Basic Outline Model 1. 632 ad/ce 2. Chaliefia a. Deputy b. Successor 3. Ali a. Cousin/son-in-law b. Married Fatimah 4. Abu Bakr 5.

4 rightly guided caliph 6. Hassan 7. Hussein 8. Muawiya a. Imposed himself as a caliph b. First Arab dynasty c. Umayyad Dynasty d. 661-750 9. Karbala 680 a. Yazid i. He appointed his son to be his successor ii. Fought Hussein in Karbala 10. Abbasid a. 750-1258 11. Shia 12. Sunnis a. Usurpers 13. Prince of Martyrdom of Hussein a. Fight against injustice and oppression 14. Hussein 15. Ocaldation a. Went to heaven 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. Shia Islam a. Twelve Shia i. Iran / Iraq/ Bahrain

21.

22. 23.

24. 25.

b. Ismail is Shia i. Syria / Pakistan/ London c. Zaydis Shia i. Yemen ii. Sufism a. Mysticism b. Tariqat i. Orders 1. 70-80 orders Ashoura Alawis a. Focus of their religion is Ali b. Last incarnation of God c. Transmigration of souls d. Esoteric i. Secrets of their religion only for themselves Abbasids defeated by Mongolians 1258 a. Mongolians not good at building states Religious a. Sunni i. Deferred to the state ii. Sultan and Caliph iii. Zakat iv. No hirecocy b. Shia i. Handled their own affairs ii. Guide lines iii. Zakat iv. Al-Khums 1/5 v. Autonomy and wealth c. d. e. Druzes i. Israel / Syria / Lebanon ii. Al-Hakim 1. Last incarnation of God 2. Trace him to Fatima 3. Fatimid Caliph

26.

Pillars of Islam a. Shahada: Testimony that there is no God but God; and Mohammed is the prophet of God and seal of prophets. b. Salat: Prayer: Performed five times a day: Datbreak, Noon, Mid-afternoon, after Sunset, and early part of the night; all after a ritual washing. Prayers also in Mosque (Masjid), esp. noon prayer. c. Zakat: Almsgiving: (poor/needy/relief of debtors/liberation of slaves/wayfarers). d. Sawm: Fast: Once a year in the month of Ramadan (the month in which the Koran was first revealed) from daybreak until nightfall. e. End of Ramadan is celebrated as one of two great festivals of the liturgical year (Eid al-Fitr). 27. 5-Hajj: Pilgrimage: Once in a lifetime at least, Hajj to Mecca. 28. On the approaches to Mecca: Pilgrim would purify himself by ablutions and put a white garment; once in Mecca, pilgrim would enter the sacred area, the Haram. Kaba stands in Haram. Kaba is a rectangular building which Prophet Mohammed purged of idols and made it the center of Muslim devotion, with the Black Stone embedded in one of its walls. Pilgrims would go round the Kaba seven times, touching and kissing Black Stone. 29. On 8th day, pilgrims go out and comeback. They

May 21, 2012 1. Ephesus (431) 2. Chalcedon (451) a. Christological convinserty i. Devine or a man ii. Two Natures 1. One nature Devine 2. One nature Human 1. Greek Orthodox

a. Procession of Holy Ghost b. 11th Century split from Roman Church c. Lebanon, Syria, Palestinian mandate, 2. Nestorian Church a. Nestorius, a monk i. Went against Chalcedon ii. The divine words of God dwell in Jesus the man iii. Northern Iraq b. Assyrian Church 3. Monophysites One nature and it is divine a. Coptic orthodox church i. Only Egypt ii. Saint Mark iii. Arabic, Coptic language b. Syrian orthodox church i. Mainly Syria, Lebanon ii. Syriac and arabic c. Armenian orthodox church i. The whole community converted on mass to Christianity ii. Armenian language iii. L, S, P, I 4. Roman Catholic + Uniate Church Not with Rome, but joined at a later dates and decided to enter a union with Rome a. Roman Catholic i. Latin, Arabic b. Greek Catholic Church i. Greek and Arabic c. Syrian Catholic Church d. Armenian Catholic Church i. L,P/I, S ii. Armenian e. Chaldean Catholic Church Were formally Assyrian Church i. N.I. ii. Syriac and Arabic f. Coptic Catholic Church i. Egypt ii. Coptic, Arabic, and sometimes Greek g. Maronite Catholic Church i. First to align themselves with Rome

ii. 350 monks killed because of the alliance with Rome iii. Close connection with France iv. Syriac 5. Protestants(1866) / Jews follow the old Bible a. Mainly wanted to convert Catholics mainly b. very People of the book 1. Aramaic a. Syriac

2. Alawis Nusairis a. Nasara b. Off shoot of twelvers c. Transmigration of souls d. Deity of Ali e. Esoteric f. Some of their rituals from Christianity g. From crusaders who built castles h. Syria period, small minority in Lebanon 3. Druzes a. Son of Ismails b. Focus of their religion is Al Hakim (996-1020) c. Fatimad Caliph d. Transmigration e. Esoteric 4. Yazidis a. The devil, fallen angel, reconciled with God b. Peacock i. Holy symbol c. Northern Iraq d. Kurdish, Northern Iraq 5. Bahais a. Come from Iran b. Haifa, Northern Israel c. They believe in an unending succession of revelation will get human kind closer to God d. Founder of the buried

e. Mainly in the US f. Church is based in Israel Questions 1. Salafism a. Creating a salaf society i. Predecessor 1. Prophet Mohammad and 4 forth caliphs 2. Indoctrination b. Salafi Jihadists i. violence 2. Wahhabis a. Mohammad abdul Wahab i. Hanife school ii. Cleanse Islam from all outside influence iii. Purify Islam iv. Strict reading of Quran v. Would like to create salaf society vi. May23, 2012 1. 1280-1918 ottoman empire 2. 1914-15 WW I 3. Sharif Hussein of Mecca a. Hashemite b. Descendent of Mohammad PBUH c. Faisal and Abdullah 4. 1915-16 Hussein-MacMahon Correspondences a. High Commissioner in Egypt i. Agreement that the will fight with the British ii. Promised the Arabs the Arab lands of the ottoman empire 5. Sykes Picot agreement a. 1915-16 b. Agreement came to be known by the Russians c. Dividing the middle east in to areas of influence 6. Iraq a. British control 7. 1917

a. Belfour declaration
8. Foreign Office, November 2nd, 1917.

Dear Lord Rothschild, I have much pleasure in conveying to you, on behalf of His Majesty's Government, the following declaration of sympathy with Jewish Zionist aspirations which has been submitted to, and approved by, the Cabinet. "His Majesty's Government view with favour the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people, and will use their best endeavours to facilitate the achievement of the object, it being clearly understood that nothing shall be done which may prejudice the civil and religious' rights of existing non-Jewish communities in Palestine, or the rights and political status enjoyed by Jews in any other country". I should be grateful if you would bring this declaration to the knowledge of the Zionist Federation. Yours sincerely, (Signed) Arthur James Balfour

9. Jewish people blamed for everything in Europe 10. Enlightenment a. Maskilim enlightened Jews b. Political and civil rights c. 1881 d. Tsarist Russia i. Tsar was assinatenated ii. Pogrom against Jews 1. Leon Pinsker a. Highly educated b. Doctor c. Auto-Emancipation d. Proto Zionism 11. 1896 a. Theodor Herzl i. Wrote a book, The Jewish State ii. Dreyfus Affair 1. French Jews Captain that was framed 2. Anti-Semitism is deeply rooted in Europe 3. Shocked by the degree of Anti-Semitism iii. Argentina or Palestine 1. Both good for colonization 12. 1897

13. 14.

15. 16.

17. 18.

19. 20. 21.

22.

a. The first Zionist Congress i. Basle in Switzerland ii. Palestine should be the future Jewish homeland 1. Based on Historical link 1918 a. Feisal proclaimed himself king of Syria 1920 a. League of Nations i. Mandate system ii. Britain 1. Iraq and Palestine iii. France 1. Syria and Lebanon iv. 1. King crane commission of 1919 a. President Wilson sponsored Feisals Iraq a. Mosul - Kurds b. Baghdad - Shia c. Basra Sunni The Balfour was incorporated into the mandate 1936 - 1939 a. Arab revolt b. Through Palestine throughout the Palestinian mandate c. Hajj Amir al- Husseini i. Escaped to Iraq Peel commission a. Lord Peel 1937 a. Partition Palestine 1939 a. Eve of WW II b. White paper by the British i. Restricted immigration to Palestine ii. 25,000 1. 10,000 next 5 years 2. Total 75,000 1942

23.

24.

25.

26. 27.

28. 29.

a. Zionist conference i. Biltmore program in New York City 1. Forget the white paper a. Systematic way get Jews to Palestine b. Fight the white paper ii. Establish a Jewish majority Ben Gurion a. Leader of Jews in Palestine b. I will fight the white paper like there was no war and I will fight the war like there is no white paper 1946 a. Anglo American committee recommendation i. 100,000 Jews into Palestine ii. Palestine should neither be ruled by Jews or Arabs iii. Minority report 1. Bi-National state 1947 a. Defer the question to the UN b. Nov 1947 UN Resolution War of Independence Jews Catastrophe Arabs a. Nakba 1. Nov 1947 May 1948 2. May 1948 1949 May 1948 a. Ben Gurion announced Israelis independence 1949 a. Armistice agreement May 30, 2012

1. 586 BCE a. 2. 70 CE 3. 135 CE a. Bor kokhba revolt expelled 4. 395 a. Roman empire split i. Byzantine

1. Constanipole ii. Roman Empire 5. 410 a. 6. 570 a. b. 7. 622 a. 8. 632 Bystine empire Birth of Mohammad At 40 Birth of Islam

9. 661 -750 Umayyad dynasty 10. Spain 11. 12. 680 13. 750-1258 Abbasid Dynasty a. razed Bagdad b. Hulogo i. Grandson of gingsis Kahn 14. 1280-1918/1920 Ottoman Dynasty 15. 1453 a. Seized Constantinople b. Istanbul c. Nor more eastern half 16. 1529 a. seized of Vienna b. Suleiman the magnificent c. Shadows of God on Earth Ottoman Empire Millet System: Muslim Community, Greek Orthodox Community, Jewish Community, Armenian Community Janissaries Second siege of Vienna, 1683: Ottomans expelled Crimean War with Tsarist Russia, 1774; First loss ever of Muslim land; Treaty of Kuchuk Kaynarja; Capitulations (outside power a minority protector). Eastern Questions (What do we do with the Ottoman Empire). France 1830-1836 Algeria

 17.

18.

19.

20. 21.

22.

23. 24. 25.

Became a France department 1844 Morocco Defeated by 1854 Morocco was made a colony 1798 Napoleon invaded Egypt Projected himself as a liberator British 1492 a. Expulsion of Jews from Spain b. Discovery of new world c. Defeat of the last Muslim state in Spain i. Granada 1881 a. Pogrom against the Jews b. Leon Pinsken i. Auto-emancipation ii. Proto Zionism 1896 a. Theodor Herzl b. The Jewish State i. Establisment of a jewish state in Palestine or c. Dryfus Affair 1897 Basle conference a. Palestine should be Jewish homeland b. Historical links 1915-16 a. Sykes-Picot b. Divide the middle east into spheres of influence c. Hussein Macmahon i. Promised the Arab lands of the ottoman empire 1917 a. Balfour Declaration 1919 King crane commission a. President Wilson b. Problems

26.

27. 28.

29.

30.

31.

32.

33.

c. Against establiment of a jewish state 1920 a. Incorporated into the mandate b. Jews can legally go there 1936-1939 a. Arab revolt throughout Palestine 1937 a. Peel commission b. Partition of Palestine into two states 1939 a. White paper b. Restricting Jewish immigration to Palestine 1942 a. Biltmore b. Fight the white paper c. Get as many jews as possible in Palestine to get the majority 1946 a. Anglo-American committee b. 100,000 to Palestine c. To rehiblated the Jews in their own home countries d. Neither be ruled by jews or arabs 1947 a. Refered it to the UN b. 1947 Nov resolution c. Partition d. UNSLR May 1948 a. Britain leaves and State Of Israel declared

1. Sunni Shism 2. Caliph a. Caliph successor deputy 3. 632 4. Ali (d. 661) i. Cousin ii. Son n law iii. Family 5. Muawiya D. 680 a. Umayyad tribe

6. Yazid a. Named by father Caliph b. Killed Imam Hussein 7. Sunni a. Koran b. Sunnah 8. Shia a. Koran b. Sunnah c. Infallible Imams d. Al-Mahdi 9. Minorities a. Shia i. Twelver 1. Mahdi a. Who was a boy 2. Alawis ii. Ismail is 1. Mahadi a. Son of Ismail 2. Druzes a. Al Hakim b. Fatimid

1. Ephesus 2. Chalcedon 3. Nestorians a. The Devine words of God dwelled in Jesus the man 4. Nestorian Church that came to be known as Assyrian Church a. Syriac 5. Monophysite a. One nature and it was a Devine nature i. Coptic orthodox ii. Syrian orthodox iii. Armenian orthodox 6. Roman church + Uniate (every church has their own custom and traditions) a. Greek Catholic b. Armenian

c. Syrian d. Chaldean e. Marinate f. Coptic 7. Greek / Cathlic split in the 11th century a. Procession of the Holy Ghost 8. Yazidis a. Northern Iraq b. Kurds c. Satan is the fallen angel that will reconcile with God d. Piacock 9. Bahais a. They believe in an unending revelation b. Focus on ethics 10. Pillars of Islam a. Testimony i. Shadia b. Prayers i. Salat c. Zakat i. Alms giving d. Sawm/fast i. Ramadan ii. Eid of Fitr e. Hajj Pilgrimage i. Eid al edha

June 6, 2012
1. Israel signed armistice agreement on ceasefire lines a. Jordan i. West Bank ii. East Jerusalem b. Egypt i. Gaza c. Lebanon 2. Israel did not agree to a ceasefire line with Syria a. Israel lost territory

b. 100 kilometers c. Important because of water i. Jordan Valley, more Jordan River 1. Banias Syria 2. Dan Israel 3. Hasbani Lebanon 4. Sea of Galia ii. Riparian Rights d. Agreement that those lands will be DMZ i. British and American ii. Who owned them 1. Source of tension around DMV and broadly speaking around the border 2. Important to the Israelis from a security perspective and economic e. Always tensions until 1967 war 3. 1952 a. King Farouq coup i. Unhappy that he was not paying attention of the state ii. Gap between rich and power was great iii. Not happy how the Egyptian army preformed in the 1948 war iv. Playboy v. 1948 loss b. Jamal Abed Al-Nasser of Free Officer i. Making Egypt stronger ii. Closining the gap between the rich and the poor iii. Advocate of Arab nationalism 4. 1955 a. Bagdad pact i. Cold War ii. Did not want the Soviet Union to expand their influence 1. Foot hold not allowed 2. Western defense alliance 3. Turkey signed a pact with Iraq 4. Iran, Turkey, Pakistan 5. Egypt under Nasser said A new form of colonialism under the pretext of defense mechanism 6. Baath party in Syria supported Nasser against the Bagdad pact b. Arms deal i. Soviets Gave Egypt one large arms shipment

5.

6.

7.

8.

ii. Threatened 1955-56 a. Moshe Dayan i. Always talking about invading Egypt b. PM Ben Gurion 1956 a. Nationalize the Suez canal b. British and French c. Israel, France, and great Britain took the Suez canal d. US President Eisenhower unhappy i. Made US look stupid ii. Did not want Egypt going deeper in the eastern camp iii. Called on all three to withdraw e. Nasser emerged as the leader of the Arab world i. Became a figure larger than life in the Arab world 1957 a. Eisenhower doctrine i. Supporting any government in the world against communism ii. Height of the cold war iii. Two countries supported it 1. Iraq 2. Lebanon 1958 a. Coup dtat in Iraq i. Executed almost all ruling family ii. Pro-British and western government toppled Nationalist came to Power b. Civil war in Lebanon i. Supported the Eisenhower doctrine ii. Camile Chamoun iii. US marines set to Lebanon c. United Arab Republic i. Syria Baath and Egypt Union ii. Nasser remained the leader of the new country iii. Baath part played a huge rule d. Baath party i. Means resurrection ii. Founded in the 1940s 1. Michel Aflaq

a. Christian 2. Salah Al Din Bitar a. Sunni Muslim iii. Tenets of the Baath party 1. Arab Unity a. Bring all Arab states together in one nation 2. Freedom within Syria and from colonialism 3. Freedom of Speech 4. Socialism a. Bridging the gap between the rich and the power i. Land reform iv. Inqilab 1. Overthrow or overturn 2. Radical transformation in all aspects of society 3. Revolutionary party 9. 1961 a. Damascus officers broke its union with Egypt b. New concepts in the Baath party i. Vanguard party 1. Popular struggle support Palestinians 2. Meaning to be in the forefront 3. Lenin concept 4. Only the Baath party will lead society 5. We are the ones to rule Syria and we will be the only ones to rule Syria ii. Popular struggle 1. Also a Lenin concept 2. Supporting people towards their liberation a. Palestinians

10.

1963 a. Baath party took power in Iraq b. Baath party took power in Syria i. Still emergency rule 11. 1964 a. Israel announce that its national water carrier near completion i. Arabs say no, divert water from the north

12. a.

13. a. b. c. d. e. f. g.

1. Arab League in Cairo a. Hasbani River - Lebanon b. Dan River - Israel c. Banias Spring Syria ii. Creation of the PLO in East Jersulem iii. Israel response was bomb the dams 1966 Coup with the Baath party i. Neo-Baathists came to power 1. Salah Jadid Alawi, Secretary General, President of Syria 2. Hafiz Al Assad Alawi, Minister of Defense 1967 Soviets sent false alarm word through Sadat to President Nasser Israeli troops were deployed next to the Golan Heights in preparation for an attack on Syria Let me send Chief of staff to the Golan Heights to see no Israeli army Soviets reaffirmed that the Israelis are going to attack Are you trying to hide beside UN observers? Closed the straights of Israel attacked Defeated the Arab world in six day war

June 11, 2012

1. 1967 a. Kartoum i. 3 Nos 2. Fatah a. PLO b. Yasser Arafat

3. After 1967 a. Arab armies weak b. PLO new boys on the block 4. George Habash a. North Palestine b. PFLP c. Lead the Hijackings d. Medical doctor e. Christian 5. 1970 a. First hijacking of western planes b. We have to take the Palestinian on national stage c. Made King Hussein look like a figure head i. Reactionary force d. Started the questioning armed Palestinians on his lands e. Sept. 1970 they decided to remove the King by force f. Syria tanks came to support the Palestinians g. Rabin was the ambassador i. Israel decided to help Jordan ii. Air force flew over Syrian tanks iii. Salah Jadid and Hafiz Al-Assad 1. Salah wanted to send in his jets 2. Assad said no a. Told tanks to come back home 3. Late 70 Assad made an inner coup and took control h. Black Sept. i. Many Palestinians killed ii. Kicked them out to Syria iii. Keep going to Lebanon 6. 1920 a. Maronite Christians and French b. Greater Lebanon under the French mandate 7. 1943 a. Lebanon took its independence b. Maronites are catholic c. National pact i. Crossroads between east and west ii. Maronites slow down on west iii. Sunnis slow down on Arabs

iv. Confessional system 1. 17 confessional groups 2. Power is distributed along religious confessions a. President is Maronites Most powerful i. That power was institulized b. Prime Minister is Sunni c. Speaker of the house is Shia 8. 1950s 9. 1957 a. Eisenhower doctrine i. Camile Chamoun President 10. 1958 country split a. Marines diffuse the problem but dont not solve it 11. 1970 a. More support for armed Palestinians 12. 1973 a. Skirmishes between Lebanoize army and i. Kamal Jumblatt ii. National movement iii. Progressive socialist party (PSP) iv. Pan arab and leftist camp 13. 1975 Civil War a. Christian Camp i. Pierre Gemayel founder of the phalange party ii. Bashir iii. Chamoun Nation Liberal party b. Pan-Arab camp i. Kamal Jumblat 14. 1976 a. Christians threatened with defeat i. US, Israel, Syria 1. US, a win for the Plo and leftist is a win for Soviet 2. Israel, National security threat 3. Syria, Christian are going to succeed or have an alliance with Israel 4. Mediation from Kissinger a. Allow Syrian troops to enter Lebanon b. Red line agreement i. Syria army will not go to the south of L ii. Syrian army will not Sam missiles in the Bekaa Valley

c.

15. a. b.

16. a.

b.

17. a.

iii. The Syrian air force will not be used against Christians Bashier Gemayel i. Syria soon enough will have impact on Lebanon ii. Channel with Israel iii. Historic connects with Zionists 1. Lebanon must be a refuge for Christians like Jews in Israel iv. Wanted weapons v. Israeli fatigue vi. Became extremely powerful in two years 1978 Fatah terror attack in Israel Israel i. Led by Begin and Sharon ii. Ordered the invasion of Lebanon iii. Collateral damage iv. Shia Muslims v. Carter was president 1. Res 425 issued invasion of Lebanon in 1978 a. All foreign troops to leave Lebanon b. Created a buffer zone vi. South Lebanese army 1. Christians vii. 1978 2000 buffer remained 1980 Zahl i. Battles Phalange and Syria forces ii. Syria used the air force(helicoptors) 1. Violated the redline agreement 2. Bashir Gemayel(confident) wanted the Israelis in 3. Brought in Sam missiles to Bekka valley 4. 1980 missile crises Reagan i. Philip Habib envoy 1. Brokered an agreement a. Christians(phalange) had to withdraw from Zahl b. Sam missiles withdrawn c. Palestinians stop terrorist activities toward Israel 1982 Abu Nidal

b.

c.

18. a. b.

c.

i. Known as a gun for hire ii. Killed many Palestinians who wanted to speak peace with Israel iii. Tried to assassinate Israel ambassador in London iv. Reason used to invade Lebanon v. Begin said 40 kilo to litany River Sharon went all the way to Beirut i. 20,000 people killed ii. Sharon, maybe had begun backing iii. Sharon, maybe had Gemayalel backing iv. Christians and Muslims both wanted Arafat to leave now Many countries sent troops as monitors i. Resolution 425 ii. If they were going to leave, they were going to be attacked Syrian started to acting as a Mafia regime September 14, 1982: Assassination of Gemayel Habib Shartouni i. Syrian Social Nationalist Party ii. (SSNP) September 16-18: Sabra and Shatila Massacre i. 800-2000 massacred by phalange ii. Israeli demonstrated against Massacre

19.

1984-85 a. Israel was back in the buffer zone 20. 1982 a. Hezbollah i. Shia Islamic party ii. Official in 1985 iii. Follow Khomeini of Iran iv. Thanks to Iran and Syria v. Shia 1. Socially 2. Politically 3. Economically 21. Israel withdrew from Lebanon

June 15, 2012 1. Islamism a. Using religion as a political ideology based on religion b. Mobilization of society to bring about a change 2. Siege of Vienna, 1529 a. Suleyman the magnificent i. Shadow of God on earth ii. The Arabs built on the civilation that proceeded them 3. 1683, Vienna lost 4. 1774 a. Ottoman lost against Russia i. First time that they lost Muslim land ii. Eastern question 1. What should we do with the ottom,an empire 2. Rivalry with the European empire 3. Britain and France and both against Russia iii. Civilation threat to the ottoman empire 5. 1798 a. Napoleon i. Took an army to Egypt ii. Modern middle east to 1998 iii. British got disturbed iv. British teamed up with ottoman empire and Egypt to kick out france 6. 1801-02 7. 1805 a. Muhammad Ali b. Albanian general in the ottoman army 8. 1830 a. French went into Algeria 9. 1836 a. All opposition to French rule was oppressed b. Became a French Department c. Province of France d. Denounce Islam can become French citizens e. Lacate f. Built the first mosque in Paris 10. 1844

a. Moracco i. Came under French control ii. Colony 11. 4 main communities a. Muslims b. Armenian c. Greek orthodox d. Jews 12. Capitulation agreements Become a protector of minorities in the ottoman empire a. Russia became protector of the Greek orthodox b. Jews and druids protected by Britain c. Catholics protected by French 13. From a Muslim prospective 14. Moghul Empire 15. 1858 a. Britain defeated Moghul empire 16. Emergence of two school of thoughts to face this political-military and ideological threat posed by the West to Muslim society. 17. Khayr al Din: Served the beys in Tunis and capped his career with a brief year as Grand Vizier in Istanbul. He had extensive contact with Europe and spoke French fluently. 18. He advanced Modern Salafiyyah Movement 19. a. Khayr al Din: Served the beys in Tunis and capped his career with a brief year as Grand Vizier in Istanbul. He had extensive contact with Europe and spoke French fluently. He advanced strong arguments for the acquisition of Western institutions, values, and practices that he considered compatible with the Islamic sharia, prime among them the concept of liberty. Khayr al-Din argued that liberty, both personal and political, is crucial for peace and prosperity. Modern Borrowed from Muslim world (Philosophy, Mathematics and other sciences). Arabs passed to Europe through Spain Greco-Roman knowledge. It would be great irony if Muslims did not borrow from Europe. Autocracy is both unreasonable and un-Islamic. He challenged Muslim Tradition based on Koranic admonition: Oh ye who believe!

b.

c. d.

e.

20. a. b.

c. d.

e.

Ahmad Khan Had family connections with the Moghul court in India; still he decided to work with the British East Indian Company. An admirer of Britain, he urged Muslims to adopted modern Western ways. He maintained that Islam, properly understood and interpreted, was perfectly compatible with modernity. He rejected the concept of Taqlid ( Yet his concerns with failings of his society did lead him to reject his roots. Rather he stove to make the Muslims of India worth of Islam as a religion and culture. He involved himself in translating English Four Schools of Islam

a) Hanafi b) Hanbali c) Shafili d) Maliki 1. Sunna Customs and Traditions of the Prophet Mohammad 2. Taqlid (emulation, decisions reached by earlier theologians) 1. Shaykh Muhammad Abduh came from the ranks of the Ulama. He was Mufti of Egypt. 2. For a time he was a disciple of Jamal al-Din al-Afghani who championed Muslim unity and came to scorn the strategy of accommodationists. 1. Abduh advocate that Islam, properly understood 1. He also believed that science and philosophy held the key to political and social progress. 2. He challenged the tradition that submission to political authority was required to avoid Fitna (strife, disorder). He asserted that political leadership has to pass the test of reason and efficacy. 3. Significantly, he emphasized the golden age of early Islam as the paradigm (model) for Muslim community. Abduh and his disciples challenged the existing social synthesis as having badly deviated from the true religion.

4. His movement took the name of Salafiyyah, return to the ways of the Salaf (predecessors). 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Salaf Society Modern Safafiyyah Movement Salafist Safafa ancestor/predessor

632-661 Golden age (4 rightly guided caliphs) Abu Bakr Omar Othman Ali Two schools of thought Accommodation school i. We have to borrow from the west ii. Learn from the west iii. What made them so big and strong iv. Started challenging certain traditions 1. New perceptive We have to resist the west i. We have to unite ii. First seed of pan Islamism 1. We have to unite as Muslims to unite the west 2. Against European threat 3. Taken over by nationalism 4. Fight mandate for independence 5. The ideology came to be after 1967 Hassan Al-Bannah: Muslim Brotherhood Al-Bannah born in 1906 in Mahmudiyya. He was the eldest of five sons. He received his early religious training from his father, Imam, and teacher of a local mosque. At age 16, he entered Dar Al-Ulum, a teacher training institution, and graduated in 1927. Even street signs in English brought home to al-bann the colonized status of his fellow Muslims. In 1927, he established the Muslim Brotherhood(al-Ikhwan al-Muslimun). First recruits were 6 Egyptian workers from the British military camp.

21. a.

b.

22. a. b. c. d. e.

f. MB experienced explosive growth (4 branches in 1929; 5 in 1930; 10 in 1931; 300 in 1938; and 500 in 1940). g. Al-Bannah often described his organization as a Salafi movement, an orthodox way, a Sufi reality, a political body, an athletic group, a scientific and cultural society. A protean definition in line with all things to all men. i. Salaf 1. Wanted created a model society that existed during the time of the first four Caliph. h. MB had a hierarchy starting from a small groups of families (usrahs; cells) culminating in General Guide (al-Murshid al-Am), with a consultative assembly and a general headquarters. i. Potential members went through a probationary stage before being accepted as active (amil); but then they were enjoined to repeat their oath of allegiance. j. MB could be seen as a hybrid of traditional Sufi orders and modern totalitarian parties. k. Traditional Sufi ritual led by a master and the imposition of the strictly hie l. Al-Bannah saw in MB an all-embracing organization. m. He envisaged the creation of an Islamic utopia with no political parties, no class antagonism n. The utopia that existed during the time of Prophet and the first four caliphs. o. God ruler ruling well; and Shariah as the basis of a comprehensive code of conduct valid for all time and place. The Brotherhood 1. MB fought Jews in Israel; re-printed Protocols of Elders of Zion; and reportedly assassinated Egypts 2. May 2011 MB became a legal political party Abu ala Mawdudi 1. Mawdudi born in 1903 in India. His ancestors served the Moghul court. 2. He grew up in a household nostalgic for past Muslim glory and strongly distasteful of infidel British rule. 3. He studied at Aligarh (founded by Ahmad Khan) and then at Allahabad completing his education law. 4. Dhimmi a. More tolerance then equality 5. He rejected the

6. Shura 7. Jahiliyaa (ignorance) a. Paganism b. Immorality c. Backwardness d. Made a term into a condition e. Uprooted jahiliyaa by Prophet Mohammad
8. Sayyid Qutb was hanged on August 29, 1966. 9. the ulamas resistance to reform at al-Azhar led to the creation in 1872 of the Dar al-Ulum as a teachers college to train those bound for service in the governmental schools

Sayyid Qutb 1. Qutb, born in Upper Egypt in 1906, son of a farmer. 2. Writings throughout the 1950s and 1960s consisted of three concepts a. Jahiliyya b. Hakimiyya i. Gods sovereignty is exclusive ii. Men are to obey God Alone c. Jihad i. Justified violence 3. 1961, 1967 Islamist emerged as a solution a. Arab nationalism brought nothing 4. Lets go ahead and lets fight 5. Qutb had a great impact 6. State socialism, communism never achieved

7. Hakimiyah 8. Jahiliyah 9. Jihad