I NTRODUCTIO N

This is an eBook edited from an assignment I did on organic food production whilst studying horticultural management at Lincoln University, Christchurch, New Zealand, in !!"# I have decided to turn that assignment into the e$ook you are now reading so it can go to the $enefit of all, rather than it $uilding up metaphorical dust, all forgotten a$out % unappreciated deep within my hardrive# While this is free for all to use, which is why I've decided to make it into a page viewable for all, so people everywhere can get to work on feeding themselves and their friends & family, even with limited space, if I get good feedback I might decide to further edit it into a publishable document some stage in the future. So please give credit where its due and please only print for your own, or your friends or families use, and please do not publish it/copy it without first giving me, the author credit or asking for my permission first, as !"# of time was spent with research on all the aspects for the assignment that this has come from... &not to mention the painstaking hours upon hours of the editing process itself to make the much more attractive and less academic document you now see' (heww) now that nitty gritty is out of the way## *N+,- .' the awesomely good food you will $e a$le to grow yourself) $emember that this has been mostly copied/pasted, then edited from a previous assignment I did on organic crop production, with the brief being suitable & relevant for our living situation at the time, in which case I lived in a %brm upstairs flat with a small outdoor roof space. So bear in mind that your situation will be different, so tailor it to suit, more space is obviously better, but this shows that it can still be done in a small space. NOTE& /ll materials prices in NZ dollars, as of !!", so convert to your currency using an online currency converter &0ust google1theres plenty out there' and allow for inflation, $ut all of the materials listed from a shop &Bunnings et al' would $e availa$le at whichever hardware store is a main supplier in your area, and the main o$0ective here was cutting costs so I went for the cheapest option for $asic materials1 so adapt yours to suit# /lso $e aware that this is from a New Zealand perspective so if in the northern hemisphere the months will $e opposite to that listed# This has $een planned for a temperate climate, so again adapt to suit yours &do some 2uick research what can $e grown when in your area' S 'I(#.. )hristchurch has a temperate climate, *often four seasons in one day +, but generally warm/hot summers, brisk autumns sometimes frosty, cold/damp winters with the occasional snow, & brisk/wet/sunny springs *basically in spring the weather doesn't know what it wants to do +, . -ut basically no e.tremes, not too wet, not too hot, not too cold & generally not too dry e.cept for the very occasional drought. /lso note this was planned for a rooftop so there will pro$a$ly $e some difference in sun1capture % temperature as the corrugated iron the pellets were on top of retained more heat than a concrete area % definitely a lawn would, so again adapt it to suit your climate, may$e wait a few weeks $efore planting to $e sure, likewise for plants to $e planted at the onset of winter you may$e a$le to get away with doing it a few weeks sooner# B/3ICL-## +U3T /4/(T /LL T5* IN6,78/TI,N T, -,U7 3ITU/TI,N /N4 *N+,- T5* 67UIT3 ,6 -,U7 L/B,U7# 9,,4LUC:) .'

SOCIAL SITUATIO N: SI N GLE ADULT

MAKE UP:
; /dult 3ingle horticultural student living on own in an upstairs single flat near centre of city# (ays own full rent and on a tight $udget, prefers organic food if possi$le and wishes to $e more self sufficient# Likes to have friends over for tea when possi$le# <ishes to share produce with friends on odd occasion and if possi$le give some to charity#

ENVIRO N ME N T:
4welling has access on to a north facing lean1to style roof over part of dwelling downstairs# Clear roof area is appro=imately > metres long $y ? metres wide, and receives all day sun, with no $uildings north for at1least ?!1 >! metres, and $uildings slightly to the left and right, therefore $locking most of the prevailing wind e=cept for the Northwest, and a slight easterly $ree@e to the north edge of roof, $ut overall a comforta$le micro1climate#

EXPERTISE:
; horticultural student, with interest and enthusiasm for gardening and organic food production# 3lightly limited practical knowledge of food production systems, $ut theoretical knowledge through course, and e=perience helping others garden# /lso knows other people with organic vegeta$le gardens who could lend assistance, and further future advice# 5as worked part time in a small organic natives nursery, undertaking nursery tasks, and some landscapingAgarden maintenance# Likes a variety of different vegeta$les, has no specific ethnic preferences, $ut likes lots of different flavors in diet, with lots of her$s also# TOOLS AVAILABLE: hand shovel, fork and hoeB garden shovel, fork and hoeB watering canB secateursB hammerB saw 1 all necessary tools availa$le e=cept for electric tool involved in initial garden construction#

BRIEF
The plan is a compact $edding style garden, on ? wooden pellets 0oined together, ?#C m long in total, $y ;# m wide# <ith a small &;m long = D!! mm wide = ;#D m high' greenhouse made of tim$er and clear plastic lining, to the left &west' side of plan# /lso with a trellis type area on the right a$ove a recycling $in for growing trailing variety vegeta$les, such as pumpkin# /s this will $e a constructed garden on a $are roof, with the dwelling having no other green space, and the garden $eing in such a prominent place, the key is to have a garden that is not only productive year round, $ut one that also looks good too# <ith certain varieties of vegeta$le chosen not only for their nutrient content $ut also their looks &e#g#B rain$ow % ru$y chard % purple kale', and inter1cropped with certain companion flowers and her$s, such as Nasturtium &an edi$le flower' and chives &popular her$ with attractive purple flowers'#

CO NSTRUCTIO N OF GARDEN:
? = wooden pellets as $ase, & e=isting already' to $e retrieved from outside factories or o$tained through friend at <atties 1 free) 8aterials for sides and dividers of the $edding construction to $e o$tained $y pulling further wooden pellets apart# 8aterials for reinforcing the corners of the $edding construction, for the construction of the mini greenhouse, for the trellis, and for supporting the shade netting will $e o$tained through Bunnings 5ardware, or through BuyA3ell % *=change or Trade8e &the cheaper the $etter'#,nce finished the $edding construction will $e laid down with plastic, with holes cut into it and spread over surface area, for drainage, then soil will $e laid down# <ith a suita$le drainage mechanism underneath, such as a trayAtrays, or something else suita$le like a plastic sheetsurrounded $y pieces of wood, so that the drainage soil % grime doesnt $lock the house roof drains, $ut also so that the drainage remains can $e re1used as there would still $e plenty of nutrient left, thus maintaining the green aspect of the whole venture# do to the nature of the situation, i#e# there $eing no pre1e=isting soil &no lawn or garden', and the planned area $eing slightly elevated in all day direct sun, the soil will have to $e full of nutrients, and $e a$le to hold its moisture, $ut without getting too damp#

SOIL:
SOIL BEDS The soil makeup should consist of a mi=ture of. E! F organic vegeta$le garden potting mi= G C>H litres 1 appro=# I;C J >! F organic compost G E;H#> litres 1 I"D#E! J E F organic worm compost G C>#H litres 1 I ! 1 I E J E F organic chicken manure G C! litres 1 I;EA$agJ retail, if from a small chicken farm or roadside then possi$ly only IE# laid down with $lood and $one fertiliser, mi=ed throughout B ; = >! litre $ag K I !J 1 I?!J It is recommended also to collect worms for the soil and start a small worm farm for the worm leachate, which is nutrient rich and will $e a constant source of plant food once esta$lished# The garden should also consistently $e laid down with mulch, to keep down weeds and help retain soil moisture levels# BUCKETS 3oil make up 1 same F ratios as soil $eds. ; = H! litre $ag. organic vegeta$le garden potting mi= 1 I !J ; = H! litre $ag. organic compost 1 I;EJ ; = C! litre $ag. organic worm compost 1 I !J 1 I EJ ; = C! litre $ag. organic chicken manure 1 I;EA$ag retailJ, If from a small chicken farm or roadside then pro$a$ly only IE# #otal materials& ppro.., /012.34 It is highly recommended that client starts a compost $in, to create own source of garden compost, for getting rid of garden waste, and also keeping to the organic philosophy# It is also recommended also to collect worms for the soil and start a small worm farm for the worm leachate, which is nutrient rich and will $e a constant source of plant food once esta$lished# 5average price

PRODUCTIO N:
/ variety of crops will $e grown, ensuring a year round supply of fresh organic produce# with emphasis on crop rotation, companion planting, and inter1cropping, as means of cultural control of pests, recycling and increasing soil nutrients &means less need for $uying plant1food products', attracting $eneficial insects, and also making the $est possi$le use of the limited space provided# /n added $onus is with good maintenance the garden will always look good too# The following list of crops are listed in the seasons theyLre to $e sowed &or can $e', and on various crop rotations over a four year course# 8any of the crops chosen will also $e small cultivars of particular vegeta$les &i#e# small pumpkins'# /ll have also $een chosen for their ease of growth and maintenance# )rops to be grown listed in no particular order, and with various companion plants to -e mentioned further on in the crop rotation section. SPRING kale, carrots, lettuce, mesclun greens, potatoes, garlic, onions, mini sweet1corn, $asil, thyme, parsley peppers, spring onionApickling onions, $eetroot, mint, rhu$ar$, straw$erries, melons &cantaloupe', leeks, chives, @ucchini, eggplant, :ohl 7a$i# SUMMER (eas, $eetroot, parsley, carrots, mesclun salad greens, straw$erries, pumpkinAs2uash, straw$erries, spring onionApickling onions AUTUMN 7u$yArain$ow chard, kale, onions, spring onionsApickling onions WINTER Chard, spring onionsApickling onions *NOTE: MESCLUN SALAD GREENS. $emember to make sure that the mi. of mesclun salad greens grown is changed every cycle, as mesclun greens are being used not 6ust as a mi. of crop grown but also as an intercrop, meaning they will be grown in almost every rotation. So it7s important to rotate the salad greens grown also, as they could encourage the growth and attraction of harmful organisms such as insect pests and fungal diseases. 8articularly vulnerable are varieties like 9ale which are a close relative to $ocket *both from the -rassicca family,, and those from the !ettuce family such as, chicory & loose leaf lettuces. #he same goes in part for intercrops and companion plants too. A SELLECTION OF DIFFERENT SALAD GREENS TO BE GROWN: $ocket, )hicory, )orn salad, )laytonia, 9omatsuna, :i;una greens, :itsuba, 8urslane *summer,, oriental mustards *many varieties,, -eet leaf, small cultivars of loose leaf lettuce. A SELECTION OF INTERCROPS AND COMPANION PLANTS: Spring onion, (asturtium *edible flower,, )hives *not only a useful herb but the flowers also draw beneficial insects,, -asil, :arigolds *draw beneficial insects inside greenhouse,, the various :esclun salad green mi.es, various herbs.

GARDEN PLAN
PLAN OF WHOLE GARDEN

A SKETCH EXAMPLE OF AN INTER-SEASON CROP ROTATION IN AREA B: &circles indicate spread of fully grown foliage' 3pringA3ummer 1-ear ; 3pringA3ummer 1-ear ;

3ummer K winter, -ear ;

ROTATIO N OF CROPS GROW N

YEAR 1
SPRING 3ow :ale inter1cropped w rocket % nasturtium, as companions of kale# 6ast growing, rocket can $e harvested within ? weeks, and kale also fast growing can $e harvested within D weeks# SUMMER Tomatoes = with parsley as companion and chives &chive flowers also attract $eneficial insects'# /lso with mesclun greens as inter1crops, fast growing they will fill the glut until the tomatoes have grown, also filling space and minimising weed growth# Tomatoes take a$out D 1 ; weeks sowing till harvestJ, pick when the right colour according to the cultivar# J&sowingAplanting instructions in /ppendices#' AUTUMN /fter tomato harvest sow ru$yA rain$ow chard &= ' as main crop with spring onions as inter1crop# 3pring onions are fast growing, taking less than H weeks, and can grow right through winter# Chard also, can grow right through winter and $e harvested for months, and if the 7u$y or 7ain$ow varieties are grown &as opposed

AREA a: POLY TU N NEL-H OUSE

to old fashioned and somewhat $oring, white chard, Msilver $eetM', can also look attractive as well# Chard takes a$out H 1 ; weeks till first harvest and can $e continuously harvested on a leaf $y leaf $asis# WINTER continue harvesting spring onion and harvest chard also if ready

YEAR 2
SPRING Continue with chard and take out spring onion to $e replanted with mesclun greens and $asil# SUMMER 3ow = peppers with $asil remaining as a companion and chives to draw $eneficial insects, and of course to harvest# (eppers are a lot slower to harvest than tomatoes $ut less suscepti$le to pests &therefore easier maintenance', they take ! 1 H weeks till harvest# 5*sowing/planting instructions in ppendices,. AUTUMN /fter peppers have finished $eing harvested, 3ow chard with companion plants WINTER :eep on harvesting chard#

YEAR 3
SPRING continue through with chard, and in ,ct sow loose leaf lettuces SUMMER (lant ; = pepper ;= cucum$er &or = cucum$ers' with loose leaf lettuces, as companion plants and nasturtium to draw $eneficial insects# Cucum$ers take a$out ; weeks to growJ# It is $est to source organic seedlings rather than sow from seed, $ut if you find it difficult to source seedlings then check sowing instructions in /ppendices# (lant out in greenhouse, around Novem$erA4ecem$erB sowing seeds on their side at a depth of ;#E cm# when planting leave the root $all slightly a$ove the soil surface to reduce root rot# Choose trailing types, and grow up stake or netting along walls of greenhouse# 8ake sure to prune regularly# &(ears, (# !!E' /fter cucum$er harvest has finished, around mid summer, re1sow with loose leaf lettuces or mesclun salad greens to last till autumn# 5)ontrary to popular belief, gherkins are in fact not early cucumbers, but a smaller cultivar of cucumber, if you wish you could grow them instead of 'normal' cucumbers. Sowing/planting instructions in ppendices.

AUTUMN /round marchA/pril re1sow with :ale, growing rocket % nasturtium, as companions of kale# 6ast growing, kale can $e harvested within D weeks, and harvested continuously right through winter and into 3pring# WINTER Continue harvesting :ale#

YEAR 4
SPRING continue through with :ale and plant mesclun greens with her$s SUMMER Lay another layer or of clear plastic covering over the greenhouse and if your feel up to it try something different# 9row ;= *ggplant and one = Cantaloupe 8ellon, $oth need a similar growing environment of E 1 ?!# 9row $oth plants up a sturdy stake, as they can $oth $e trailing plants# /fter $oth plants have $een harvested sow with :ohl 7a$i until mid autumn, then plant :ale to last through till ne=t cycle# 3ow eggplant under cover in a seed $ed in a nice warm place &inside', mid /ugustA3eptem$er# (rick out into ;!cm pots, keeping at around ;CNC 1 ;HNC# <hen first flowers appear, plant in greenhouse# *ggplants harvest ;C 1 ! weeks from seed# 5arvest once decent si@e has $een reached and the skin is shiny# *8ears, 8. <443, 3ow in spring, around late ,ctA8ay, sow into C 1 "cm pots, sowing the seed on its side# ,nce germinated keep light and warm, around ;?N 1 ;CN plant out in 4ec, into a slight mound, around >cm high, keeping the stem 0ust a$ove the ground, therefore free from rot# ,n planting water in# 8elons take ; 1 ! weeks from seed to harvest, ready to pick late summer, early autumn, when ripe they are sweet smelling# *8ears, 8. <443, If not feeling up to growing eggplants and melons then repeat tomato cycle, or tomatoApepper cycle#

YEAR
7epeat cycle from the $eginning, making sure that if grown tomatoes in the previous year that you alternate, making sure that you never grow the same annual two seasons in a row#

AREA B: MAI N BEDDI N G GARDE N

YEAR 1
#o begin with, at the very start of spring. Sow entire plot with fast growing mesclun greens, which some can be harvested within 0 weeks. -lock sow, spacing each sowing %3cm apart. ROW 1: Late 3eptem$erAearly ,cto$er, sow ? early cultivar potato tu$ers, which will $e ready for early summer &hopefully in time for Christmas'# Use approved seeding tu$ers, as using already harvested potatoes could spread disease# 3ow ? tu$ers in the pattern on the garden plan, ?!cm apart# /fter harvest, replant with more early1cultivar potato tu$ers for an autumn harvest# 7eplant with more early1cultivar potatoes for an autumn harvest# /fter autumn potato harvest re1sow with $eetroot, which takes D 1 ;? weeks till harvest# Block sow ;Ecm apart, as on plan# 5arvest tu$ers as soon as they reach a decent si@e, store e=cess tu$ers in a $o= of moist sand# /fter $eetroot harvest, replant with :ale, in same fashion as lettuces# :ale takes a$out D weeks seed till harvest and can $e harvested for many months# Upon sowing potatoes also sow Nasturtium $etween rows as a companion plant and intercrop, and to attract more $eneficial insects# The flowers are also edi$le# &3ame for row '# ROW 2: late 3eptem$erAearly ,cto$er, repeat everything as of L7ow ;L $ut using main crop potatoes for first harvest instead of early cultivars, ad0usting the harvesting and re1 sowing time to suit &main crops take 1> weeks longer till harvest'# 7e1sow after first harvest with early cultivar potatoes once again# /fter last potato harvest, re1sow with onions, $lock1sown ;!cm apart# /utumn sown seed takes > weeks till harvest, ready for summer# ROW 3: *arly ,cto$erB $lock sow a dou$le row of loose1leaf lettuces, which take > 1 ;! weeks till harvest and the leaves can $e harvested individually over many weeks# Block sowing close together, a$out only !cm apart, minimises soil moisture loss as the ground is shaded, so you donOt have to water as much# /lso you can grow more in a smaller area and less weeds can push their way through, meaning easier maintenance# /fter the harvest of each lettuce, re1sow until mid march# ,nce each 8arch sown lettuce has $een harvested, re1sow with mesclun greens until all the lettuces have gone# /fter the last lettuces have gone, re1sow with kale to last through till spring, in same fashion as lettuce#

YEAR 2
ROW 1: 7epeat -ear ;, minus sowing the whole plot with mesclun greens, as it is now an esta$lished garden with a continuous line of produce# 7eplace autumn :ale sowing at end of season with an autumn sowing of chard#

ROW 2& Continue with onions till harvest in summer# /fter harvest sow mint, grow till spring# ROW 3: :eep growing :ale through till mid spring when its time to sow early cultivar potatoes# /fter first harvest re1sow with main1crop potatoes# /fter nd harvest re1 sow with chard to last through till the following spring#

YEAR 3
ROW 1: Carry on harvesting Chard, remove 0ust $efore ,cto$er# ,cto$er, sow early1crop carrots, which take " weeks to grow till harvest# /fter early1crop carrot harvest replant with main crop carrots, taking ! weeks till harvest, main crop carrots can $e left in the ground over winter and harvested# Block sow in same fashion as the previous $eetroot crop, ;Ecm apart# ROW 2: ,cto$erANovem$er, pull out mint and $lock1sow mini1sweet corn# 3pace sowings ;Ecm apart# 7oughly ;! weeks till harvest, pick when MsilksM start to turn $rown# /fter corn harvest re1sow with :ohl 7a$i, which takes E1 " weeks till harvest, $lock sow E cm apart# /fter :ohl 7a$i re1sow with chard# ROW 3: ,n one row, keep harvesting chard till late spring# Then place four standard si@ed $uckets, filled with the $ucket soil mi=, and plant straw$erries# Taking ; months till harvest they will $e ready in time for the ne=t summer, in $etween times the flowers will attract $eneficial insects# ,n the other row, around ,cto$er, sow (arsnip# 3ow parsnip in the same fashion as chard, ;C weeks till harvest, they will $e ready $y early autumn# / very hardy crop, you can leave one tu$er in the soil to overwinter, and the following season a $right, $ig spike inflorescence will $e produced, adding charm and attracting $eneficial insects# 7eplant with Chard to last through till 3pring# *ibid,

YEAR 4
ROW 1: 5arvest carrots till late 3eptem$erAearly ,cto$er, sow with early cultivar carrots# /fter carrot harvest, re1sow with peas# (eas are nitrogen fi=ing so will prepare the soil for the ne=t cycle# seed to harvest 1 early cultivars, ;; 1 ; weeks1 main crops, ;? 1 ;> weeks# 3ow late 4ec when the soil is warm# 3ow $roadly, ?cm wide, or in rows after pea harvest sow :ale to last through till ne=t cycle# ROW 2: 5arvest chard till late 3eptem$erAearly ,cto$er, and then repeat 7ow ;#

ROW 3: 3eptem$erA,cto$er, sow early cultivar carrots# 5arvest straw$erries in earlyAmid summer# 7eplant with mesclun greens, till autumn, replant with kale to last through till ne=t cycle#

YEAR
ROW 1:

Begin new cycle starting with :ale ROW 2: Begin new cycle starting with :ale ROW 3: Begin new cycle starting with :ale

AREA C: TRELLIS AREA

C! 1:
Throughout the whole course one single rhu$ar$ plant will grow, as it is a slow growing perennial &; 1 ;H months', in the ;st year there will $e almost no harvest, so intercrops of mesclun greens and other her$s will $e planted in the shortfall# 5owever once grown there will $e an almost constant supply of rhu$ar$ stalks, with one plant alone producing enough for a whole family# It is recommended in early spring to MforceM the rhu$ar$ plant once esta$lished, with a dark $ucket placed over top for roughly C weeks, harvesting directly after# This causes the plant to produce pale pink stems with a sweeter flavour# The process can $e further sped up $y placing compost around the rim of the $ucket# ,nce forced do not force plant again for another years#

C! 2:
5er$s and mesclun salad greens year round, particularly thyme, mint, parsley# Change varieties each season to taste, always growing a variety every season to confuse would1$e pests, or give them ha$itat to live in, away from the main crops# /lso aim for flowering her$s to attract more $eneficial insects#

C! 3:
YEAR 1
SPRING sow :ale intercropped w rocket &7ocket takes only a$out ? weeks to grow', % nasturtium, $oth as companions of kale and intercrops# 6ast growing, kale can $e harvested within D weeks and can $e continuously harvested for months# 5arvest $y removing suita$le leaves from outside of plant# :ales range in height from ?!cm 1 "!cm, or more#

SUMMER 3ow pumpkin inter1cropped with Nasturtium % chives 1 $oth companions and edi$le# train pumpkin up trellis, pumpkin will take ; 1 ! weeks till harvest ,n a continual $asis till fruit dies out around mid autumn# after removing from vine, leave pumpkin in the sun for a couple of days, or until skin is hardened, and store e=cess pumpkins $uried in a $o= or $ag of dirt in a cool shady spot, in this way they will last for several months# AUTUMN /fter pumpkin harvest replant with rain$ow chard % spring onion, spring onion are fast growing plants &H weeks', whereas chard is slightly slower &H 1 ; weeks'# WINTER Continue with e=isting chard and plant spring onion if there are gaps, cover if necessary#

YEAR 2
SPRING Continue harvesting chard till late 3epAearly ,ct, then sow lettuce to grow for earlyAmid summer, sow with chives as companion# Lettuce will take > 1 ;> weeks depending on cultivar and season# SUMMER /fter lettuce harvest sow Zucchini, inter1cropped with chives and nasturtium, @ucchini will take a$out C weeks till harvest, harvest continually until end of crop# AUTUMN sow ru$y chard w spring onion to last thru till late spring WINTER continue harvest of chard and spring onion

YEAR 3
SPRING sow rocket as a companion to chard if availa$le space SUMMER 4ecem$er, sow s2uash, inter1cropped with nasturtium and chives as companions, s2uash will take H1;! weeks till harvest# 3tore e=cess s2uash in same method as pumpkin, making sure when removed from vine to leave in sun for a few days to harden the skins $efore storing away# AUTUMN /fter s2uash has finished $eing harvested, sow purple kale to last thru till mid spring, with spring onion as companion#

YEAR 4
SPRING sow rocket as companion to e=isting kale if availa$le space ,ct. remove kale and replant with lettuce, planting chives as a companion SUMMER repeat year ? $ut with a different cultivar of s2uash and sowing s2uash in +anuary instead of 4ecem$er, to allow full growth of lettuce AUTUMN after s2uash has finished $eing harvested sow rain$ow chard w spring onion as companion

YEAR
repeat cycle $ut continuing new cycle with rain$ow chard, alternating each chardAkale planting so to avoid growing in the same seasons or twice in the same year

OBSTACLES
The site $eing on a roof# although not too much of a slope, the site nevertheless, will still not $e level, so the pelletA$ed construction will have to $e constructed with $locks on the down1side, and it is important that a level is used to keep the construction s2uare, ensuring e2ual distri$ution of soil nutrients# /s the soil run1off will drain into the spouting it will need to $e cleaned regularly to avoid $uild1up of soil de$ris# /lso as the structure is narrow, with height & ;#D metres', and on a sloping roof, it will have to $e $raced to the dwelling with rope from each corner and the middle, to stop the likelihood of it from $lowing over in the wind# The ropes will however have an added advantage, as a shade sail will $e a$le to $e tied on top creating a shady outdoor spot in the heat of summer# ,n the upside of $edding structure concrete $locks will have to $e placed as counterweights, small stacks per pellet#

GARDEN MAI NTE NA NCE AND RECOMME N DED PEST CO NTROL OPTIO NS
MAINTAINING NATURAL BALANCE The predominant emphasis in organics is one of prevention through maintaining $alance in the growing environment# Through $asic garden housekeepingAhygiene practices, through fundamentals such as watering regularly $ut not too much, $y maintaining (5 and nutrient $alance in the soil, through companion planting and growing some flowers to attract $eneficial insects# <here necessary improve soil structure and fertility to encourage strong, $alanced growth# Composted organic materials can help to reduce pest and disease levels in the soil, and to grow plants less prone to attack# WATERING 7egular watering can help avoid such pro$lems as Blossom *nd 7ot, a common pro$lem with Tomato and (eppers# It is due to a calcium deficiency, $ut this is caused mostly $y the roots not $eing a$le to take up the naturally occurring calcium in the soil, due to dry conditions around the roots# &(ears, !!E' GARDEN HYGIENE Control of fungal pathogens such as potato $light, clu$1root, powdery mildew, grey mould etc#, can $e maintained somewhat $y avoiding the conditions in which they thrive# 9ood garden hygiene, ensuring ade2uate ventilation around plants, avoiding over watering# The use of resistant cultivars and the sparing use of organically accepted fungicidesApesticides, &as a last resort' all help to limit damage# In the event that material is infected with a fungal pathogen such as Clu$1rot it should $e pulled out immediately, and $inned, separate from the $inned compost that would go $ack on the garden# In which case, $efore putting compost $ack on the garden as a soil $ooster, make sure that the compost is well decomposed, that all the possi$ly occurring diseases and pests have $een eaten away $y the $acteria, the nitrogen and the heat producer $y the decomposing matter# ,therwise you will $e inviting all the harmful organisms onto your garden# &i$id' USE OF COMPANION PLANTS use flowers to attract $eneficial insects, and as much as possi$le grow crops with their companion plants as listed, companion plants help fi= the right nutrients for each other and attract $eneficial insects, or give a ha$itat for harmful organisms to live in, separate from the main crops# PREFERRED SOIL PH LEVELS It is recommended that soil (5 levels are kept around C 1 D#E, and not too much over or under those levels# for most food plants a (5 of E is too acidic and a (5 of H too alkaline, going over or under the recommended levels can mean either plant foods are drained out of the soil or dissolved, raising to to=ic levels# If soils are too alkaline then nutrients can $e locked up, meaning they are unavaila$le to plants# Take measurements of (5 levels with a meter, availa$le from most garden stores, $efore planting a new main crop# &i$id'

APPROVED ORGA NIC PESTICIDES AND FU N GICIDES:

7emem$er that pesticides are always to $e used as a last resort, 0ust $ecause they are LorganicL doesnOt necessarily mean that theyOre safe# 3ome, such as organo phosphates for e#g#, are very harmful and should $e used with great care, if at all# There are many pre1made pesticides and fungicides on the market, many of these products hav?e $een pre1approved and are more likely to $e effective than the listen $elow# however do make sure that they are actually ,rganic, not 0ust LNaturalL, and make sure that they are safe, may$e do some research if needs $e, to see what the ingredients are, as such ingredients as organo1phosphates shouldnOt really $e considered LorganicL $ut the are#

SPRAY:
4erris. pesticide (yrethrum. (esticide Insecticidal soap. (esticide 7apeseed oil. pesticide

SOURCE:
from roots of derris % Longocarpus plants *=tracted from flower heads of Chrysanthemum cineraria folium fatty acids e=tracted from plant material /gricultural crop

USE AGIANST:
9reenfly, $lack fly, aphids, caterpillars, $eetles greenfly, $lack fly, aphids

NOTES:
Can harm lady$ugs % (arasitic wasps# safe for $ees Can harm $eneficial insects $ut doesnOt persist for long makes the pests slip off 7ather than harming them# Can damage some sensitive plants keep away from fuchsias $egonias, % seedlings

Bordeau= mi=ture. fungicide 3ulphur. 6ungicide Bacillus Thuringiensis.. (esticide

Compound containing copper and sulphur naturally occurring mineral produce an insect1to=ic protein

greenfly, $lack fly, aphids red spider mite scale insects, slugs green house whitefly greenfly, $lack fly, aphids, thrips, scale insects red spider mite, two spotted mite, green house whitefly potato $light powdery mildew, rose $lack spot ca$$age caterpillars potato moth diamond $ack moth

harmful to fish, livestock % worms due to copper $uild1up in soil Can harm predatory mites (rotein causes paralysis of mouthparts % gut in 5ost# Causes reactions in some people &i#e# painted apple moth aerial spraying' degrades in sunlight, usually needs repeat applications

&(ears, (B !!E'

BIOLOGICAL CO NTROL AGENTS

8ost $iological control agents are for the use in enclosed areas like glasshouses, generally heated, $ut they can also $e used in a poly tunnel1house as well, some can even $e used in normal garden soil outdoors# But $efore considering the use of a $iological control agent make sure you do your research first# Is the particular control agent going to upset the $alance of some other naturally occurring $eneficial insectsP also timing is vitally important for them to work e>ffectively, most only work sufficiently in the $reeding cycle of an insect, $ut not after, when the num$ers are largeB sometimes only working in the insects second cycle# 7emem$er $efore considering introducing a $iological control agent, take steps to improve the ha$itat for naturally occurring predatory insects such as Lady$ugs and hoverflies, /lso $y providing natural ha$itat for the LpestL insect you can also reduce the pro$lem# &(ears, (B !!E'

PEST
9lasshouse whitefly 7ed spider mite &738' Two spotted spider mite &T38' aphids 8ealy $ug

AGENT
*ncarcia formosa 1 parasitic wasp &*n16orce' (hytoseilus persimilis 1 predatory mite &8ite * mite' aphidoletes aphidimy@a predatory midge larvae Cryptolaemus montrou@iery (redatory $eetle hetororha$ditus megidis parasitic nematode metaphycus helvolus parasitic wasp (hasmarha$ditus hermaphrodita parasitic nematode /m$lyseus cucumeris predatory mite 5etororha$ditus parasitic nematode

SPECIAL REQUIREEMENTS
optimum temp ;HNC 1 E NC optimum temp ;HNC 1 E NC C!F humidity optimum temp ;NC humidity H!F optimum temp !N 1 E,N D!F humidity min soil temp ;>NC moist soil essential optimum temp !N 1 ?!N good light levels needed min soil temp ENC moist soil essential optimum temp ENC min soil temp ; NC moist soil essential apply from mid1late summer min soil temp ; NC moist soil essential

vine weevil scale insects slugs thrips gru$s

ca$$age white $utterfly larvae

/pantales glomeratus (arasitic wasp

APPENDICES
SOWI N G "PLANTI N G DIRECTIO NS FOR TOMATOES# PEPPERS $ CUCUMBERS: TOMATOES: 3ow in a covered seed tray, using organic seed raising mi=, in a nice warm sunny place &$ut not in direct sun'# 3ow C 1 H weeks $efore last frost, around Novem$er# 3ow first in the seed tray then prick out into modulesA "cm pots, pots may need potting up again $efore transplanting# (lant out when first flowers show, grow with 6rench 8arigolds to help reduce the risk of Tomato <hitefly attack# 3ide shoots are easily rooted as cuttings to provide several plants from one seed &make sure its disease free'# Cut off when ;Ecm long# Insert into Hcm pots filled with e2ual parts leaf mouldJ % sharp sand# cover with plastic $ag or $ottle, provide $ottom heat around ;E, you can purchase a small heat tray from a good garden store or make one out of an electric &well covered with waterproof material'# Cutting root in ;! 1 ;> days, plant out as appropriate# &(ears, pB !!E' PEPPERS: /s a relative of tomatoes the sowingAplanting re2uirements are much the same, e=cept when it comes to planting them up into "cm pots, do it when the roots have filled the previous si@e pot# &the ;st or nd si@e depending on the 9rowth rate'# &i$id' CUCUMBERS: 3ow in similar style to tomatoes, $ut at !N instead, until seeds germinate# 3eedlings must $e kept at a night temperature of around ;CN for outdoor cultivars, and !N for greenhouse cultivars, so keep on the propagator until ready to plant out# (lant in modules or $iodegrada$le pots to avoid distur$ing roots# 3ow seeds on their side at a depth of ;#Ecm# 3tart outdoor crops around Novem$erA4ecem$er, sow in Novem$er for an unheated poly1tunnel crop# 5arden off $efore transplanting, when planting leave the root $all slightly a$ove the surface to avoid the risk of stem rot# &i$id' #ip& =se outdoor cultivars even though they are going to be grown in a poly>tunnel, as it is unheated. 'owever covered with an e.tra layer of covering and planted out in early summer instead of late spring it should be fine.

REFERENCES
Crandal, CB Crandal, BB Q8ova$le 5arvests, the simplicity % $ounty of Container 9ardensM# Rue$ec# Chapters (u$lishing# ;""E (ears, (B p#p# ?E!B M*ncyclopedia of ,rganic 9ardeningM# London# !!E (ears, (B p#p# ?>!B M*ncyclopedia of ,rganic 9ardeningM# London# !!E (ears, (B p#p# ?E>B M*ncyclopedia of ,rganic 9ardeningM# London# !!E (ears, (B p#p# ?EDB M*ncyclopedia of ,rganic 9ardeningM# London# !!E (ears, (B p#p# ">B M*ncyclopedia of ,rganic 9ardeningM# London# !!E (ears, (B p#p# "!B M*ncyclopedia of ,rganic 9ardeningM# London# !!E

ACK N OWLEDGEMENTS
Thanks goes out to my good friend 3am 5ay, for installing the operating system on my i8ac, thus making this eBook possi$le# <hat a good guy, Cheers 8ate .' (roduced using a com$ination of /do$e (hotoshop C3C % IBM LOTUS SYMPHONY, a freeware word processor app, downloadea$le from http.AAwww1!?#i$m#comAsoftwareAlotusAsymphonyAhome#nsfAhome , a very suita$le program with lots of features, an offshoot of the ,pen ,ffice platform, $ut a lot more sta$le# /lthough IB8 $y any stretch of the imagination could not $e considered a Qnon1profitS &as we all know theyre a very rich corporation', I do have to give them credit for releasing a feature1packed cross1platform word processor that saves in different formats for free when they could have made some profit from it# 8uch /ppreciated#

STATEMENT OF ORIGI NAL AUTHORSHIP

*copied & posted from the original assignment that this has been edited from,
; ?/ 3alis$ury 3t Central City Christchurch ;>th <ednesday, !!" 4avid 3hillito 6aculty of Commerce Bo= H>, Lincoln University Canter$ury 4ear 8r 3hillito Re: MGMT 027, A e !e"# $: O%&'"() *++, -%+,.)#(+" (" /+%#().0#.%e

/s per your re2uest here is the re2uired assessment# 8odelled on a consultation report to a fictitious M+ 3mithMB re2uesting information a$out a planned rooftop vegeta$le garden in the central city# T/e C+" .0#'#(+" Re-+%# )+"#'(" #/e *+00+1("&: / $rief description of the situationB including socialAsituation, site environment, and e=pertise of the people involved &individual % associates'# (roduce re2uirementsB re2uirements for year round produce, variety, aesthetic appeal, and easy maintenance# The $rief. including planned solution to the proposal, constructionAmaterials, soil make up &% appro=# costs', and garden plan# The crops to $e grown, and yearly crop rotations for each section of garden &planned over a > year cycle' with emphasis also on companion planting# 9arden maintenance % recommended pest control methods# S#'#e!e"# +* O%(&("'0 A.#/+% /(-: I here$y state that the work contained in this assessment has not $een previously su$mitted for assessment, either in whole or in part, $y either me or any other student at either Lincoln University or at any other tertiary institution# To the $est of my knowledge and $elief, the assignment contains no material which has $een previously pu$lished or written $y another person e=cept where due reference has $een made# /ll unpu$lished sources of information have $een acknowledged# I understand that should this statement $e found to $e false, a penalty will $e imposed &$y way of marks awarded for the assignment', and disciplinary action taken under Lincoln UniversityLs policy for L4ishonest and Improper /cademic (racticeL# -ours 6aithfully 4aniel 5arvey