charger Sizing program to perform analysis on the Battery. Simply click the Battery and Charger Sizing icon as shown below.

11.2

The Battery and Charger Sizing window is displayed. Choose Using Total Connected Loads as Constant Current and click "Calculate".

42

DC Load Flow

11.3

Proceed to enter the information in the General window. Then click the "Battery" tab.

Enter a description and any notes as applicable.

You may specify the unit, type and output report.

11.4

Enter or verify the data.

43

DC Load Flow

To view the graph click on the View Graph button. The graph is now displayed.

11.5

You may also choose to View List. The report is show below.

44

DC Load Flow

11.6

Select the Load tab and proceed to enter the data. Once you have completed the process, click OK.

You may enter/verify the data.

45

DC Load Flow

Note: For complete details on how to run the Battery and Charger Sizing program, please refer to the Battery and Charger Sizing Tutorial which can be found on your Documentation CD.

46

DC Load Flow

12.

DC Load Flow Tutorial No.2 (Split Battery System)

Figure 19: Tutorial Case Study No. 2 (File:Splitbu1.axd)

This second tutorial of the series, will illustrate how split-battery DC systems are treated and modeled in the EDSA DC Load Flow program. This model has a 125 Volt DC system (represented by Bus 125), which is fed from a center tap placed in the middle of the 250 Volt battery string represented by Batt 1B. This arrangement allows the user to supply power to loads at various voltage levels from the same battery bank. In this example the new voltage is 125 VDC. The splitting point can be done at any point within the rated voltage of the battery bank. The subsequent steps will illustrate how to construct such a model based on the job file called "Splitbus_case1.axd" which can be found in the EDSA2005 > Samples >DCLF folder. 12.1 Invoke EDSA and proceed to open the file called "Splitbus_case1.axd".

47

DC Load Flow

Double-click on the BATT-1B to edit data.

12.2

The next step is to verify the procedure whereby the battery string is split at the desired position. Follow the steps shown below to initiate this process.

Step 1: Select the Split Bus at option.

Step 2: Specify the cell number at which the split will occur.

Step 3: Specify the voltage of the new split system branch.

Step 4. Select OK.

12.3

Proceed to split the battery bank at the 125 Volt / 62 cell position as indicated in the screen-capture above.

48

DC Load Flow

Step 1: Draw a feeder between the battery BATT-1B and a new bus rated @ 125 VDC.

Step 2: Draw a 125 VDC distribution panel and loads as indicated here. Remember that all elements of this section of the network are rated at 125 VDC.

12.4

Enter the 125 VDC distribution bus along with the required loads as indicated in the screen-capture above. For specific database information on the elements shown in the job file under study, refer to file " Splitbus_case1.axd " in the EDSA Samples subdirectory. Invoke the DC Load Flow program by selecting from the toolbar Analysis\ LoadFlow \DC or simply click on the DC Load Flow icon .

12.5

12.6 12.7

Run the analysis, Once the DC Load Flow has converged; proceed to view the text report. Once the calculations are completed, the results are shown in the DC Load Flow Results output screen. The report is structured in such a manner that the user can view the detailed calculations for each period. At this point, the report can be printed, copied to the clipboard or saved as a text file for third party software customization. To exit, select Done from the menu. To view the results graphically, proceed to invoke the bus display menu according to the steps shown in the above screen-capture.

12.8

49

DC Load Flow

Step 1: Click here to display the results for 125Bus_1.

Step 2: When done select OK.

12.9

To graphically display the results that pertain to one of 125 VDC Bus, "125Bus_1" for example, proceed as indicated in the above screen-capture. Selecting the desired bus from the columns labelled Rectifier, Train, MstrBus or others can retrieve graphical data for any other section of the network.

50

DC Load Flow

13.

DC Load Flow Tutorial No.3 (Dynamic Switching)

Figure 20: Tutorial Case Study No. 4 (File: DCDS.axd")

This tutorial will illustrate the proper implementation of Dynamic DC switching using the EDSA DC Load Flow analysis program. The Dynamic Switching option allows the user to redirect the flow of DC power from one branch into another, by controlling the points to which the "From" or "To" busses of the dynamic switch are connected. This means that not only the "From" bus can be switched over to an alternate bus, but also the "To" bus can be treated in the same way. In addition to this capability, the user can define either one of two control parameters: voltage or time. When the specific condition for the selected parameter is met (during the course of the analysis), the program will automatically switch the desired side of the switch to the specified alternate bus. The network shown in Figure 21, illustrates a practical example of DC dynamic switching. Here, the switch that connects battery "Batt 1B" to "Switchgear 1B", will switch over to an alternate DC supply after one hour of simulation has elapsed. This alternate DC supply is represented by "BATY2ND", which sits on a hot standby mode. This tutorial is based on a job file called "DCDS.axd", which can be found in the EDSA2005 < Samples > DCLF folder. 13.1 Invoke EDSA and proceed to open the file called "Dcds.axd".

51

DC Load Flow

Double-click on the switch to edit data

13.2

Once the file is loaded into ECAD, proceed as indicated above in order to access the editor for the dynamic switch.

52

DC Load Flow

13.3

Proceed to define the selected switch as a Dynamic Switching branch according to the above screencapture. By doing this, the program has been instructed to switch the "From" side of this branch over to bus BATY2ND, after a period of 60 minutes.

53

DC Load Flow

60 min

13.4

The above screen-capture illustrates the process that takes place during the dynamic switching. Please note that this screen capture is just an illustration designed to enhance the clarity of the process. No physical changes take place on the model. Invoke the DC Load Flow program by selecting from the main menu Analysis\ Load Flow. Run the DC load flow analysis . Notice that at precisely 60 minutes of simulation, the program stops and warns the user about the dynamic transfer

13.5 13.6 13.7

13.8

Acknowledge the dynamic switching operation and continue with the analysis.

54

DC Load Flow

13.9

Once the DC Load Flow has converged, proceed to view the text report as indicated in the above screen-captures.

13.10

The results are shown in the DC Load Flow Results output screen. The report is structured in such a manner that the user can view the detailed calculations for each period. At this point, the report can be printed out, copied to the clipboard or saved as a text file for third part software customization. To exit, select Done from the menu.

55

DC Load Flow

13.11

To view the results graphically, proceed to invoke the bus display according to the steps shown in the below screen-capture.

Click here to display the results for the battery BATT-1B.

13.12

To graphically display the results that pertain to battery BATT-1B, proceed as indicated in the above screen-capture. Selecting the desired bus from the columns labelled Rectifier, Train, MstrBus or Others, can retrieve graphical data for any other section of the network. The above graphs show both the battery and the cell voltage/current profiles during the analysis. Notice that this battery is disconnected from the network after 60 minutes.

56

DC Load Flow

Step 1: Select Bus/Branch Browse

Step 2: Select Bus > New

13.13

Once back in the DC load flow program's main menu, proceed to invoke the DC Load Flow Browser. This application allows the user to view the results of the analysis in a more selective manner. For example, to focus our attention on bus results, the browser allows the listing of all busses or by any of the criteria shown above. From the main menu select Bus/Branch Browse, then select Bus > All.

57

DC Load Flow

Step 2: The results are shown here.

Step 1: Select desired bus.

Step 3: The period for witch the results apply is shown here.

Step 4: To navigate between periods use these buttons

13.14

To display the desired bus, proceed as indicated in the above screen capture.

Step 1: Select Options > Display mode.

Step 2: Select Text mode.

13.15

The "Options" menu allows the user to switch between graphic and text mode, change fonts, and select a desired load flow analysis period to be displayed. The above screen-captures show how to display the data in the text mode.

58

DC Load Flow

13.16

Display the data for the desired bus, according to the procedure illustrated above.

Step 1: Select Branch > Find.

Step 2: Fill out the from and two bus IDs.

Step 3: Select OK.

13.17

In order to find a particular branch in the system, follow the procedure shown above. In this case, the example applies to branch BATT-1B > SWGR-1B. This procedure can be applied to any element of the network listed in the browser menu.

59

DC Load Flow

13.18

Proceed to display the data as indicated in the above screen-capture.

60

DC Load Flow

14. DC Load Flow Tutorial No. 4 (DC Transit System)

Figure 21: Tutorial Case Study No. 3 ("Dctrain.axd")

This tutorial will illustrate how to analyze the behavior of a DC power system used in traction applications. This particular example will deal with a DC transit system as illustrated in Figure 20 above. The system consists of two 500 Vdc power substations fed from AC-DC rectifiers. These substations supply power to four DC trains, via a system of tracks and stations. There a total of four tracks described as follows: Track 1: Runs between Station 1 and Station 2 Power: 500 Vdc Load: Train 1 Span: 60,000 feet Data: 2 segments of line DC-NEC-2000 (30,000 feet each) Runs between Station 2 and Station 3 Power: 500 Vdc Load: Train 2 Span: 60,000 feet Data: 2 segments of line DC-NEC-2000 (30,000 feet each) Runs between Station 4 and Station 5

Track 2:

Track 3:

61

DC Load Flow

Power: 500 Vdc Load: Train 3 Span: 60,000 feet Data: 2 segments of line DC-NEC-2000 (30,000 feet each) Track 4: Runs between Station 5 and Station 6 Power: 500 Vdc Load: Train 4 Span: 60,000 feet Data: 2 segments of line DC-NEC-2000 (30,000 feet each)

Each track is split into sections modeled as lines. Each section contains information regarding the impedance of the track and its length. In this case study, each of these sections represents 50% of the total length of it respective track. The sections are connected together by a load-node that represents the train itself. As in any other EDSA DC analysis, the simulation is divided into time periods. For each of these periods, the user can specify the load condition, load type and position of the train with respect to the stations between which it is travelling. This tutorial is based on a job file called "Dctrain" which can be found in the EDSA2005 > Samples > DCLF folder. The objective of this exercise is to teach the user how to model the trains for the transit analysis and how to subsequently analyze and extract the required information from the program. 14.1 Invoke EDSA and proceed to open the file called "Dctrain.axd.

After the file is loaded click here to review the Master Jobfile settings for this study.

14.2

To review the Master Job File settings for this job file, proceed according to the above screencapture. Go to the DC Time Periods tab and select a total simulation of 60 minutes, 10 evenly spaced periods.

62

DC Load Flow

Double-click on the Rec 1, (Rectifier 1), to edit data.

14.3

Before proceeding with the actual DC train model, take some time to become familiar with the Load Flow data required for accurate modeling of AC/DC converters (Rectifiers). There are a total of two identical rectifiers in the job file under study. The next steps, will illustrate how the dynamic behavior of a moving train is defined within the editor. Train 1 will be used as an example. From the one line diagram double-click on the Train 1 to edit data.

14.4

63

DC Load Flow

Click OK.

14.5

The above screen-capture illustrates how to define the load type as a train and the points (nodes) between which it is travelling. Proceed to the next step for additional information.

Step 1: Select HP.

Step 3: Enter the data as indicated here.

Step 2: Enter the total resistance value

Step 4. Click OK.

14.6

Complete the train form as indicated above. The following are some load characteristic guidelines that will help understand the above data better.

64

DC Load Flow

L: I: Z: N:

Constant Load Constant Current Constant Impedance No Load/No Source

Based on the screen capture and the explanation given above, the following would describe the status of train 1 at period No.5: Train Behavior: Constant Load Train Demand: 500 HP Distance from Station 1: 50% of 60,000 feet = 30,000 feet The information related to trains 2 to 4 as well as the tracks and the rest of the network, can be found in this job file by simply invoking their respective editors as indicated in previous steps of this tutorial. 14.7 Invoke the DC Load Flow program by selecting Analysis\ Load Flow\ DC or simply click on the DC Load Flow icon 14.8 .

Run the DC load flow analysis. Once the DC Load Flow has converged, proceed to view the text report. Once the calculations are complete, the results are shown in the DC Load Flow Results output screen. The report is structured in such a way that the user can view the detailed calculations for each period. At this point, the report can be printed out, copied to the clipboard or saved as a text file for third part software customisation. To exit, select Done from the menu.

65

DC Load Flow

14.9

To view the results graphically, invoke the bus display menu according to the steps shown below.

Step 1. Click here to display the results for Train.

When done, select Close".

14.10 To graphically display the results that pertain to TRAIN1 for example, proceed as indicated in the above screen-capture. Selecting the desired bus from the columns labeled Rectifier, Train, MstrBus or Others can retrieve graphical data for any other section of the network.

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DC Load Flow

15.

DC Load Flow Sample Job Files

File Name Battery_Sizing Dc Dcdc1 Dcds Dclf1 DCLFINVERTER_A DCLFINVERTER_B DCLFINVERTER_C DCLFINVERTER_D DCLFINVERTER_E DCLFINVERTER_F Dctrain Example1 ONEBATT ONEGEN ONERECTIFIER REC_BATT REC_GEN REC_SPLITBATT Splitbu1 SPLITBUS_CASE1 SPLITBUS_CASE2 SPLITBUS_CASE3 SPLITBUS_CASE4 SPLITBUS_CASE5 TWOBATT TWOGEN TWORECTIFIER

Description Battery Simulation Rectifier & Battery Simulation DC/DC Inverter Dynamics Switch Battery Inverter Option 1 Inverter Option 2 Inverter Option 3 Inverter Option 4 Inverter Option 5 Inverter Option 6 DC Train Battery One Battery One DC Generator One Rectifier Rectifier and Battery Rectifier and Generator Split Bus and Rectifier Split Bus Split Bus Case 1 Split Bus Case 2 Split Bus Case 3 Split Bus Case 4 Split Bus Case 5 Two Batteries Two Generators Two Rectifiers

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