VOLTAGE STABILITY & CONTINGENCY ANALYSIS PROGRAMS

Sev eri t % y

10 0 9 0 8 0 7 0 6 0 5 0 4 0 3 0 2 0 1 0 0 L n e O t AA A 69 i u : - > BU S - 69 Z Li e O ut : D DD 6 9 n E 69 - >B U SLi ne O u : BU S- Z 69 - >J JJ6 9 t Li ne O ut : B US - E 69 - >F FF 69

C o nt i nge nc y

EDSA MICRO CORPORATION

16780 West Bernardo Drive, Suite 330 San Diego, CA 92127 U.S.A.
Copyright 2008 All Rights Reserved

Version 2.10.00

October 2008

Voltage Stability

Table of Contents Page Introduction to Voltage Stability ....................................................................................................... 1 Step-by-Step Procedure for Conducting a Voltage Stability Analysis ............................................. 3 Graphic Interface Controls in Voltage Stability.............................................................................. 17 Introduction to Contingency Analysis Program ............................................................................. 18 Step-by-Step Procedure for Conducting a Contingency Analysis................................................. 20 Validation and Verification for Contingency Analysis Program ..................................................... 29 I.a) Result of Advanced Power Flow Program for contingency Line Out: BUS-E69 ->FFF69 ...... 31 I.b) Result of Advanced Power Flow Program for contingency Line Out: BUS-Z69 ->JJJ69 ....... 31 I.c) Result of Advanced Power Flow Program for contingency Line Out: AAA69 ->BUS-Z69.... 32 I.d) Result of Advanced Power Flow Program for contingency Line Out: DDD69 ->BUS-E69... 32

List of Tables

Table 1 Available Generation Data.................................................................................................. 2 Table 2 System Load Demand plus Local Static Compensation .................................................... 2

Note: You can view this manual on your CD as an Adobe Acrobat PDF file. The file name is:

Voltage Stability

Voltage_Stability.pdf

You will find the Test/Job files used in this tutorial in the following location:
C:\DesignBase\Samples\VoltStab Test Files: = Voltage Stability

VoltageStability, Contingency

All Rights Reserved Copyright 2008

Voltage Stability

Introduction to Voltage Stability

The stability of an electrical power system can be classified into two broad categories, namely, transient (angular) stability and voltage stability. Traditionally the angular stability has been the main focus of power system engineers. With the increased demand in electrical energy and fewer expansion plans of the power system, voltage instability has occurred more frequently and therefore, gained the attention of power system planners and operators. Power system voltage stability refers to the systems ability to maintain acceptable voltage profiles under different system topologies and load changes. Voltage instability occurs mainly due to the fact that, unlike active power, reactive power cannot be transported over long distances. Therefore, a power system rich in reactive power resources is less likely to experience voltage stability problems. The voltage stability assessment of a power system is of paramount importance in the planning and daily operation of electrical networks. The so-called PV analysis, which is widely used voltage stability studies, is based on imposing a gradual load increase in certain or all sections of the power system. Subsequently, a group of generating units is selected to act as reactive power suppliers in order to compensate for the voltage drop created by this load increase. When the reactive power compensation capability of these units is depleted (no power flow solution can be found at that load level), the voltage will collapse, thereby defining the voltage stability limit for the system. The most commonly used approach for studying voltage stability is based on static power flow analysis. EDSA has also adopted this methodology in its assessment of power system voltage stability. Dynamic analysis of voltage stability phenomena can be carried out using EDSAs Transient Stability program. The main features of the EDSA voltage stability program include flexible selection of system load increase (areas, zones and buses), user defined groups of generations for dispatch, efficient selection of the monitored quantities, fast and reliable solution technique, and a comprehensive plotting facility for the visualization of the PV curves. The network buses and generator reactive power reserves can be monitored in the entire system, by area, zone, or individually. Examples of the aforementioned features will be shown in the following tutorial. This tutorial in question will illustrate how to conduct a Voltage Stability Analysis based on the dynamic reactive-power reserve available in a Power Distribution network. As indicated above, voltage stability refers to the ability of a system to maintain acceptable voltage levels, under cycling loads and changing network topologies. In order to control these voltage levels, a sound reserve of reactive power (MVARs) must be available to compensate for system dynamic conditions. The program will calculate the maximum stability limits based on dynamically controllable sources of reactive power. In other words: Generators defined as PV busses. The system must have at least one PV bus for this analysis to be viable. The example illustrated in this tutorial, is a 14bus system published in the textbook entitled Analysis of Faulted Power Systems by A. Fouad and P. M. Anderson of Iowa State University. The objective here is to find the voltage stability limit of this power system when all of the loads in the system are uniformly increased based on the patterns that will be explained further into this exercise.

Voltage Stability

Before the tutorial is explained, the following table will assist the reader in the interpretation of the results. Machine.ID AAA138 JJJ138 DDD138 DDD69 FFF138 Nom-Voltage 138 kV 138 kV 138 kV 69 kV 138 kV Type PV Swing PQ PV PV Min Q Max Q 0 100 MVAR N/A PG = 200 MW / QG = 56.2 MW 0 0 100 MVAR 200 MW 0 100 MVAR Gen P 200 MW Conn. Load 100MW + j50 MVAR 0 100MW + j50 MVAR 0 100MW + j50 MVAR

Table 1 Available Generation Data

Load ID BBB138 CCC138 ZZZ138 EEE69 HHH138 GGG138

Active Power 50 MW 50 MW 25 MW 25 MW 50 MW 50 MW

Reactive Power 25 MVAR 25 MVAR 20 MVAR 20 MVAR 25 MVAR 25 MVAR

Static Reactive Compensation 20 MVAR (CAP) 0 MVAR 10 MVAR (CAP) 10 MVAR (CAP) 20 MVAR (CAP) 0 MVAR

Table 2 System Load Demand plus Local Static Compensation Table No.1, indicates that busses AAA138, DDD69 and FFF138 represent the dynamic reactivepower reserve of this network. Table No.2 illustrates the base load condition from which the analysis will depart. The tutorial will attempt to determine whether the system is capable to accommodate a 200% load growth while maintaining acceptable voltage levels throughout the system. The growth will be scaled in incremental steps of 2%. The parameters that will be used for the analysis are as follows: 1. 2. Load Growth Factor: Load Increment: 200% applicable to all loads. 2% applicable to all loads.

Voltage Stability

Step-by-Step Procedure for Conducting a Voltage Stability Analysis

Step 1. Proceed to open the file to be studied. For this example, use the file named: VOLTAGESTABILITY.axd.

Step 2. Select the Voltage Stability program icon.

Alternatively, the Voltage Stability program can also be invoked from the Analysis menu as indicated below:

Voltage Stability

Step 3. To initiate the analysis first select Options as shown below:

Step 4. Select the Power Flow Method to be used. For this example, select Fast Decoupled.

Step 5. Define the Power Flow Control options as indicated above, and select OK.

Voltage Stability

Step 6. Select the Analyze icon as shown below

Step 7. Specify the Load Growth Factor and the Load Growth Increment step to be used. Both these values must be entered as a %. Use the values indicated in the screen-capture. Also, for now enter a Low Voltage Stability Criterion as indicated below

Voltage Stability

Step 8. Select Load Scaling tab and use Add All selected loads):

as shown below (you may also use

Step 9. Select the Generation Scaling tab.

Step 10. From the Available Generators column select each generator that will be used as a source of reactive power adjustment, and then press Add to add it to the Selected Generators column. For this example, select all of them.

Voltage Stability

Step 11. Select the Monitored Busses tab.

Step 12. From the Available Busses column select each bus for which a graphic-output report is required, and then press Add to add it to the Selected Busses column. For this example select Add All. Step 13. Select the Monitored Gen tab.

Step 14. From the Available Generators column select each generator for which a graphicoutput report is required, and then press Add to add it to the Selected Generators column. For this example, select them all.

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Step 15. Select OK.

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Step 16. Once the analysis is completed, the, Program Information window will report on the Voltage Stability of the system. In this case, the voltage would collapse if the total load were to be increased by 62% or 385.5 MW, seen below:

Step 17. Once the simulation is completed, a new icon Report Manager will appear as shown below. Select Report Manager

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Step 18. Select Log Information

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Step 19. To view a text report of the analysis, select View Text Report under Voltage Stability Report area shown above.

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Step 20. To view the graphical output results, select View Curves Graphically, from Report Manager

Step 21. Select the Bus Voltage Graphic tab. Step 22. Select from the list, the buses to be viewed, or click on Select all Items to view all the curves simultaneously.

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Voltage Stability

Step 23. Select the Reactive Power Reserve Graphic tab.

Step 24. Select from the list, the generators to be viewed, or click on Select all Items to view all the curves simultaneously.

In Conclusion: The graphs clearly show that the voltage will collapse as soon as the reactive power reserve of the system is depleted. The next page illustrates a complete report in a text format.

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EDSA Voltage Stability & Contingency Analysis Program v2.00.00 ============================================================== Project No. : Project Name: Title : Drawing No. : Revision No.: Jobfile Name: voltagestability Scenario : 1 Page Date Time Company Engineer Check by Date : 1 : 10/12/2005 : 07:53:42 pm : : : :

A 14-bus network shown in Fig.E.3 in Paul M. Anderson's Faulted Power Systems

Low Voltage Criterion Load Growth Factor Load Growth Increment

= = =

0.50 (pu) 200.00 (%) 2.00 (%)

Selected Loads ============== # ----1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Bus Name Sys_KV P(MW) Q(MVAR) ------------------------ -------- ---------- ---------AAA138 138.000 100.000 50.000 DDD138 138.000 100.000 50.000 FFF138 138.000 100.000 50.000 BBB138 138.000 50.000 25.000 CCC138 138.000 50.000 25.000 EEE69 69.000 25.000 20.000 GGG138 138.000 50.000 25.000 HHH138 138.000 50.000 25.000 ZZZ69 69.000 25.000 20.000 ---------- ---------Total: 550.000 290.000 Selected Generators =================== # ----1 2 3 4 5 Bus Name Sys_KV P(MW) Qmin(MVAR) Qmax(MVAR) ------------------------ -------- ---------- ---------- ---------JJJ138 138.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 AAA138 138.000 200.000 0.000 100.000 DDD138 138.000 200.000 56.200 56.200 DDD69 69.000 0.000 0.000 100.000 FFF138 138.000 200.000 0.000 100.000

Monitored Bus Voltage Variation =============================== Bus Name Bus Voltages in PU with load Increment ------------------------ ----------------------------------------------------------JJJ138 1.040 1.040 1.040 1.040 1.040 1.040 1.040 1.040 1.040 1.040 1.040 1.040 1.040 1.040 1.040 1.040 1.040 1.040 1.040 1.040 1.040 1.040 1.040 1.040 1.040 1.040 1.040 1.040 1.040 1.040 1.040 AAA138 1.020 1.020 1.020 1.020 1.020 1.020 1.020 1.020 1.020 1.020 1.020 1.020 1.020 1.020 1.020 1.020 1.020 1.020 1.020 1.020 1.020 1.020 1.020 1.020 1.020 1.020 1.016 1.011 1.007 1.002 0.997 DDD138 1.013 1.012 1.010 1.009 1.008 1.007 1.006 1.004 1.003 1.002 1.000 0.999 0.996 0.993 0.990 0.987 0.984 0.981 0.978 0.974 0.971 0.968 0.964 0.961 0.957 0.953 0.948 0.943 0.938 0.932

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EDSA Voltage Stability & Contingency Analysis Program v2.00.00 ============================================================== Project No. : Project Name: Title : Drawing No. : Revision No.: Jobfile Name: voltagestability Scenario : 1 Page Date Time Company Engineer Check by Date : 2 : 10/12/2005 : 07:53:42 pm : : : :

A 14-bus network shown in Fig.E.3 in Paul M. Anderson's Faulted Power Systems

Bus Name Bus Voltages in PU with load Increment ------------------------ ----------------------------------------------------------0.927 DDD69 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 FFF138 1.020 1.020 1.020 1.020 1.020 1.020 1.020 1.020 1.020 1.020 1.020 1.020 1.015 1.011 1.006 1.000 0.995 0.990 0.985 0.979 0.974 0.968 0.962 0.956 0.950 0.944 0.936 0.929 0.921 0.913 0.904 AAA69 1.008 1.007 1.007 1.007 1.006 1.006 1.006 1.005 1.005 1.005 1.004 1.004 1.004 1.004 1.003 1.003 1.003 1.002 1.002 1.001 1.001 1.001 1.000 1.000 1.000 0.999 0.995 0.990 0.986 0.981 0.976 BBB138 0.975 0.973 0.970 0.968 0.966 0.964 0.961 0.959 0.957 0.955 0.952 0.950 0.947 0.943 0.940 0.936 0.933 0.929 0.926 0.922 0.918 0.915 0.911 0.907 0.903 0.899 0.891 0.884 0.876 0.868 0.859 CCC138 0.974 0.971 0.969 0.967 0.964 0.962 0.960 0.958 0.955 0.953 0.950 0.948 0.944 0.940 0.937 0.933 0.929 0.925 0.920 0.916 0.912 0.907 0.903 0.898 0.894 0.889 0.882 0.875 0.867 0.859 0.851 EEE69 0.927 0.925 0.923 0.920 0.918 0.916 0.913 0.911 0.909 0.906 0.904 0.901 0.896 0.891 0.886 0.881 0.875 0.870 0.864 0.858 0.853 0.847 0.840 0.834 0.828 0.821 0.814 0.807 0.799 0.791 0.782 FFF69 1.000 0.999 0.999 0.999 0.998 0.998 0.998 0.997 0.997 0.997 0.996 0.996 0.991 0.987 0.982 0.977 0.972 0.967 0.961 0.956 0.951 0.945 0.939 0.933 0.927 0.921 0.914 0.907 0.899 0.891 0.883

Generation Reactive Power Reserve Variation =========================================== Generator Name Generation reactive power Reserve in MVAR with load Increment ------------------------ -------------------------------------------------------------AAA138 61.924 59.939 57.948 55.944 53.928 51.900 49.859 47.805 45.737 43.657 41.563 39.456 36.878 34.247 31.587 28.898 26.177 23.425 20.639 17.818 14.961 12.065 9.130 6.154 3.134 0.067 -0.009 -0.002 -0.004 -0.006 -0.008 DDD138 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 DDD69 97.169 95.882 94.591 93.290 91.980 90.660 89.330 87.990 86.640 85.279 83.907 82.525 79.386 76.117 72.793 69.412 65.970 62.465 58.894 55.252 51.537 47.743 43.866 39.902 35.844 31.685 26.410 20.935 15.264 9.388 3.277 FFF138 32.256 29.410 26.552 23.678 20.789 17.884 14.963 12.027 9.074 6.105 3.119 0.117 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.007 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.009 0.005 0.006 0.007 0.004 -0.010 0.002 -0.000 0.003

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Voltage Stability

Graphic Interface Controls in Voltage Stability y

The following section summarizes the control features of the graphical control interface used in the Voltage Stability Program.

Print function. Save to File function. Copy to Clipboard function.

Graph Properties function. Cursor function. Zoom Box function.

Zoom In function. Zoom Out function. Zoom Axis function. Scroll Axis function.

Pause Tracking function. Resume Tracking function.

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Voltage Stability

The graph properties option allows the user to control every aspect of the plots ranging including colors, tracing, and graphic interpolation methods

Introduction to Contingency Analysis Program The EDSAs Contingency Analysis Program (CAP) utilizes advanced solution algorithm and an extremely user-friendly graphical user interface. CAP solution technique is based on the full AC powerflow methodology that is fast, accurate, and robust. CAP evaluates thousands of contingencies within seconds, produces comprehensive reports and supports a number of contingencies including outage of:

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Voltage Stability

Transformers Transmission Facilities Generation Units Loads Reactors/Capacitors CAP generates comprehensive reports that are easy to understand. In addition, CAP ranks the contingencies based on the solution violations thereby alleviating the tedious and cumbersome task of planning/operation engineers inspecting the detailed result for thousands of the analyzed contingencies. CAP automatically checks the operating voltage limits and flow capabilities of all equipments against the solution and reports the violation type, degree of violation and contingency causing the violation. The reports can also be exported to Excel for further analysis or graphing of the result. The contingencies are user defined which could be setup via a user-friendly interface. CAP can automatically prepare the list of all N-1 contingencies within areas, user defined voltage levels, zones, or entire power system. CAP is capable of handling any N-k contingency type involving any number of elements. In addition to contingency definitions, other input data requirement of the contingency analysis program is similar to the EDSAs Advanced Powerflow. The normal and emergency voltage limits, normal and contingency loading capabilities for transformers, lines/cables are automatically checked.

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Step-by-Step Procedure for Conducting a Contingency Analysis

In the following section the operation of the contingency analysis program will be demonstrated using a sample jobfile. This jobfile can be found in \EDSA2004\samples\voltstab directory. The jobfile file name is CONTINGENCY.AXD. To start step-by-step procedure for using contingency analysis program, we will first load this jobfile into EDSA2004. To access the contingency analysis program select Voltage Stability Contingency Analysis icon as shown below:

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Next, select the Contingency Analysis icon as shown in the figure below:

Next the main contingency analysis dialog will be displayed as shown below. Here, the user can define contingencies, set the violation criterion, automatically request the program to generated N-1 contingencies, define filters based on area, zone, and/or System kV, and finally request the program to simulate the contingencies.

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Voltage Stability

By default, the program creates an empty contingency named BaseCase. The steps required to create a contingency is described below. A contingency can be multiple events or just a single event. On the right hand side of the below dialog, the user can define contingency type by selecting Buses or Branches. Lets assumed that we require to define outage of a generator, in this example, generator at bus DDD138. Double click left mouse on the row showing this generator will prompt the user to select Bus type contingency, namely, Outage of a Bus, Outage of a load, or Outage of Generator as shown below:

In the above, the outage of generator is selected and as shown below this event is added to the contingency.

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Voltage Stability

To change the name of a contingency, double click right mouse button (on the row with the contingency name) as shown in the left hand side of the below dialog, brings a new dialog for entering the contingency name.

Similarly to the Bus type contingency, Branch type contingencies can be defined. This is shown below. Double click left mouse button on the row where the desired branch is displayed and then select Out Service status.

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Voltage Stability

Contingency analysis program can be used to automatically generate N-1 contingencies. For example, lets assume it is desired to generate automatically contingencies of all 69 kV lines/feeders. First, we select the 69 kV voltage level from the list of available system voltages as shown in the figure below.

Now, press N-1 Contingencies button as shown in the right hand side of the above figure. Since the line outages are of interest, place the check mark beside the Generate N-1 Line Contingencies as shown below and press OK button.

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Voltage Stability

The figure below shows a list of line outages that were generated automatically.

Contingency analysis program will simulate each of the contingencies defined and checks the powerflow solution against the user-defined limits for voltage and current/power. The modify the violation criterion, press Violation Criteria button as shown in the right hand side of the above figure. The user can specify if the contingency analysis program should consider normal or emergency voltage limits as shown in below. Also, overload limit can be defined as a percentage of rated values (current for lines/cables/switches and KVA for transformers).

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Voltage Stability

After specifying the desired contingencies and defining violation limits, press Analyze & Report button, as shown below, to start contingency analysis simulations.

Once of all contingencies are analyzed, the program presents the results as shown below. The report contains detail description for each contingency, voltage violations and overload violations. Finally, the program lists all of the contingencies along with their rank assigned based on the degree of voltage and flow violations.

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EDSA Voltage Stability & Contingency Analysis Program v2.00.00 ============================================================== Project No. : Project Name: Title : Drawing No. : Revision No.: Jobfile Name: contingency Scenario : 1 Page Date Time Company Engineer Check by Date : 1 : 04/03/2005 : 04:35:26 pm : : : :

A 14-bus network shown in Fig.E.3 in Paul M. Anderson's Faulted Power Systems 2-Winding Xfmr Voltage Control Voltage Control at Bus FFF69

Contingency Analysis Report ===========================

Events for Contingency: Line Out: AAA69 ->BUS-Z69 =================================================== Outage of branch AAA69 ->BUS-Z69 : 1

Bus Voltage Violation (using normal voltage limits) for Contingency: Line Out: AAA69 ->BUS-Z69 ================================================================================================= Bus Name -----------------------BUS-E69 BUS-Z69 EEE69 ZZZ69 System kV Vmin(%) ---------- ---------69.0000 95.0 69.0000 95.0 69.0000 95.0 69.0000 95.0 Vmax(%) ---------105.0 105.0 105.0 105.0 Voltage(%) ---------93.9 82.4 93.9 82.4

Branch Overload Violation (using 100.% limit) for Contingency: Line Out: AAA69 ->BUS-Z69 ========================================================================================== From Bus Name -----------------------AAA138 BUS-C138 BUS-G138 BUS-Z69 To Bus Name -----------------------JJJ138 DDD138 FFF138 JJJ69 Circuit # ----------1 1 1 1 Ampacity -----------255.0 255.0 255.0 255.0 Loading(%) ----------125.2 122.7 162.0 112.6

Events for Contingency: Line Out: BUS-E69 ->FFF69 ================================================= Outage of branch BUS-E69 ->FFF69 : 1

Bus Voltage Violation (using normal voltage limits) for Contingency: Line Out: BUS-E69 ->FFF69 =============================================================================================== Bus Name -----------------------BUS-E69 BUS-Z69 EEE69 ZZZ69 System kV Vmin(%) ---------- ---------69.0000 95.0 69.0000 95.0 69.0000 95.0 69.0000 95.0 Vmax(%) ---------105.0 105.0 105.0 105.0 Voltage(%) ---------82.6 93.5 82.6 93.5

Branch Overload Violation (using 100.% limit) for Contingency: Line Out: BUS-E69 ->FFF69 ======================================================================================== From Bus Name -----------------------BUS-C138 BUS-G138 DDD69 To Bus Name -----------------------DDD138 FFF138 BUS-E69 Circuit # ----------1 1 1 Ampacity -----------255.0 255.0 255.0 Loading(%) ----------122.5 158.6 111.3

Events for Contingency: Line Out: BUS-Z69 ->JJJ69 ================================================= Outage of branch BUS-Z69 ->JJJ69 : 1

Bus Voltage Violation (using normal voltage limits) for Contingency: Line Out: BUS-Z69 ->JJJ69 =============================================================================================== Bus Name -----------------------BUS-E69 BUS-Z69 EEE69 ZZZ69 System kV Vmin(%) ---------- ---------69.0000 95.0 69.0000 95.0 69.0000 95.0 69.0000 95.0 Vmax(%) ---------105.0 105.0 105.0 105.0 Voltage(%) ---------93.9 80.8 93.9 80.8

Branch Overload Violation (using 100.% limit) for Contingency: Line Out: BUS-Z69 ->JJJ69 ======================================================================================== From Bus Name -----------------------AAA69 To Bus Name -----------------------BUS-Z69 Circuit # ----------1 Ampacity -----------255.0 Loading(%) ----------114.3

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Voltage Stability

BUS-C138 BUS-G138

DDD138 FFF138

1 1

255.0 255.0

129.8 154.6

Events for Contingency: Line Out: DDD69 ->BUS-E69 =================================================== Outage of branch DDD69 ->BUS-E69 : 1

Bus Voltage Violation (using normal voltage limits) for Contingency: Line Out: DDD69 ->BUS-E69 ================================================================================================= Bus Name -----------------------BUS-E69 BUS-Z69 EEE69 ZZZ69 System kV Vmin(%) ---------- ---------69.0000 95.0 69.0000 95.0 69.0000 95.0 69.0000 95.0 Vmax(%) ---------105.0 105.0 105.0 105.0 Voltage(%) ---------83.8 93.5 83.8 93.5

Branch Overload Violation (using 100.% limit) for Contingency: Line Out: DDD69 ->BUS-E69 ========================================================================================== From Bus Name -----------------------AAA138 BUS-C138 BUS-E69 BUS-G138 To Bus Name -----------------------JJJ138 DDD138 FFF69 FFF138 Circuit # ----------1 1 1 1 Ampacity -----------255.0 255.0 255.0 255.0 Loading(%) ----------100.3 129.7 110.2 150.2

Ranking of the Contingencies ============================ Contingency Name ---------------Line Out: AAA69 Line Out: DDD69 Line Out: BUS-Z69 Line Out: BUS-E69 Severity % ---------100.00 88.45 77.67 75.71

->BUS-Z69 ->BUS-E69 ->JJJ69 ->FFF69

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Validation and Verification for Contingency Analysis Program

The following procedure was used to validate and verify result of the contingency analysis program: a) Use the results obtained for each of the contingencies defined in the sample jobfile named CONTINGENCY by the Contingency Analysis Program, see previous section b) Create a new jobfile for each of the contingencies defined in the sample jobfile and manually outage the corresponding element (for the case at hand, outage each of the line/feeder) c) Using Advanced Poweflow, obtain power flow solution for each of the jobfiles created in step b above d) Obtain the result of bus voltages and branch flows for each of the jobfiles in step b, see section I.a, I.b, I.c, and I.d below e) Finally compare the result obtained in a) with those from d) above EDSA engineers have carried out the above V&V process and results are summarized below (the jobfiles created in step b are: CONTINGENCY-AAA69-Z69, CONTINGENCY-AAA69-Z69, CONTINGENCY-FFF69-E69, CONTINGENCY-JJJ69-Z69). These tables shows that the results are 100% accurate.

Bus Voltage Violation Result for Contingency: Line Out: BUS-E69 ->FFF69 Result from Bus Name Contingency Analysis Advanced Powerflow BUS-E69 0.826 0.826 BUS-Z69 0.935 0.935 EEE69 0.826 0.826 ZZZ69 0.935 0.935 Overloaded Violation Result for Contingency: Line Out: BUS-E69 ->FFF69 Result from Overloaded Line Id Contingency Advanced Powerflow Analysis BUS-C138->DDD138 BUS-G138->FFF138 DDD69 ->BUS-E69 1 1 1 123 159 111 123 159 111

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Bus Voltage Violation Result for Contingency: Line Out: BUS-Z69 ->JJJ69 Result from Bus Name Contingency Analysis Advanced Powerflow BUS-E69 0.939 0.939 BUS-Z69 0.808 0.808 EEE69 0.939 0.939 ZZZ69 0.808 0.808 Overloaded Violation Result for Contingency: Line Out: BUS-Z69 ->JJJ69 Result from Overloaded Line Id Contingency Advanced Powerflow Analysis AAA69 ->BUS-Z69 1 114 114 BUS-C138->DDD138 1 130 130 BUS-G138->FFF138 1 155 155 Bus Voltage Violation Result for Contingency: Line Out: AAA69 ->BUS-Z69 Result from Bus Name Contingency Analysis Advanced Powerflow BUS-E69 0.939 0.939 BUS-Z69 0.824 0.824 EEE69 0.939 0.939 ZZZ69 0.824 0.824 Overloaded Violation Result for Contingency: Line Out: AAA69 ->BUS-Z69 Result from Overloaded Line Id Contingency Advanced Powerflow Analysis AAA138 ->JJJ138 1 125 125 BUS-C138->DDD138 1 123 123 BUS-G138->FFF138 1 162 162 BUS-Z69 ->JJJ69 1 113 113 Bus Voltage Violation Result for Contingency: Line Out: DDD69 ->BUS-E69 Result from Bus Name Contingency Analysis Advanced Powerflow BUS-E69 0.838 0.838 BUS-Z69 0.935 0.935 EEE69 0.838 0.838 ZZZ69 0.935 0.935 Overloaded Violation Result for Contingency: Line Out: DDD69 ->BUS-E69 Result from Overloaded Line Id Contingency Analysis Advanced Powerflow AAA138 ->JJJ138 1 100 100 BUS-C138->DDD138 1 130 130 BUS-E69 ->FFF69 1 110 110 BUS-G138->FFF138 1 150 150

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I.a) Result of Advanced Power Flow Program for contingency Line Out: BUS-E69 ->FFF69
EDSA Advanced Power Flow Program V5.50.00 ========================================= Project No. : Project Name: Title : Drawing No. : Revision No.: Jobfile Name: contingency-fff69-e69 Scenario : 1 Page Date Time Company Engineer Check by Date : 1 : 10/08/2005 : 00:07:39 am : : : :

A 14-bus network shown in Fig.E.3 in Paul M. Anderson's Faulted Power Systems 2-Winding Xfmr Voltage Control Voltage Control at Bus FFF69

Voltage Violation Report ======================== Bus Name Type Bus Voltage UpperLim LowerLim Violation (kvolts) (pu) (%) (%) ------------------------ ------ -------- -------- -------- -------- --------BUS-E69 BUS-Z69 EEE69 ZZZ69 None None P_Load P_Load 56.9677 64.5118 56.9676 64.5118 0.8256 0.9350 0.8256 0.9350 105.0% 105.0% 105.0% 105.0% 95.0% 95.0% 95.0% 95.0% under under under under

Line Current Loading Violations =============================== Branch Name C# Type Library CodeName Current Ampacity Loading OverLim UnderLim Violation (KA) (KA) (%) (%) (%) ------------------------ -- -------- ---------------- -------- -------- ------- -------- -------- --------BUS-C138->DDD138 BUS-G138->FFF138 DDD69 ->BUS-E69 1 Feeder 1 Feeder 1 Feeder 250 250 250 0.3124 0.4043 0.2837 0.2550 0.2550 0.2550 123% 159% 111% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 5.0% 5.0% 5.0% over over over

I.b) Result of Advanced Power Flow Program for contingency Line Out: BUS-Z69 ->JJJ69
EDSA Advanced Power Flow Program V5.50.00 ========================================= Project No. : Project Name: Title : Drawing No. : Revision No.: Jobfile Name: contingency-jjj69-z69 Scenario : 1 Page Date Time Company Engineer Check by Date : 1 : 10/08/2005 : 00:11:43 am : : : :

A 14-bus network shown in Fig.E.3 in Paul M. Anderson's Faulted Power Systems 2-Winding Xfmr Voltage Control Voltage Control at Bus FFF69

Voltage Violation Report ======================== Bus Voltage UpperLim LowerLim Violation (kvolts) (pu) (%) (%) ------------------------ ------ -------- -------- -------- -------- --------BUS-E69 BUS-Z69 EEE69 ZZZ69 None None P_Load P_Load 64.7919 55.7454 64.7919 55.7454 0.9390 0.8079 0.9390 0.8079 105.0% 105.0% 105.0% 105.0% 95.0% 95.0% 95.0% 95.0% under under under under Bus Name Type

Line Current Loading Violations =============================== Current Ampacity Loading OverLim UnderLim Violation (KA) (KA) (%) (%) (%) ------------------------ -- -------- ---------------- -------- -------- ------- -------- -------- --------Branch Name C# Type Library CodeName

31

Voltage Stability

AAA69 ->BUS-Z69 BUS-C138->DDD138 BUS-G138->FFF138

1 Feeder 1 Feeder 1 Feeder

250 250 250

0.2915 0.3311 0.3941

0.2550 0.2550 0.2550

114% 130% 155%

100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

5.0% 5.0% 5.0%

over over over

I.c) Result of Advanced Power Flow Program for contingency Line Out: AAA69 ->BUS-Z69
EDSA Advanced Power Flow Program V5.50.00 ========================================= Project No. : Project Name: Title : Drawing No. : Revision No.: Jobfile Name: contingency-aaa69-z69 Scenario : 1 Page Date Time Company Engineer Check by Date : 1 : 10/08/2005 : 00:12:45 am : : : :

A 14-bus network shown in Fig.E.3 in Paul M. Anderson's Faulted Power Systems 2-Winding Xfmr Voltage Control Voltage Control at Bus FFF69

Voltage Violation Report ======================== Bus Name Type Bus Voltage UpperLim LowerLim Violation (kvolts) (pu) (%) (%) ------------------------ ------ -------- -------- -------- -------- --------BUS-E69 BUS-Z69 EEE69 ZZZ69 None None P_Load P_Load 64.7697 56.8660 64.7697 56.8659 0.9387 0.8241 0.9387 0.8241 105.0% 105.0% 105.0% 105.0% 95.0% 95.0% 95.0% 95.0% under under under under

Line Current Loading Violations =============================== Current Ampacity Loading OverLim UnderLim Violation (KA) (KA) (%) (%) (%) ------------------------ -- -------- ---------------- -------- -------- ------- -------- -------- --------AAA138 ->JJJ138 BUS-C138->DDD138 BUS-G138->FFF138 BUS-Z69 ->JJJ69 1 1 1 1 Feeder Feeder Feeder Feeder 250 250 250 250 0.3194 0.3129 0.4131 0.2870 0.2550 0.2550 0.2550 0.2550 125% 123% 162% 113% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 5.0% 5.0% 5.0% 5.0% over over over over Branch Name C# Type Library CodeName

I.d) Result of Advanced Power Flow Program for contingency Line Out: DDD69 ->BUS-E69
EDSA Advanced Power Flow Program V5.50.00 ========================================= Project No. : Project Name: Title : Drawing No. : Revision No.: Jobfile Name: contingency-ddd69-e69 Scenario : 1 Page Date Time Company Engineer Check by Date : 1 : 10/08/2005 : 00:14:23 am : : : :

A 14-bus network shown in Fig.E.3 in Paul M. Anderson's Faulted Power Systems 2-Winding Xfmr Voltage Control Voltage Control at Bus FFF69

Voltage Violation Report ======================== Bus Name Type Bus Voltage UpperLim LowerLim Violation (kvolts) (pu) (%) (%) ------------------------ ------ -------- -------- -------- -------- --------BUS-E69 BUS-Z69 EEE69 ZZZ69 None None P_Load P_Load 57.8408 64.4916 57.8408 64.4916 0.8383 0.9347 0.8383 0.9347 105.0% 105.0% 105.0% 105.0% 95.0% 95.0% 95.0% 95.0% under under under under

Line Current Loading Violations ===============================

32

Voltage Stability

Branch Name C# Type Library CodeName Current Ampacity Loading OverLim UnderLim Violation (KA) (KA) (%) (%) (%) ------------------------ -- -------- ---------------- -------- -------- ------- -------- -------- --------AAA138 ->JJJ138 BUS-C138->DDD138 BUS-E69 ->FFF69 BUS-G138->FFF138 1 1 1 1 Feeder Feeder Feeder Feeder 250 250 250 250 0.2558 0.3307 0.2811 0.3831 0.2550 0.2550 0.2550 0.2550 100% 130% 110% 150% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 5.0% 5.0% 5.0% 5.0% over over over over

33