34

CHAPTER 2
ENERGY DISSIPATOR

2.1 Energy Dissipation Below Spillways

Water flowing over a spillway has a very high kinetic energy because of the
conversion of the entire potential energy to the kinetic energy. If the water flowing with such
a high velocity is discharged directly into the channel downstream, serious scour of the
channel bed may occur. If the scour is not properly controlled, it may extend backward and
may endanger the spillway and the dam. In order to protect the channel bed against scour, the
kinetic energy of the water should be dissipated before it is discharged into the d/s channel.
The energy-dissipating devices can be broadly classified into two types.
1. Devices using a hydraulic jump for the dissipation of energy.
2. Devices using a bucket for the dissipation of energy.
The choice of the energy-dissipating device at a particular spillway is governed by the
tail water depth and the characteristics of the hydraulic jump, if formed, at the toe. If the tail
water depth at the site is not approximately equal to that required for a perfect hydraulic
jump, a bucket-type energy dissipating device is usually provided.
The characteristics of the hydraulic jump are discussed in the following section. The
sequent depth (conjugate depth or post-jump depth) y
2
is determined for different values of
the discharge, and a jump height curve (JHC) is plotted between the conjugate depth y
2
as
ordinate and the discharge (Q) as abscissa. The tail water rating curve (TWRC) at the spillway
site is determined by stream gauging, (Q) as abscissa. As discussed later, the correct choice of
the energy-dissipating device is made after comparing the relative positions of the jump
height curve (JHC) and the tail water rating curve (TWRC). For the design of spillways, the
discharge per unit length (q) is usually taken as abscissa instead of Q. Different types of
stilling basins have been developed which are quite effective for the formation of a stable
hydraulic jumps and for confining the hydraulic jump. Stilling basins are commonly used for
spillways and other hydraulic structures, such as weir and barrages. In a stilling basin, chute
blocks, basin blocks (baffle blocks) and an end sill are usually provided. Chute blocks are
triangular blocks installed at the upstream end of the basin. An end sill is constructed at the
downstream end of the basin. It may be a solid sill or a dentated sill. Baffle blocks are
installed on the basin floor between the chute blocks and the end sill. These are also known as
baffle blocks or baffle piers.

2.2 Characteristics of A Hydraulic Jump

Hydraulic jump is a sudden and turbulent rise of water which occurs in an open
channel when the flow changes from the supercritical flow state to the subcritical state. It is
accompanied by the formation of extremely turbulent rollers and considerable dissipation of
energy. Thus a hydraulic jump is a very effective means of dissipation of energy below
spillways.

35
Types of jumps The type of jump and its characteristics depend mainly upon the Froude
number of the incoming flow or the initial froude number (F
1
), given by
F
1
= V
1
/
1
gy (2.1)
where V
1
is the mean velocity of flow before the hydraulic jump, g is the acceleration due to
gravity and y
1
is the pre-jump depth (or the initial depth of flow).
For the formation of a hydraulic jump, the initial Froude number F
1
should be greater
than unity. Different types of hydraulic jump are as follows:
1. Undular Jump An undular jump is formed when F
1
= 1.0 to 1.70. In an
undular jump, the water surface shows some undulation. The energy dissipation is about 5%.

2. Weak Jump When F
1
= 1.70 to 2.50, a weak hydraulic jump occurs. In this
case, a series of small rollers develops on the surface of the jump, but the downstream water
surface remains quite smooth. The velocity is uniform throughout. The energy dissipation is
about 20%.

3. Oscillating Jump An oscillating hydraulic jump occurs when F
1
= 2.50 to
4.50. There is an oscillating jet entering the jump bottom to surface and back again without
any periodicity. The energy dissipation is between 20 to 40 %.
4. Steady Jump A steady jump occurs when F
1
= 4.50 to 9.0. The jump is quite
stable and balanced. This jump is not much sensitive to variations in the tail water depth. The
steady jump has very good performance, and most of the hydraulic structures utilize this type
of jump for the dissipation of energy. The energy dissipation is between 45 to 70 %.
5. Strong Jump A strong jump occurs when F
1
> 9.0. The jump action is quite rough
but effective. It causes a rough water surface with strong surface waves downstream. The
energy dissipation is between 70 to 85 %. Because of rough action, a strong jump is avoided
in spillways, as far as possible.
Jump Heigh Curve (JHC) A hydraulic jump will occur in a rectangular open
channel if the following equation between the initial depth y
1
and the sequent depth (post-
jump depth) y
1
is satisfied (See any text of Fluid Mechanics).

[ ] 1 ) /( 8 1
2
3
1
2 1
2
+ gy q
y
y (2.2)
where q is the discharge intensity (i.e. discharge per unit length).
Eq. 2.2 is usually written in terms of the initial froude number (F
1
) as
[ ] 1 8 1
2
2
1
1
2
+ F
y
y (2.3)
where
3
1
1
1
1
gy
q
gy
V
F (2.4)

36
The mean velocity V
1
of the incoming flow for an ogee-shaped spillway can be
determined by applying the Bernoulli equation to points A and 1 (Fig. 2.1). Neglecting losses
and the velocity of approach,








Fig 2.1


g
V
y H P
2
2
1
1
+ + (2.5)
The mean velocity of flow V
1
at the toe of spillway is equal to (q/y
1
). Therefore,

2g
1
x ) / (
2
1 1
y q y H P + + (2.6)
By substituting the values of P,H, and q, the value of y
1
can be found from Eq. 2.6.
Thus the value of y
1
is determined for a given discharge intensity q over the spillway.
The corresponding value of the sequent depth y
2
can be determined from Eq. 2.2. Likewise,
for different values of the discharge intensity, the values of the sequent depth y
2
can be
computed. A plot is then made between the discharge intensity q as the abscissa and the
corresponding value of the sequent depth y
2
as ordinate [Fig. 2.2 (a)]. The curve is known as
the jump height curve (JHC) or jump rating curve (JRC).










Fig 2.2

Tail water rating curve The tail water rating curve (TWRC) gives the relation
between the tail water depth y
2
' (i.e. the actual water depth in the river on the downstream) as
ordinate and the discharge intensity q as abscissa [Fig. 2.2 (b)]. The actual tail water depth
corresponding to any discharge intensity q depends upon the hydraulic characteristics of the



37
river downstream. The values of y
2
' corresponding to different values of q are obtained by
actual stream gauging.
If there is a suitable control somewhere downstream of the spillway where the depth
of water and discharge can be accurately measured, the tail water depth y
2
' at the spillway
can also be determined by backwater computation.
While plotting the tail-water rating curve, an allowance for channel retrogression,
which is likely to occur, must be made.

2.3 Location of A Hydraulic Jump

For a given discharge intensity (q), the sequent depth y
2
and the tail water depth y
2
' are
fixed. The location of hydraulic jump will depend upon the relative magnitudes of y
2
and y
2
',
and hence on the JHC and TWRC. There are five cases, depending upon the relative positions
of JHC and TWRC, as discussed below.
Case-1 JHC and TWRC coincide throughout In this case, the JHC and TWRC
curves concide for all discharges [Fig. 2.3 (a)]. As the tail water depth y
2
' is exactly equal to
the sequent depth y
2
required for the formation of hydraulic jump, a perfect jump is formed
just at the toe of the spillway as shown in Fig. 2.1. However, this case indicates a highly
idealised condition, which rarely occurs in practice.
Case-2 TWRC always lower than JHC In this case, the tail water rating curve
(TWRC) is below the jump height curve JHC for all discharges [FIG. 2.3 (b)]. Such a
condition occurs when the tail water is carried away quickly due to a rapid or a fall
somewhere on the downstream of the spillway. In this case, the jump will be located at a
point on the downstream of the toe of spillway. The high velocity jet would sweep down the
toe and scour the river bed. Therefore, severe erosion may occur in the portion of the river
between the spillway and the section where the hydraulic jump is formed.
Case-3 TWRC always higher than JHC In this case, the tail water rating curve is
above the jump height curve for all discharges [Fig. 2.3 (c)]. This condition usually occurs
when the river cross-section on the downstream of the spillway is narrow and therefore the
tail water backs up. The hydraulic jump in this case is located upstream of the toe on the
spillway face. The hydraulic jump is drowned or submerged, and the high velocity jet dives
under the tail water. The energy dissipation in a drowned hydraulic jump is not good.
Case-4 TWRC lower than JHC at low discharges, but higher at high discharges
In this case, the tail water rating curve is lower than the jump height curve at low discharges,
but it becomes higher at a particular discharge and then remains higher than the jump height
curve [Fig. 2.3 (d)].
It is a combination of cases 2 and 3. The hydraulic jump is formed further
downstream of the toe at low discharge, as in the case 2; but at higher discharges, it is
drowned, as in the case 3.




38
Case-5 TWRC higher than JHC at low discharges, but lower at high discharges.
It is also combination of cases 3 and 2. However, in this case, at low discharges, the jump is
drowned; whereas at high discharges, it is formed further downstream of the toe [Fig. 2.3
(e)].













Fig. 2.3

2.4 Measure Adopted For Dissipation of Energy

Various measures are adopted at or near the toe of the spillway so that a perfect jump
is formed for the dissipation of energy. The measures adopted will depend upon the relative
positions of the tail water rating curve (TWRC) and the jump height curve (JHC). Measures
are discussed separately for all the five cases discussed in the preceding section.

Case-1 In this case, the tail water rating curve and jump height curve concide for all
discharges. There is no need of any special measure for the formation of hydraulic jump, as a
perfect jump will always form at the toe.
A horizontal apron is however provided on the downstream of the toe for the
protection of the river bed (Fig. 2.4). The length of a horizontal apron is taken equal to the
maximum length of the hydraulic jump. Sometimes, baffle blocks are also constructed on the
horizontal apron for dissipation of energy. However, if the baffle blocks are placed too near
the toe, they may be subjected to cavitation and abrasion.






Fig. 2.4




39
If may be noted that the case-1 rarely occurs in practice. However, by suitably
choosing the length of the spillway, the TWRC and JHC may be made to coincide to some
extent.

Case 2 As the tail water rating curve is lower than the hydraulic jump curve, the hydraulic
jump forms at a certain section downstream of the toe. The following measures are adopted.
(i) A depressed horizontal apron is formed by excavating the river bed on the
downstream of the toe of the spillway to increase the tail water depth [Fig. 2.5 (a)]. The
length and depth of the apron should be such that, for all discharges, the jump is confined to
the apron. Sometimes, the depressed apron is made sloping instead of horizontal.








Fig. 2.5

(ii) A low secondary weir (or dam) is constructed downstream of toe to raise the
tail water [Fig. 2.5(b)].
(iii) A stilling basin is formed on the downstream of toe and a sill or baffle wall is
provided at the end of the stilling basin. The length and depth of the stilling basin should be
sufficient to contain the hydraulic jump for all discharges (See sect 2.5).
(iv) If the river bed consist of solid rock, a ski jump bucket can be provided which
throws the water up so that it strikes the bed at a safe distance away from the toe (See sect.
2.6 for details).

Case-3 In this case, the tail water rating curve is higher than the jump height curve and the
hydraulic jump is drowned, the following measures are adopted.
(i) A sloping apron is constructed above the river bed level extending from the
spillway surface to the toe [Fig. 2.6 (a)]. The sloping apron raises the level of the point where
the hydraulic jump is formed. The slope of the apron should be such that a perfect jump will
form somewhere on the sloping apron for all discharges. A large quantity of concrete is
however required for the construction of the sloping apron.




40










Fig. 2.6

(ii) The river bed may be excavated to provide a drop in the river bed to lower the
tail water [Fig. 2.6(b)].
(iii) A roller bucket is provided near the toe, which forms rollers for the dissipation
energy (Sect 2.6).

Case-4 In this case, the tail water rating curve is lower than the jump height curve at low
discharges but higher at high discharges. Thus at low discharges, the hydraulic jump is
shifted to a downstream point; but for high discharge, it is shifted upstream of the toe and the
jump is drowned. The following measures are adopted.
(i) A sloping apron is provided which lies partly above and partly below the river bed
level so that a perfect jump will form in the lower portion of the apron at low discharges and
in the higher portion of the apron at high discharges (Fig. 2.7).











Fig. 2.7

(ii) A low secondary dam (or a sill) with a stilling basin is provided downstream of
the toe to raise the tail water level at low discharges. This arrangement is combined with a
sloping apron at a higher level for developing a jump at high discharges (Fig. 2.8). It is found
in practice that the low secondary dam has negligible effect at high discharges.



41
(iii) If the velocity is not greater than 15 m/s, baffle blocks or dentated sills may be
constructed to break up the jet and raise tail water level at low discharges to assist jump
formation. At high discharges, the high velocity jet dives under the tail water and breaks up
and the energy is dissipated in internal turbulence, though jump is not formed.

Case-5 In this case, the tail water depth is higher than jump height curve at low discharges,
but lower at higher discharges. The case is similar to case 4 but the range of discharge is
different. The following measures are usually adopted.

(i) A sloping apron is provided which is partly above the river bed level and
partly below the river bed level, as in Fig. 2.7. In this case, the jump will form in the upper
portion of the apron at low discharges, and in the lower portion, at high discharges.

(ii) A low secondary dam (or a sill) with a stilling basin is provided to increase the
depth at high discharges as in Fig. 2.8. However, at low discharges, this arrangement will
further increase the tail water depth, which is already quite high. Therefore, at low
discharges, the jump will be more drowned and consequently, there will be less dissipation of
energy. If this arrangement is not likely to cause much scour, if may be acceptable.











Fig. 2.8


2.5 Stilling Basins

A stilling basin is a basin-like structure in which all or a part of the energy is
dissipated. In a stilling basin, the kinetic energy causes turbulence and it is ultimately lost as
heat energy. The stilling basins commonly used for spillways are of the hydraulic jump type,
in which dissipation of energy is accomplished by a hydraulic jump.
A hydraulic jump can be stabilised in stilling basin by using appurtenances
(or accessories such as chute blocks, basin blocks and end sill.




42
(a) Chute blocks These are triangular blocks with their top surfaces horizontal.
These are installed at the toe of the spillway just at upstream end of the stilling basin. They
act as a serrated device at the entrance to the stilling basin. They furrow the incoming jet and
lift a portion of it above the floor. These blocks stabilise the jump and thus improve its
performance. These also decrease the length of the hydraulic jump.
(b) Basin blocks (or baffle blocks or baffle piers) These are installed on the
stilling basin floor between chute blocks and the end sill. These blocks also stabilise the
formation of the jump. Moreover, they increase the turbulence and assist in the dissipation of
energy. For low flows, baffle blocks also help compensate a slight deficiency of the tail water
depth, and for high flows, they help deflect the flow away from the river bed. However,
baffle blocks are prone to cavitations on the downstream face, and are not recommended
when the velocity is greater than 15m/s.
(c) End sill It is constructed at the downstream end of the stilling basin. It may be
solid or dentated. Its function is to reduce the length of the hydraulic jump and to control
scour. For large basins designed for high incoming velocities, the sill is usually dentated to
perform an additional function of diffusing the residual portion of the high velocity jet that
may reach the end of the basin. In a dentated sill, there are teeth with small gaps which
diffuse the jet. (These gaps and the projections between them look like human teeth).
Types of stilling basins There are various types of stilling basins. The type of stilling
basin most suitable at a particular location mainly depends upon the initial Froude number
(F
1
) and the velocity V
1
of the incoming flow. The stilling basins are usually rectangular in
plan. However, sometimes these are flared. These are made of concrete. The length of the
basin, measured in the direction of flow, depends upon the sequent depth y
2
and the initial
Froude No. F
1
. It is different for different type of basins.
The following types of basins are commonly used in practice.
A. U.S.B.R Stilling basins
1. Type I basin 2. Type II basin
3. Type III basin

B. Indian Standards basins
1. Horizontal floor-Type I 2. Horizontal floor Type II
3. Sloping apron Type III 4. Sloping apron Type IV

A.U.S.B.R Stilling basins

No special stilling basin is required to still flow if F
1
is less than 1.70. However, the
channel length beyond the point from where the water depth starts increasing, should not be
less than 4.00 y
2
, where y
2
is the sequent depth.
For F
1
between 1.7 to 2.5, there is not much turbulence, only a horizontal apron is
provided. However, the apron should be sufficiently long to contain the jump. A length of 5.0
y
2
is usually provided. No accessories such as baffles or sills are provided.


43
1. U.S.B.R. Type I basin for Froude number F
1
between 2.5 to 4.5 For this
range of F
1
, type I basin has proved to be quite effective for dissipating most of the energy
(Fig. 2.9). However, it is not able to dampen the oscillating flow entirely. The water depth in
the basin should be about 1.10 y
2
to check the tendency of the jump to sweep out and to
suppress wave action. The basin is provided with chute blocks of the size, spacing and
location as shown in the figure. All the dimensions are in terms of the initial depth y
1
.













Fig. 2.9

The length L of the stilling basin varies from 4.3 y
2
to 6 y
2
, depending upon the value
of F
1
, as given in Table 2.1
F
1
2 3 4 6
L/y
2
4.3 5.3 5.8 6.0

2. USBR Type II basin for Froude number F
1
greater than 4.5 and V
1
less
than 15 m/s. For F
1
greater than 4.5 and V
1
less than 15 m/s, type II basin shown in Fig. 2.10
is provided.











Fig. 2.10




44
The basin is provided with chute blocks, baffle blocks (baffle piers) and end sill, as
shown. The size, spacing and location of the chute and baffle blocks are as shown in Fig.
2.10. The length L of the stilling basin, the height h
3
of the baffle block and the height h
4
of
the end sill are obtained from Table 2.2

Table 2.2

F
1
5 6 8 10 12 14 16
L/y
2

h
3
/y
1

h
4
/y
1

2.3
1.5
1.2
2.5
1.7
1.3
2.6
2.0
1.5
2.7
2.3
1.6
2.8
2.7
1.7
2.8
3.0
1.8
2.8
3.3
1.9

The height of the chute block h
1
is equal to y
1
, where y
1
is the initial depth.
The length of the stilling basin is considerably less than that in Type I because the
dissipation of energy occurs by the impinging action of the incoming flow against the baffle
blocks. However, the baffle blocks are subjected to large impact forces. They should be
designed for the extra force due to dynamic action against the upstream face, given by

F = 2 w A (y
1
+ h

) (2.7)

Where w is the specific weight of water, A is the area of upstream face of the block,
and (y
1
+ hv) is the specific energy of flow entering the basin. Moreover, on the d/s face of
the baffle blocks, suction (or negative) pressure usually develops, which further increase the
force. Hence, the baffle blocks should be properly anchored at the base.

3. U.S.B.R. Type III basin for Froude number F
1
greater than 4.5 and V
1
greater
than 15m/s. When F
1
is greater than 4.5 and V
1
is greater than 15 m/s. Type III basin is
provided. In this case, baffle blocks are not provided, because of the following reasons:
(i) The block would be subjected to very high impact forces due to high velocity
V
1
of incoming flow.
(ii) There is a possibility of cavitations on the downstream faces of the blocks.
The stilling basin therefore consists of only chute blocks and a dentated sill. As the
dissipation of energy occurs mainly by hydraulic jump, the length of basin is greater than that
in Type II basin. The size, spacing and location of the chute blocks are the same as in Type II
basin. The length of the basin is obtained from Table 2.3

Table 2.3
F
1
5 6 8 10 12 14
L/y
2
3.85 4.0 4.2 4.3 4.3 4.3

To check the tendency of the jump to sweep out of the basin, the water depth in the
basin should be about 5 percent greater than the computed value of y
2
.


45
B. Indian standards stilling basins
IS : 4997 1968 recommends 4 types of stilling basinso, two types are with
horizontal apron, and two types are with sloping apron.
(a) Stilling basins with a horizontal apron Stilling basins with a horizontal floor
may be provided when the jump height curve (JHC) and the tail water rating cure (TWRC)
are not much different from each other i.e one curve may be slightly above or below the
other. In this case, the required condition for the development of the hydraulic jump are
obtained on a horizontal apron or near the bed level, and hence there is no necessity of a
sloping apron.
Depending upon the froude number F
1
, there are two types of basins with a horizontal
apron.

(i) Type I for F
1
< 4.5
(ii) Type II for F
1
>,. 4.5

1. I.S Type I basin for F
1
< 4.5. This type of the basin is provided when F
1
is
less than 4.5. Such a case usually occurs on weirs, barrages and low dams. The basin is
provided with chute blocks, basin blocks (baffle blocks) and a dentated sill (Fig. 2.11).
However, the basin blocks should not be used if the velocity of flow exceeds 15m/s. The
water depth y
2
' should normally not exceed 1.10 y
2
where y
2
is the conjugate depth.













Fig. 2.11

The chute blocks should be kept at a height equal to 2y
2
at the end of the glacis slope.
The top length should be also equal to 2 y
1
and a space equal y1/2 should be left at the ends.
The width and spacing of the basin blocks should be equal to their heights. The height
(h
b
) of the blocks is obtained from Table 2.4. These blocks should be placed at a distance of
0.8y
2
from the d/s face of the chute blocks.




46
Table 2.4

F
1
2 3 4
h
b
/y
1
0.5 0.9 1.2

These values of (h
b
/y
1
) in Table 2.4 are interpolated form the chart given in the code.
The height of the dentated sill is 0.2 y
2
, the width of dents is 0.15 y
2
and the spacing is also
0.15 y
2
. The top thickness of the dentated sill is 0.02 y
2
.
The length L
b
of the basin is obtained for different values of F
1
, as given in Table 2.5.

Table 2.5

F
1
2 3 4 4.5
L
b
/y
2
3.15 4.0 4.75 5.0

This basin is shorter than U.S.B.R. Type I basin because of basin blocks.
2. IS Type II basin for F
1
4.5 This type of basin is used when F
1
is equal to or greater
than 4.5. This basin is usually required in the case of spillways of the medium and high dams.
The stilling basin is provided with chute blocks, basin blocks (or baffle blocks) and a
dentated sill (Fig. 2.12)













Fig. 2.12

The height, width and spacing of the chute blocks, each should be kept equal to y
1
.
The width and spacing may be slightly varied to eliminate fractional blocks. A space equal to
y
1
/2 is preferable at ends.
Table 2.6
F
1
5 6 8 10 12 14 16
h
b
/y
1
1.5 1.7 2.0 2.3 2.7 3.0 3.3


47
The height of the basin blocks (h
b
) is interpolated from table 2.6. The width and
spacing of the basin blocks is 0.75 times the height. These blocks should be placed at a
distance of 0.8 y
2
downstream from the chute blocks.
The end sill is the same as for IS Type I basin.
The length L
b
of the stilling basin may be obtained from Table 2.7.

Table 2.7
F
1
5 6 8 10 12
L
b
/y
2
2.9 3.2 3.7 3.9 4.0

Modified IS Type II basin If F
1
> 4.5 and the inflow velocity V
1
is greater than 15 m/s,
Modified IS Type II basin is used. In this case, basin blocks are not provided. Moreover, the
floor of the basin is kept at a depth equal to y
2
below the tail water level.
(b) Stilling basins with a sloping apron floor (IS Type III basin and type IV basins)
A sloping apron is provided when the tail water depth y
2
' is very large as compared to the
sequent depth y
2
. In that case, a drowned jump would develop if no sloping apron is provided.
With a sloping apron, an efficient hydraulic jump is formed at a suitable level on the sloping
apron. There are two types of basins: (i) IS Type III basin [Fig. 2.13 (a)] (ii) IS Type IV basin
[Fig. 2.13 (b)].











Fig. 2.13

IS basin Type III is recommended where the tail water rating curve (TWRC) is higher than
the jump height curve (JHC) at all discharges. IS Basin Type IV is suitable where the tail
water depth y
2'
at the maximum discharge exceeds y
2
considerably but is equal to or slightly
greater than y
2
at lower discharges.
The design criteria for sloping aprons have not been standarised to the same extent as
in the case of the horizontal apron. The slope and overall shape are determined from
economic considerations. The length of the basin is fixed, depending upon the type and
soundness of the river bed.


48
IS Type III basin is usually provided with a sloping apron for the entire length,
whereas IS Type IV basin is provided with a partly sloping and a partly horizontal apron. For
both these basins, only a solid or dentated sill is provided No other accessory is required.

IS Type III Basin

The following procedure may be adopted for the design:
(a) Assume a certain level at which the front of the jump will form for the maximum tail
water depth and discharge.
(b) Determine y
1
from the known upstream total energy line by applying Bernoulli's
theorem and calculate F
1
.
(c) Assume a certain slope and determine the conjugate depth y
2
and length of the jump
for the above Froude number from figure 2.14 and figure 2.15 respectively. The length of the
apron should be kept equal to 60 percent of the jump height.
(d) Test whether the available tail water depth at the end of the apron matches the
conjugated depth y
2
. If not, change the slope or the level of the upstream end of the apron or
both. Several trails may be required before the slope and the location of the apron are
compatible with the hydraulic requirement.




















Fig. 2.14 Conjugate depth on sloping floor



49














Fig. 2.15 Length of jump in terms of conjugate depth D
2
sloping aprons








Fig. 2.16 Values of k

(e) The apron designed for maximum discharge may then be tested at lower discharge say
, and . It the tail water depth is sufficient or in excess of the conjugate depth for the
intermediate discharge, the design is acceptable. If not, a flatter slope at lower apron level
should be tried or Basin IV may be adopted.
(f) The basin should be supplemented by a solid or dentated end sill of height equal to
0.05 to 0.2 with an upstream slope of 2:1 to 3:1.
y'
2
(depth conjugate to d for sloping apron or partly sloping may be determined from the
relation,




50
1
1
]
1

,
_

1 1
tan 2 1
cos 8
cos 2
1

3
1
'
2
'
2

K
F
y
y
(2.8)
The value of K can be determined from figure 2.16. However, d'
2
may also be determined
from figures 2.14 and 2.17


IS Type IV Basin

In the design of basin IV, the following procedure may be adopted.
(a) Determine the discharge at which the tail water depth is most deficient.
(b) For the above discharge, determine the level and length of the apron (as for basin I
and II)
(c) Assume a certain level at which the front of the jump will form for the maximum tail
water depth and discharge.
(d) Determine d
1
, from the known upstream energy line and calculate F
1
and find y
2
.
(e) Determine a suitable slope (by trail and error) so that the available tail water depth
matches the required conjugate depth y
2
determined from figure 2.17
(f) Determine the length of the jump for the above slope from figure 2.14. If the sum of
the length of the inclined portions and horizontal portion is equal to about 60 percent
of the jump length, the design is accepable. If not, fresh trials may be done by
changing the level of the upstream end of the jump formation.
(g) The basin should be supplemented by a solid or dentated end sill of height 0.05 to 0.2
y
2
and upstream slope of 2:1 to 3:1.
















Fig. 2.17 Conjugate depths for sloping apron



51
Evaluation of Prejump Velocity and Depth of Flow

The theoretical value of velocity at the bucket invert or at the start of hydraulic jump
can be calculated by the following relation:


) 5 . 0 ( 2
d T
H H g V
where
V
T
= velocity ( theoretical ) in m/sec.
H = Difference of u.s reservoir elevation and bucket invert in m.
H
d
= Head over the spillway crest in m.
g = Acceleration due to gravity in m/sec
2
.
= 9.81 m/sec
2
.




















Fig 2.18 Relation of actual and theoretical velocities

However because of surface friction etc., the actual velocity V
A
is slightly less than
V
T
. Figure 3.17 gives the ratio of actual to theoretical velocity at entrance to stilling basin for
different values of H and H
d
.





52
Design of rectangular stilling basin













Fig. 2.19

Consider the rectangular stilling basin, it is assumed that H
d
, V
o
, Y
3
, elevation A,
elevation C and the discharge are known.
Elevation B, Y
1
, V
1
, Y
2
, V
2
and H
2
are to be determined.
The critical depth Y
c
for a rectangular channel at a given discharge can be given by

y
q
g
c
=
2
3
(2.9)

where y
c
= critical depth
q = unit discharge of spillway = Q/b
g = gravitational force
Applying Bernoullis equations, the energy loss from point A to point C is determined
by Elevation A + P + H
d
+
V
g
O
2
2
= Elevation C + y
3
+
V
g
3
2
2
+ H
L

H
L
= ( Elev. A + P + H
d
+
V
g
O
2
2
) - (Elev. C + y
3
+
V
g
3
2
2
) (2.10)
The dimensionless relationship involving the head loss in rectangular channels by the
hydraulic jump are

[ ] H
y
y y
y y
L
1
2 1
2 1
1
4
=
- ( / )
( / )
(2.11)


53
and
3 / 1
1
2
1 2
1
1 /
2
1
1
1
1
1
]
1

1
]
1

y
y
y y
yc
y
(2.12)
The product of these two equations becomes
[ ]
3
1
2
1
2 1 2
3
1 2
1
1
2
) / ( 4
1 ) / (
1
1
1
1
1
]
1

1
]
1

,
_

y
y
y
y y y
y y
y
H
L
(2.13)
The values of
H
y
L
C
can be calculated by equation 2.9 and 2.10 and corresponding
value of (y
2
/ y
1
) can be found from equation 2.13 by trial and error solution. After knowing
(y
2
/ y
1
), equation 2.11 or 2.12 can be used to calculate y
1
.y
2
can be found from the known
value y
2
/ y
1
. Thus, V
1
and V
2
can be found.
By applying Bernoullis equation, the elevation of the pool floor can be calculated.
Elev. A + P + H
d
+
V
g
O
2
2
= Elev. B + y
1
+
V
g
O
2
2
+ h
f
, assume h
f
0
Elev. B = ( Elev. A + P + H
d
+
V
g
O
2
2
) - (y
1
+
V
g
1
2
2
)

Example 2.1
Find the elevation and design the rectangular stilling basin for the spillway as shown
in the figure.







Fig.
Given data:
Design discharge = 9000 cusec
R.L of river bed at weir site = 664.0 ft
R.L of tail water = 667.0 ft
R.L at weir crest = 671.5 ft
Total design head = 4.39 ft
Assume base width of stilling basin = 250 ft
Provide USBR type stilling basin and sketch the appurtenances in detail.


54










Fig.

Tail water depth = 667 - 664 = 3.0
Weir height = 671.5 - 664 = 7.5
Design discharge per unit width q =
9000 cu sec
ft t 250

= 36 cusec/ unit width
approach Velocity V
o
=
36
7 5 4 39 . . +
= 3.03 ft/sec

V
g
O
2
2
= 0.14 ft
V
3
=
36
3
=12ft/sec,
V
g
3
2
2
=2.24 ft
Applying Bernoullis equation, from pt. A to pt.C
Elev. A + P + H
d
+
V
g
O
2
2
= Elev. C + y
3
+
V
g
3
2
2
+ H
L

7.5 + 4.39 + 0.14 = 3 + 2.24 + H
L
(Elev. A = Elev. C)
H
L
=6.79 ft
critical depth y
c
=
q
g
2 2
3 3
36
32 2
=
.
=3.427 ft
L. H. S =
H
y
L
C
= =
6 79
3 427
198
.
.
.
Assume
y
y
2
1
= 6.1, R. H. S =
1
2
3
1
2
4
1
y
y
y
y

,
_

3 / 1
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
]
1

,
_

+
y
y
y
y

R. H. S = 1.95 L . H . S (O.K.)
Take
y
y
2
1
= 6.1


55
3 / 1
1
2
1
2
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
]
1

,
_

y
y
y
y y
y
c
=
3 . / 1
) 1 1 . 6 ( 1 . 6
2

,
_

+
= 0.36
y
1
= 0.36 y
c
= 0.36 x 3.427 = 1.234 ft
y
2
= 6.1 y
1
= 6.1 x 1.234 = 7.527 ft
incoming velo. V
1
=
q
y
1
= 29.17 ft/sec < 50 ft/sec
V
2
=
q
y
2
= 4.78 ft/sec,
V
q
2
2
2
= 0.3552 ft
Applying Bernoullis eq :n,
Elev. A + P + H
d
+
V
q
O
2
2
= Elev . B + y
2
+
V
g
2
2
2
+ H
L

664 + 7.5 + 4.39 + 0.14 = Elev. B + 7.527 + 0.3552 + 6.79
Elev. B = 661.35 ft
Fr
1
=
V
g y x
1
2917
32 2 1234
1
=
.
. .
= 4.6275 > 4.5
V
1
< 50 ft/sec (15 m/s)
Choose USBR Type II stilling basin
L/y
2
= 2.3 , L = 2.3 x y
2
= 2.3 x 7.527 = 17.3121 ft
= 17.5 ft
h
3
/y
1
= 1.5, h
3
= 1.5 x y
1
= 1.5 x 1.234 = 1.851 ft
h
4
/y
1
= 1.2, h
4
= 1.2 x y
1
= 1.2 x 1.234 = 1.48 ft














Fig.



56
2.6 Bucket Type Energy Dissipators

Bucket type energy dissipators are commonly used for the dissipation of energy below
the overflow (ogee-shaped) spillways. The dissipator consists of an upturned backet
( or curved apron) provided at the toe of the spillway in continuation of its downstream face.
Bucket type energy dissipators are usually of small size and are more economical than
conventional hydraulic jump stilling basins. These are especially useful when the Froude
number F
1
exceeds 10, because in that case, the difference between the initial depth and the
sequent depth is quite large and a very long and deep stilling basin is required. They can be
adopted for all tail water conditions. However, they can be used only when the river bed
consists of a strong and stiff rock.
The bucket type energy dissipators are basically of the following three types.
1. Solid roller bucket 2. Slotted roller bucket
3. Ski-jump (or flip or trajectory ) bucket.
The solid and slotted roller buckets are used where the tail water rating curve
(TWRC) is above the jump height curve (JHC). Both these types of buckets remain
submerged in the tail water, and hence these are also called submerged buckets.
A ski-jump bucket is used where the tail water rating curve (LWRC) is below the
jump height curve (JHC). The river bed in this case should consist of very strong rock.
(i) Solid roller bucket: This type of bucket shown in fig. 2.20 performs well when deeply
submerged.










Fig. 2.20

It consists of a circular bucket type apron with a concave profile of considerable radius and a
lip which deflects the high velocity flow away from the stream bed. The dissipation of
surplus energy in the water is accomplished by the diffusion of the water jet in a large mass
of water and by overcoming the boundary resistance of the scooped bed and material. The
sheet of water is deflected upward by the bucket lip forming two elliptical rollers, an
anticlockwise roller or high boil in the water surface in the bucket and a clockwise ground
roller below the bucket. As a result of this action considerable energy dissipation occurs
before the jet reaches the channel bottom.
The different parameters of the bucket can be decided as below.


57
Bucket Radius
The bucket radius may be taken as the lowest of the following:

(a) R.S. Varshneys curve.
The radius of the bucket can be read from the curve exhibited in figure 2.21.

(b) The following relation has been found to give a satisfactory value for the radius of the
bucket.
R = 0.6 ( ' ) H H
d
(2.14)
where
H = Fall from the crest of the spillway to bucket invert in m.
H
d
= Head over the crest in m.
















Fig. 2.21 Relationship of Bucket Radius & Head


(c) Ven Te Chows Formula:
R = 0.305 x 10
p
(2.15)
where p =
V H
H
d
d
+ +
+
6 4 4 88
3 6 19 5
. .
. .

V = Velocity at the toe of spillway in m/sec.
(d) R.S. Varshneys dimensionsless formula:
F
R
D
1
1
0 09 198 = + . . (2.16)
(e) R.S. Varshney & M.L. Bajajs Formula:
F
1
= 13.0 R
1/4
19.50 (2.17)


58
Bucket Lip
In case of roller buckets, a 45 bucket exit angle is most effective.

Invert
Positioning of the bucket invert needs a major decision and is mainly governed by the
tail water levels, rock strata and cost of excavation and concreting. The desirable tail water
depths range from 1.3 to 1.4 times the conjugate depth y
2


The Pressures on the Solid Roller Bucket: are in the neighbourhood of hydrostatic head
measured as the difference in the tail water elevation and the elevation of the point in bucket
under reference. These can be determined with the help of design chart (Fig. 2.22) given by
R.S. Varshney.
(ii) Slotted or dentated bucket: - High position of the river bed downstream of roller
bucket and unsymmetrical gate operation reduces to a great extent the usefulness of the solid










Fig. 2.22 Pressure on solid roller bucket-after Varshney

roller bucket. The dentated roller bucket substantially reduces the high boil and violent
ground roller. This type of bucket can also be tried for flows where tail water depth is less
than y
2
curve.
Various designs are available for slotted roller bucket. The U.S.B.R. design
(Fig. 2.23) may be adopted for design, where necessary.









Fig. 2.23 Slotted Bucket U.S.B.R Design




59
(iii) Ski Jump Bucket: This type of energy dissipator is suitable where the stream bed is
composed of firm rock and the tail water depth is less than required for the formation of
hydraulic Jump. Fig. 2.24 shown the definition sketch of skijump bucket.










Fig. 2.24 ski-jump Definition sketch

Bucket Invert

The invert level is decided mainly from structural design point of view. If power
houses are to be sited below the skijump bucket, then the invert should be fixed higher than
power house top. In certain cases it happens that the tail water depth is lower than y
2
, but the
bucket invert is lower than tail water levels. In such cases the bucket invert is decided so as to
provide a concrete cover of 1.5 to 3m over the bed rocks. The pure shijump or flip. as it is
quite often called, is provided such that bucket lip is always higher than maximum tail water
level.

Bucket Radius

All the relations given for the solid roller bucket are applicable in this case also.

Entrance and Exit Slopes

For entrance slope the steepest spillway slope that should be used is 4 vertical to 1
horizontal. The exit angle is an important factor in determining the length of the trajectory.
Theoretically, if friction, air retardation etc. are negelected, the following formula can be
used to evaluate the horizontal component of the jet trajectory
x
V
g

0
2
2 sin
(2.18)

(For notations refer figure. 2.24) The jet trajectory height is given by the relation,

y = h sin
2
(2.19)


60

A judicious selection of exit angle is necessary. An exit angle of 30 to 35 will make a good
choice.
The following formula by R.S. Varshney may be used to evaluate bucket exit angle
in degrees.

F
R
H
1
3
0 000091 8 + . (2.20)

(This relation was developed for cases F
1
< 8. However it can be used for F
1
> 8.0 also after
neglecting minus sign).
In cases when maximum tail water elevation is below the bucket lip, the shape of the
lip may be flat for ease in construction. The shape of the lip in case of ski jump buckets,
where the tail water is slightly above the bucket lip needs careful attention in design. In such
cases high sub-atmospheric pressures occur at the downstream of lip. These subatmospheric
pressures can be controlled by making aeration arrangements below the lip. Another simpler
and effective way of sub luing these negative pressures is to provide a curved or a sloping lip
as shown in figure 2.25 (after S.N. Gupta and R.S. Varshney).












Fig. 2.25

Dynamic Pressures on Spillway and Bucket

Dynamic force on the spillway and bucket is exerted by the force of falling water.
There is a continuous change of velocity from section to section, which results, according to
Newton's second law of motion, in dynamic force on the structure. This force can be evaluted
after neglecting friction on spillway surface and approach velocity. The resulting force is
given by the relation

F = Q ( V
2
- V
1
) (2.21)



61
where is the mass density of water.
Q is the discharge and
(V
2
- V
1
) is the change in velocity.
Forces in x and y direction can be written as
Fx = Q (V
2
x - V
1
x) (2.22)
Fy = Q (V
2
y - V
1
y) (2.23)

where suffixes x or y, denote the corresponding components in x or y direction. The resultant
of F
x
and F
y
forces is the net dynamic force on the spillway face. Pressures on slip bucket can
be found by D.B. Gummensky's formula

h
V
gR
h
d
+

'

2
1

where h
d
= design head at any point on the bucket in m of water
V = velocity of flow in m/sec.
R = radius of curvature in m.
h = hydrostatic head over the point under reference.


2.7 Spillway Crest Gates

For a gated-spillway crest gates are provided on the crest of the spillway. By
installing the crest gates, additional storage equal to the volume of water stored between the
crest level and the top of gates is made available. On the other hand, for an ungated spillway,
the useful storage in the reservoir is only upto the crest level of the spillway.
When the flood occurs, the gates are opened (or lifted up) so that the full spillway
capacity is available for discharging the flood. However, during the periods of the low flows,
the gates can be kept closed and an increase in the reservoir level is permitted. These low
flows, if required to be discharged downstream, are passed through the dam outlets or
sluiceways.
Crest gates can be provided on all types of spillways, except the siphon spillway for
which the gates are not required. In siphon spillways, the rise of water level above the full
reservoir is relatively small as compared to that in other types of spillways, and, therefore,
there is no need of gates. Gates installed on the spillways of the earth and rockfill dams
require extra precaution, because any operational failure of the gates may lead to overtopping
of the dam, resulting in its failure and catastrophe.
Various types of gates commonly used in preactice are described below:

1. Flash boards 2. Stoplogs and Needles
3. Vertical lift gates 4. Tainter (or radial) gates
5. Roller gates 6. Drum gates
7. Bear-trap gates.

62
Hydraulic Design of Ogee Spillway & Bucket Type Energy Dissipator
Design Example 2.2
Design ogee spillway with the following data:
1. Height of spillway crest from the river bed 100 m
2. No. of spans 5
3. Length of each span (clear) 12.5 m
4. Thickness of each pier 3 m
5. Downstream slope of spillway glacis 0.8 horiz to 1 vert.
6. Tail water curve is below y
2
curve
7. Rock conditions good
8. Discharge (design) 8500 cumec


Design

A. Head over crest and coefficient of discharge
Clear waterway = 5 x 12.5 = 62.50 m
Intensity of discharge =
8500
625 .

= 136 m
3
/sec/m
Let us assume a coefficient of discharge 2.1, hence
Q = CL H
3/2
= 2.1 x 62.5 x H
3/2

or 8500 = 131 H
3/2

or H
3/2
= 64.9
H = 16.2 m.
The maximum coefficient of discharge is 2.21, if not affected by other hydraulic
parameters like submergence, velocity of approach etc. To get correct value of C
d
, the effects
of different parameters have to be worked out.

(i) Effect of approach depth
P = height of spillway from river bed = 100 m

P
H

100
162
6 2
.
.
As this is more than 4.0, there is no effect of approach depth and coefficient of
discharge may be taken as 2.21.

(ii) Effect of head due to velocity of approach
Velocity of approach =
) 2 . 16 100 )( 3 4 5 . 62 (
8500
+ +



63
=
8500
74 5 116 2 . .

= 0.98 metre/sec
Head due to velocity of approach
=
( . )
.
0 98
2 98
2

=
0 98
20
.
=0.049 m
This is very small and is neglected.


(iii) Effect of tail water conditions
In this case d + h
d
= 100 + 16.2 = 116.2 m
and H
d
= 16.2 m
25 . 7
2 . 16
2 . 116

+
d
d
H
d h

This is more than 1.7; the discharge coefficient is not affected by tail water
conditions.


(iv) Effect of heads other than design head
The crest is designed for full design discharge to avoid sub-pressures along spillway
surface. At discharge higher than design head, some negative pressures may be expected, but
they will be within allowable limits. At discharges less than the design discharge, the
coefficient of discharge will be reduced proportionately according to (H/H
d
) ratio.


(v) Effect of upstream face slope
The upstream face of the dam is proposed to be kept vertical. A batter of 1 in 10 will
be provided from stability considerations in lower part. This batter being small will have no
effect on coeffecient of discharge.


Effective Length of Spillway

Due to piers and abutments, there will be reduction in the discharging length or
effective length will be less than the actual length due to end contractions.
Cut water (90/ nosed piers are proposed to be used and also rounded abutments. The
values of Kp = 0.01 and Ka = 0.1. Hence effective length of spillway will be



64
L
e
= L - 2 (N.Kp + Ka) H
d

= 62.5 - 2 (4 x 0.01 + 0.1) H
d

= 62.5 - 0.28 H
d

Since the effective length is less than net clear span of the spillway, a design head
equal to 16.5 m is assumed. Hence

L
e
= 62.5 - 0.28 x 16.5 = 62.5 - 4.62 = 57.88 m
Hence Q = 2.21 x 57.88 x 16.5
3/2

= 128.0 x 67 = 8570 cumec > 8500 cumec
Hence alright
The crest profile will be designed for H
d
= 16.5 m


Downstream Profile

The profile recommended by Waterways Experiment Station Vicksburg Mississippi
U.S.A of U.S. Army is

x
H
y
H
d d

_
,

_
,

1 85
2
.


or x
1.85
= 2 H
d
0.85
y

or y =
x
H
x x
d
1 85
0 85
1 85 1 85
2 2 108 216
.
.
. .
. .

The calculated coordinates for the downstream profile are

x (m) y (m) x (m) y (m)
0
1
2
3
4
5
7
9
10
0
0.046
0.167
0.354
0.603
0.905
1.710
2.684
3.240
12
14
16
18
20
22
23.5

4.575
6.02
7.88
9.74
11.85
14.35
15.73


65
Tangent Point Coordinates

The slope of the downstream glacis = 0.8 horizontal to 1 vertical. Hence dy/dx =
(1.0/0.8) = 1.25.
Differentiating equation of the downstream profile.

25 . 1
6 . 21
85 . 1
85 . 0

x
dx
dy

or x
0.85
=
125 216
185
14 6
. .
.
.

or x = 23.5 m
y = 15.73 m


Upstream Profile

The upstream profile is given by the equation
y =
0 724 0 270
0126 0 4315
1 85
0 85
. ( . )
. .
.
.
x H
H
H
d
d
d
+
+

H
d
0.85
x ( x + 0.270 H
d
)
0.625

Since H
d
= 16.5 m, hence
y =
0 724 4 45
10 2
2 08 1233 4 45
1 85
0 625
. ( . )
.
. . ( . )
.
.
x
x
+
+ +

The coordinates of the profile are found out as under

x x + 4.45 (x+4.55)
1.85

0 724
108
.
.


(x+ 4.45)
1.85

(x + 4.45)
0.625

1.233(x+
4.45)
0.625

y
-0.5
-1.0
-2.0
-3.0
-4.0
-4.45
3.95
3.45
2.45
1.45
0.45
0
12.73
9.90
5.29
1.99
0.23
0
0.850
0.664
0.354
0.133
0.015
0
2.360
2.160
1.750
1.262
0.607
0
9.91
2.66
2.16
1.56
0.75
0
0.020
0.064
0.274
0.653
1.345
2.080

The upstream prefile extends upto

x = -0.270 H
d
= -4.45 metre
y = 0.126 H
d
= 2.08 metre

66
The nappe coordinates in the design, for H/H
d
= 10, are as below:

x entre of span Along piers
x/H
d

m y/H
d
y (m) y/H
d
y (m)
-1.0
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
-16.8
-13.2
-9.9
-6.6
-3.3
0.0
3.3
6.6
9.9
13.2
16.5
19.8
23.1
26.4
29.7
-0.941
-0.932
-0.913
-0.890
-0.855
-0.805
-0.735
-0.647
-0.539
-0.389
-0.202
-0.015
0.266
0.521
0.860
-15.5
-15.4
-15.1
-14.7
-14.1
-13.3
-12.1
-10.7
-8.9
-6.4
-3.34
0.25
4.4
8.6
14.2

-0.950
-0.940
-0.929
-0.930
-0.925
-0.779
-0.651
-0.545
-0.425
-0.285
-1.121
0.067
0.286
0.521
0.729

-15.7
-15.5
-15.3
-15.3
-15.2
-12.9
-10.7
-9.0
-7.0
-4.7
-2.0
1.1
4.7
8.6
12.0

The velocities and depths of water (with and without air) on the spillway face can also
be evaluated from the figures 1.16 and 1.17.
( q =
8500
745 .
= 114 say 115 cumec/m)

h (in m) head below
crest
velocity in m/sec.
d depth of solid water
(m)
d' = depth of water
and air mixture (m)
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90

20.9
24.0
27.4
28.7
32.8
36.0
38.4
41.0
44.2
5.5
5.0
4.2
4.0
3.5
3.2
3.0
2.8
2.6
5.90
5.50
4.75
4.60
4.10
3.70
3.65
3.60
3.55

Provide a 1.5 m free-board over the water depth with air entrained.



67
Shape of Pier

90 cut water nosed pier is hydraulically efficient and gives minimum contraction
coefficient. This shape of pier is adopted in design. The design of cut water is shown in figure
2.26.
Thickness of pier = t = 3 m
Radius of cut water = 1.6t = 4.8 m

Spillway discharge rating curve
With the help of figure 1.11 the values of coefficients of discharge for heads other
than design head can be evaluted








Fig. 2.26

and discharge calculated from the equation
Q = C
d
(62.5 - 0.20 H ) H
3/2

Energy dissipation-Ski jump bucket
Since foundation rock is good and the tail water level is lower than y curve (i.e. curve
giving values of depths for formation of jump at different discharges), ski-jump bucket is an
ideal and economical solution.

Bucket invert

The invert for ski -jump can be at any elevation, with the proviso that a minimum
cover of 1.5 m of concrete is required over good rock. The bucket can be provided in the
body of the dam at a high elevation. This will increase impact on the downstream. The bucket
invert in this case is provided at the river bed level assuming sound rock to be 20 m below the
river bed.

Bucket radius

(a) From Varshney's curve: The vertical distance between bucket and upstream
pool elevation is 114.5 m. The bucket radius from Varshney's curve in figure 2.21 words out
to be 23 m


68
(b) From the relation given in equation 2.14 we get
R = 0.6 100 165 . = 24.4 m
(c) To evaluate radius of bucket by Ven Te Chow formula, the velocity at the toe
of the spillway has to be determined.
V
T
= 2 05 g H H
d
( . ) 2 9 81 1165 8 25 . ( . . )
19 62 108 25 . . = 46 m/sec.
From figure 2.18 we get by extrapolation V
A
/T
T
= 0.98.
Hence V
A
= 46 x 0.98 = 45.1 m/sec.
Using Ven Te Chow's relation, we have
p =
451 64 165 4 88
36 165 19 5
. . . .
. . .
+ +
+
=1.975
R = 0.305 x 10
p

= 0.305 x 10
1.975
=29 m.

(d) R.S. Varshney's formula we have,
F
R
D
1
1
009 198

_
,

+ . .
q =
8500
745 .
= 114 m
3
/sec/m
D
1
=
114
451 .
= 2.53 m
F
1
=
451
9 81 253
9 05
.
. .
.

9 05 . =0.09
R
2 53
196
.
. +
or R = 29.5 m.

(e) From R. S. Varshney and M. L. Bajaj's formula we get
9.05 = 13.0 R
1/4
-19.5 R = 23.3 m
The least of the above values viz 23.0 m is adopted. The bucket will be circular.

Exit angle

The usual exit angles are 30 to 35. An angle of 30 is selected as bucket lip angle.
Checking from R. S. Varshney's formula (equation 2.20), we have
9.05 = -0.000091.
23
1165 .

3
+ 8
= 41



69
Lip shape

The lip will be a sloping one with 2 horizontal and 1 vertical slope in a vertical
distance of 1.5 metre, and thereafter it would meet the rock surface at slope of 45.














Fig. 2.27 Ogee spillway- Hydraulic profiles















Fig. 2.28 Ogee spillway- Hydraulic profiles




70
Length and height of trajectory

Assuming a depth of 2.5 m in the bucket invert
Velocity = 45.1 m/sec
Depth =
8500
74 5 451 . .
=2.52 m hence okay
x = k
V
g
2
2 sin
where k is constant which accounts
for air resistance = 0.95 approximately.

x =
0 95 451 451 . . . x x s i n 60
9.81
= 170 metre
The skijump will rise to height
y = k
Vo
g
2
2
sin
2
= 0.95
451 451
2 9 81
. .
.
x
x
x (1/4)
=
0 95 451 451
8 9 81
. . .
.
x x
x

= 24.8 say 25 metre

Pressure on bucket

The maximum pressure on the bucket (at theinvert) is given by Gumeneskys formula
(equ. 2.29).
Design head h
d
= h
gR
V

,
_

+1
2

= 5 . 2 1
23 81 . 9
1 . 45 1 . 45

,
_

= 10.0 x 2.5
= 25.0 m of water i.e 25.0 t/sq m
By Balloffets formula
h
d
= h +

'

,
_

2
2
1
2 R
h R
g
V

= 2.5 +

'

,
_

,
_

2
23
5 . 2 23
1
81 . 9 2
1 . 45 1 . 45

= 2.5 + 103 (1-0.797) = 2.5 x 0.203
= 2.5 + 21 = 23.5 m of water
The bucket shall be designed for a pressure of 25m head of water.
The hydraulic design of spillway is shown in figure 2.28.


71
Evaluation of Dynamic Force on the Spillway

Discharge intensity = 144 cumec/m
Applying Bernoullis theorem on u.s. and the bucket entrance (Section 1) and bucket
invert (Section 2), we get,
116.5 = 8.65 + d
1
cos 51.1 +
g
V
2
2
1
= d
2
+
g
V
2
2
2
(I)
But V
1
d
1
= 114 = V
2
d
2

Substituting for V
1
=
1
114
d
and V
2
=
2
114
d
in equation (I)
we have
116.5 = 8.65 + d
1
0.6225 +
1
1
. 62 . 19
114 114
d
and
116.5 = d
2
+
2
2
62 . 19
114 114
d

Solving by trial, we get
d
1
= 2.5 m and d
2
= 2.4
V
1
= 45.7 m / sec V
2
= 47.5 m/sec

Let F
x
and F
y
be the components of forces of water on curved section 1-2 and F
1
and
F
2
be the hydrostatic force at the respective sections (Fig 2.29)
















Fig 2.29 Dynamic force on spillway --- definition sketch



72
P
1
= x 1 x 2.5
2
x cos 51.5 = 6.25 x 0.31125 = 1.94 t
P
2
= x 1 x 2.4
2
= 2.88 t

Weight W of the water flowing in this section
W = 1 x
515
360
.
x 2 x 23 x 2.45 = 50.7 t

Applying equations 2.20 and 2.21 we have
P
1
0.6225 - P
2
+F
x
=
114
9 81 .
( 47.5 - 45.7 x 0.6225 )

or F
x
= 223.67 t

Similarly
F
x
= P
1
sin 60 - W = 11.63 [ - (-47.5 sin 60) ]
= 529.4 t
Resultant force = F
x
2 + F
y
2
= 57.5 t

and acts at an argle = tan
-1

529 4
223 67
.
.
= 62.1






















73
PROBLEMS


* What are the essential requirements of a spillway ? How would you select a suitable
site for the spillway ?
* What are the factors that affect the spillway capacity ? How would you fix the
spillway capacity ?
* Describe the various component part of the spillway Explain their functions.
* How would you classify the spillway based on the purpose and based on the control ?
* Discuss the working and uses of a free overfall spillway. why this type of spillways
are not common ?
* Explain the design of an ogee-shaped spillway . How would you fix the d /s and u / s
profiles?
* How would you compute the discharge over an ogee- shaped spillway? Discuss the
various factors which affect the coefficient of discharge.
* Where would you prefer a chute spillway over an ogee- shaped spillway ?
* Where do you provide a side-channel spillway ?
* What is a spillway ? What are its functions? Describe in Brief the various types of
spillways.
* Write short notes on .
* Discuss the characteristics of a hydraulic jump. Differentiate between the tail water
rating curve ( TWRC ) and the jump height curve ( JHC ). How would you select the
most suitable type of energy dissipating device for different relative positions of the
two curves ?
* What are the different types of energy dissipating methods used below the spillways?
* What are different types of 1.8 stilling basins for the horizontal aprons? Compare
these with U.S.B.R basins.
* Discuss various bucket-type energy dissipators. Where would you provide each type?
* What are different types of spillway gates?



Numerical

** An overflow spillway with u / s face vertical is to be designed for a flood of 2100
cumecs . The level of the spillway crest is at R.L of 130.00 and the river bed is at R.L of
100.00. The end walls of the spillway are 79 m apart, and there are 4 round- nosed piers, each
I m wide . Determine the total head over the crest. Take C = 2.20 and Ka = 0.10. Also draw
the spillway profile. [ Ans: 5.53 m ]




74
** Design a suitable stilling basin at the toe of a spillway from the following data.
Discharge intensity (q) = 24.6 cumecs / m
H. F. L in the reservoir = 100.00
Spillway crest level = 95.00
River bed level = 59.00
Tail water level = 69.00
Coefficient of velocity = 0.90

Adopt the tail water depth 5% greater than the sequent depth. Assume L
b
/ y
2
= 4.30
[ Ans.V
1
= 25.5 m / s, y
1
= 0.97 m, F
1
= 8.23 , y 2 = 10.82 m, L
b
= 48.85 m, Floor depression
= 1.36 m ]

** The crest level of an ogee- shaped spillway is at R.L of 323.00 and the maximum
reservior level is 334.00 Calculate the maximum discharge when the flow takes place through
5 vents of the effective width of 12 m each . Take C = 2.20.

*** In order to dissipate the energy below a spillway, it is proposed to form a
hydraulic jump If the depth of flow changes from 1.0 m to 4.0 m in the hydraulic jump,
determine the initial Froude number and the discharge intensity. [ Ans: 3.16 , 9.90 cumecs /
m]

*** The crest of an ogee- shaped spillway is at a height of 10m above the river bed. If
the head over the crest is 3m, find the loss of energy when a hydraulic jumps forms at the toe
. Take C = 2.20. [Ans: 6.12 k Nm / kN ]