Cold War- The period in which there was no declared war between the USSR and the USA,

but the shadow of war and destruction loomed over the world. CauseChurchills Fulton, Miss. Speech. States that an Iron Curtain has descended on the European continent, separating Eastern Europe from the West and placing the East under the influence and control of Moscow. 1946. Poorly received because of public memory concerning Russia and being allies during WWII. Marshalls Madison Square Garden SpeechTruman- Shortly after WWII ends in 1945, Truman and his advisors conclude that aggressive Communist actions in Europe (Greek civil war, Problems in Turkey) have deemed USSR interests incompatible with American interests. This leads to the declaration of the Truman Doctrine. Truman Doctrine- Truman delivers a speech to congress in 1947, calling to mind the Mr. X article, asking the USA to adopt a foreign policy of containment towards the USSR and Communist movements. The Mr. X article gave Truman the push he required, illustrating vividly in the minds of Congress the imminent danger posed by Communist expansionism. Truman actualizes this with the economic restoration of Europe with the Marshall Plan, as well as the formation of NATO in 1949. Marshall plan- Developed by SecState Marshall, this was n economic stimulus package given to European countries devastated by WWII in order to rebuild said countries. Rejected by Stalin and his USSR, this stimulus provided 13 Billion in economic aid to Europe and was responsible for the single fastest growth period in European history from 1948-1952. NATO- A military alliance formed by the US and many European nations in 1949, this organization was created to keep Russian expansion out of Europe, and to show Stalin that if he were to expand aggressively into Europe, he would face not only the United States, but also a coalition of European nations as well. NATO was preceded by the Treaty of Brussels (1948), which was an organization of European nations united to defend Europe against Soviet encroachment, but was deemed to weak with the US, so NATO was formed. A direct result of NATO, the Warsaw Pact was signed in 1955. A Soviet mirror to NATO, the Warsaw Pact declared that if any one of its member nations (Which included all Soviet nations) were attacked, then all nations in the Pact would respond in kind. There were many conflicts begun as a result of the Truman Doctrine and difficulties between the US and USSR. Berlin Airlift- From 1948-1949, Russia had quarantined West Berlin. Russia blocked all roads and rail lines going into and out of West Berlin. West Berlin began to starve. Russia was hoping to force Western nations (US, GB, France) into allowing Russia to supply Western Berlin, thereby giving relative control of the city over to the USSR. Under a plan devised by General Curtis LeMay, American and allied forces began conducting airlift operations. What was only expected to last weeks ended up lasting months, but the US and allied nations won the day. After showing the Soviets that they could run the Berlin Airlift seemingly indefinitely, the Allies and Soviets came to the table to negotiate and a settlement was reached.

China falls in 1949- Mao Zedongs communist forces take over China indefinitely, Chiang Kai Shek and his nationalist forces flee to Taiwan. China begins to exert influence over South Eastern Asia, first intervening in the Korean War in 1950. Korean War (1950-1953)- As per the Truman Doctrine, Truman sends troops into South Korea to stop subjugation by Communist North Korean forces. Gen. MacArthurs initial plan is effective, and push North Korean forces back into North Korea, almost to the border with China, when Chinese forces, more than 100,000, join the fight and push US and SK forces back to the 38th Parallel. Eisenhower and Dulles: 1953-1960 Problems with Korea and Indochina- Geneva Conv. 1954-55 His Policies- brinkmanship and examples of using it- China and Nationalist China 1954-55. Dulles was a proponent of Brinkmanship, the idea of pushing against the Soviets until the world is on the brink of war, and consequently, force the USSR/Communist governments to backdown because of that fear of nuclear war. This is apparent during the First Taiwan Strait Crisis of 1954 in which the Peoples Republic of China began shelling and attacking nationalist forces stationed off the coast of China in Taiwan and other small islands. The US gets involved and creates an alliance with Taiwan through the Formosa Resolution of 1955 in which we pledge military support if Taiwan is attacked. In a show of Brinkmanship, Dulles declares the US would use nuclear weapons if China did not stop attacking Taiwan and its possessions. China stopped attacking Taiwan and began negotiations. PactomaniaSEATO- 1954. Created by Dulles in 1954, this treaty organization, meant to parallel NATO in Europe, was created to stem Communist expansion in Southeast Asia. Consisting of not only SE Asian nations, but also of GB and France (They have territories in SE Asia). However, this organization did not share NATOs unilateral defense initiative where one nation is attacked and the rest come to its aid and is the reason it did not get involved in the Vietnam War. It was dissolved in 1977. Suez Canal Crisis and Eisenhower DoctrineSuez Crisis- 1956. Invasion of the Sinai Peninsula by British, French, and Israeli forces in order to keep control of the canal out of Egypts hands, and so the British and French territories in North Africa and the Middle East would not be threatened by Egypt. The US was reluctant to get involved because of fears it would damage American-Arab relations. However, the conflict was begun by the US in the first place. After Egypt recognizes PRC as a legitimate government, and when Eisenhower believes the construction of the Aswan Dam project is beyond the capabilities, Eisenhower pulls all American funding for the Dam project. As a reaction to this, Egypt seizes control of the Suez Canal, whereby British, French, and Israeli forces invade the Sinai and wrest control back from Egypt. Eisenhower Doctrine- 1957. Issued as a proclamation to the world, any nation under threat (especially under threat of Soviet aggression) can enlist the aid of the United States military and/or economic aid. This proclamation was directed at Egypt and other Middle Eastern nations following the sale of arms to Egypt from the USSR. Eisenhower saw Egypt as the USSRs gateway into the middle east, and would stop at nothing to isolate Egypt from the rest of the Middle East if he could not get Egypt as an ally against the

USSR. The doctrine offered an alternative to the control of Egypt, and a gesture of support from the US to the oil-rich and all important Middle Eastern nations, but Egypt was able to play the US and USSR against one another, remaining neutral in the Cold War despite numerous arms sales from the USSR. Problems with Berlin, 1957.

Khrushchev at the UN Khrushchev appears before the UN in 1960 where he famously bangs his shoe on his desk in frustration of criticism of USSR foreign policy. U-2 incident-1960 An American U-2 spy plane, piloted by Francis Gary Powers, was flying over Russian airspace taking pictures of ICBM sites and was subsequently shot down. Initially, US officials stated it was simply a NASA research aircraft gone missing after they assumed Powers dead, while Khrushchev waited several days before publicly showing the prisoner Powers and showing the US as liars. This hindered US-USSR talks for years afterwards, and destroyed any chance of current tension at the Four Powers Peace Summit in Paris scheduled to happen shortly after the U-2 crash. JFK 61-63 Berlin Wall 1963. As a reaction to the overwhelming flood of Germans emigrating from West to East Berlin, Soviet workers construct the Berlin wall to stem this flood. Bay of Pigs 1961- Developed by the Eisenhower administration, JFK inherited this CIA operation and oversaw its execution. The operation consisted of arming and training an army of Anti-Castro Cubans, putting them on boats, and sending them to conduct an amphibious invasion of Cuba. The resulting operation was a disaster. Within a day, the entire Cuban invasion force was captured or killed. Kennedy was embarrassed, and forced to take responsibility of the failed invasion. Cuban Missile Crisis 1962- After a U-2 flyover of Cuba in October, 1962, evidence is found of Soviet Nuclear Launch capabilities in Cuba. Against the advice of the Joint Chiefs who wanted a full invasion of Cuba, JFK decided on a full naval blockade. Once the blockade is secure, a tense back and forth of Brinkmanship occurs between JFK, Cuba, and Khrushchev over a period of days, while no leader is willing to compromise. This is the closest the US and USSR have ever been to Nuclear war. An American U-2 spyplane was then shot down over Cuba, but JFK did not respond with force. Instead, as a response to this Nuclear stalemate, Khrushchev and JFK began negotiations in secret to disarm the situation. The final settlement was the removal of the naval blockade, respect of Cuban sovereignty, and the removal of missiles in Southern Italy and Turkey, while the USSR would dismantle and remove their missiles from Cuba. JFK truly appeared to have come off as a victor, negotiating peace with the USSR and standing up to their Nuclear might. Vietnam Kennedy supported the use of military advisors and Special Forces soldiers, but always avoided deployment of ground troops. In keeping with American containment policy, it was important that South Vietnam remain democratic against the Communist North. This

was done by utilizing Special Forces soldiers as advisors and teachers for the South Vietnamese Army, making them a force able to stand against the North without need for US Military intervention. In pursuing this policy, JFK increased the number of American advisors in Vietnam from 800 during Eisenhower to 16000 by the time of his assassination. JFK also executed the coup de etat of South Vietnamese President Diem for more anti-Communist individuals. LBJ- 1963-1968 LBJ furthered the policy of containment moreso than JFK by actually putting ground troops in country and waging a war. This was made possible by the Gulf of Tonkin incident (August 1964) in which an American ship and several aircraft fought a small skirmish with several NV ships. Congress granted LBJ the Gulf of Tonkin resolution, which allowed him to commit US troops to defend a nation beset by Communist belligerents. LBJ saw a drastic escalation of the war by sending in hundreds of thousands of ground troops to conduct offensive operations in SV. By the end of his presidency, there were more than 500,000 ground troops in Vietnam. Nixon 68-72