Guidelines I Harvard Referencing Convention

Harvard Referencing Convention

Table of contents
1. In-text documentation 1.1 One work by a single author 1.2 One work by two or more authors 1.3 Works from unknown authors 1.4 Specific parts of source 1.5 Personal communications 1.6 References in parenthetical material 1.7 Citation of a work discussed in secondary source 1.8 Citation and grammar / spelling errors 2. Bibliography 2.1 Books (monographs) 2.2 Articles from periodicals / journals 2.3 Doctoral dissertation or symposia 2.4 Popular magazines and newspapers 2.5 Electronic sources 2.6 Other sources 1. In-text documentation 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 7

Citation in the text of a document refers the reader to an alphabetical reference list at the end of article or document. The longer Harvard format uses the (author date: page) method of citation, while the shorter Harvard method drops the page number. Of the dissertation the longer method is recommended. The surname of the author and the date of publication are inserted at the appropriate point in the next text. 1.1 One work by a single author If the name of the author appears in the text, cite only the year and page number of publication in the text. Do not include suffixes such as Jr., or Ed., e.g.
Bulmers (1982: 23) discussion of covert research.

If the name of the author does not appear in the text itself, add it in brackets with the year/page of publications, e.g.
covert research is acceptable under certain strict conditions (Bulmer 1982: 23).

Within a paragraph you need not repeat the references to an authors work as long as they cannot be confused with other work cited in the article.

International Action Learning MBA

Guidelines I Harvard Referencing Convention

1.2 One work by two or more authors When a work has two authors, always use the surnames of both authors in all citations. Join the two names by an ampersand (&) within parentheses, or by and within the text, e.g.:
presented a comprehensive overview of statistics (Bradburn & Sudman 1988: 12). Bradburn and Sudman (1988: 23) present a comprehensive overview of.

When a work has 3-6 authors, use the surnames of all the authors in the first citation. In subsequent citations, include only the surname of the first author followed by et al e.g.
value of empowerment evaluation (Fetterman, Kaftarian & Wander 1996: 123)

When a work has more than six authors, use only the surname of the first author followed by et al, e.g.
on a test with exclusively open-ended questions (Pollit et al. 1985: 23).

1.3 Works from unknown authors In this case cite the first two or three words of the reference list entry followed by the year. The first entry is usually the title. Italicise or underline the title of a periodical or book and use double quotation marks around the title of an article or chapter, e.g.
.in the book Language Use (1992: 45). .on language use (World languages 1992: 45)
Table 1. Overview Abbreviations

App. Chap. Ed. Rev. ed. 2

nd rd

Appendix Chapter Edition Revised edition Second edition Third edition Editor (Editors) Translators Page (pages) Volume (as in Vol.4) Volumes (as in volumes) Number Supplement

ed.

3 ed. Ed. (Eds) Trans. p. (pp.) Vol. vols No. Suppl.

1.4 Specific parts of source To cite a specific part of a source, include the page, chapter, figure, table or equation in the citation. The words page and chapter are abbreviated in such citations (see table 1; Overview Abbreviations), e.g.:
.and rewriting what is read (Finch, 1986, p.11)

International Action Learning MBA

Guidelines I Harvard Referencing Convention

The Harvard method of citing part of a source allows you to drop the word page and use a colon instead e.g.
and rewriting what is read (Finch 1986: 11)

1.5 Personal communications Letters, memos, telephones conversations, handouts, etc. are not included in the bibliography, and are cited in the text only. Include the initials as well as the surname of the author and provide as exact a date as possible, e.g.
W.U. Borst (personal communication, April 7, 1997) said that these are not included in the reference list.
Or

these are not included in the reference list. (W.U.Borst, personal communication, April 7, 1997)

1.6 References in parenthetical material If a reference appears within parentheses, use commas (not brackets) to set off the date, e.g.
the second level (see Figure 1 of Thiessen, 1999: 234, for a full explanation).

1.7 Citation of a work discussed in secondary source The term primary source refers to the text (article, book, etc.) that you have read yourself and cited in your assignment. In some cases you may need to refer to a citation appearing in the text. This is called the secondary source. You should always try to consult the original source. However, if you cannot, you cite the secondary source in the text and refer to the sources you have actually read. In the reference section, include only the source that you actually consulted. For example, suppose you read a paper by Borst (1997: 13), and in that paper he refers to a paper by Weisenmiller (1996: 89). If you did not actually read Weisenmiller (1996: 89) yourself, then in the text you state:
Weisenmiller (as cited in Borst, 1997: 13) recommends working in the computer industry

In the reference section, you would include a reference for Borst (1997), but not for Weisenmiller (1996). When an author is designated as anonymous, cite in the text the word anonymous followed by a comma and the date, e.g.
Mentoring programmes can be enhanced immeasurably (Anonymous, 1997).

In the reference list, an anonymous work is alphabetised under the word anonymous 1.8 Citation and grammar / spelling errors If any incorrect, grammar or punctuation in the source occur, insert the word sic, in brackets immediately after the error in the quotation, e.g.:
Mentoring programmes can be enhanced imeasurably [sic] (Anonymous, 1997).

International Action Learning MBA

Guidelines I Harvard Referencing Convention

2. Bibliography

The bibliography is a list of sources that you have used in your research paper or thesis. These sources specifically support your work and provide the information needed to identify and locate each source. The reference list appears at the end of the document, must be in alphabetical order by the authors surnames and is printed in double spacing. 2.1 Books (monographs) These should include book authors or editors, date of publication, book title (Italicised. Only the first word of the title, subtitle and proper nouns should be capitalised) and publication information (place and publisher).
a. Book by a single author

Example:
Mouton, J. (1996). Understanding social research. Pretoria: J.L.van Schaik. (The shorter Harvard method drops the brackets around the year.)
b. Book by two or more authors

Example:
Berdie, D.R. and Anderson, J.F. (1974). Questionnaires: Design and use. Metuchen: The Scarecrow press.

An even shorter and trimmed down style is as follows:

Berdie, D.R & Anderson, J.F. 1974. Questionnaires: Design and use. Metuchen: Scarecrow.

For more than three authors, you may name only the first, followed by et al., or you may give the names of all the authors in the order in which they are listed on the title page.
c. Book: no author or editor

Example:
Merriam-Webster collegiate dictionary (10th ed.). (1993). Springfield, MA: MerriamWebster.

(MA is the official postal abbreviation for Massachusetts.)

d. A multi-volume work

Example:
Churchill, Winston S. (1956-58). A history of the English-speaking peoples. 4 vols. New York: Dodd
e. Edited book

Example:
Bulmer, M. & Warwick, D.P (Eds). (1993). Social research in developing countries: Surveys and census in the Third world. London: UCL Press.

International Action Learning MBA

Guidelines I Harvard Referencing Convention

f. Article or chapter in an edited book

These should include author of the article, date of publication, article title, book editor(s), book title and article page numbers, and publications information. For a chapter in a book, include the word In before the book title. Example:
Orne, M.Y (1969). Demand characteristics and the concept of quasi-controls. In: R. Rosenthal & R.L Rosnow (Eds), Essentials of behavioural research: Methods and data analysis (pp. 143-179). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.

2.2 Articles from periodicals / journals These should include article author(s), date of publication, article title (only the first word of the title, subtitle and proper nouns should be capitalised), name of the journal (italicised), volume, number and pages.
a. Article: one author

Example:
Mouton, J. (1985). Contemporary philosophies of science and the qualitative paradigm in the social sciences. South African Journal of Sociology, Vol. 16 No. 3, 1985, pp. 8189.

The slightly trimmed version drops the abbreviations and year of publication from the journal details:
Mouton, J. (1985). Contemporary philosophies of science and the qualitative paradigm in the social sciences. South African Journal of Sociology, 16(3): 81-89.
b. Article: two authors, paginated by issue

Example:
Klimoski, R & Palmer, S. (1993). The ADA and the hiring process in organisations. Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice and Research, 45(2): 10-36.
c. Article: Three to five authors

Maas, G.J.P., De Coning, T.J.& Smit, E.v.d.M. (1999). Identifying indicators that can play a meaningful role in promoting creativity in SMEs: A South African study. South African Journal of Business Management, 30(2): 39-47.

2.3 Doctoral dissertation or symposia

a. Dissertation

Example:
Esterhuizen, L. (1999). Methods and Madness. Unpublished masters thesis. Buren: Business School Nederland.
b. Unpublished manuscripts and publications of limited circulation

Example:
Parry (1982). Popular attitudes towards Hindu religious texts. Unpublished manuscript.

International Action Learning MBA

Guidelines I Harvard Referencing Convention

c. proceedings meetings and symposia-published proceedings

Example:
Deci, E.L & Ryan, R.M (9191). A motivational approach to self: Integration in personality. In R.Dienstbier (Ed.), Nebraska Symposium on Motivation: Vol. 38. Persepectives on motivation (pp. 237-288). Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.

2.4 Popular magazines and newspapers

a. Newspaper article, no author

Alphabetise works with no author by the first significant word in the title. In text, use a short title for the parenthetical citation (e.g. New Drug, 1993). Precede page numbers for newspaper articles with p. or pp., e.g.
New drug appears to sharply cut risk of death from heart failure. (1993, July 15). The Washington Post, p. A12.
b. Article from a weekly magazine

For magazines published daily, weekly, bi-weekly or monthly, omit the volume and issue numbers, even if these are given in the magazine. For monthly magazines, give the month and year; give day and year for magazines published more frequently. If the article you are citing is not printed on consecutive pages, give only the first page number and a plus sign, e.g. 45+. Example:
Bazell, R. (1993). Science and society: Growth Industry. New Republic, 15 Mar. 1993: 13-14.
c. Article from a daily newspaper

Example:
Manegold, Catherine S. (1994). Becoming a land of the Smoke-Free, Ban by Ban. New York Times, 22 Mar. 1994, late ed.: A1+.
d. An editorial

Example:
Zuckerman, Mortimer B. (1993). Welcome to Communicopia. Editorial. US News and world Report, 1 Nov. 1993: 116.
e. A review

Example:
Rea, P.M (1984). [Review of the book Issue in Language Testing by Charles Alderson and Arthur Hughes, Eds]. Language Learning, 34 (3): 175-188.

2.5 Electronic sources If the print and electronic form of the material are the same (like is the case with articles form the EBSCO database), a reference for the print form is currently preferred. If they are not the same, for the electronic version include the article author(s), the date of publications, the article (only the first word of title, subtitle and any proper nouns should be capitalised), and the periodical title (under-lined or italicised), type of media, availability (specify path).
International Action Learning MBA 6

Guidelines I Harvard Referencing Convention

a. CD-ROM resources

Example:
Santayana, G. (1956). The poetry of barbarism: Essay in literary criticism of George Santayana, pp. 149-178. ([Discovering Authors CD-ROM 1996] Detroit, MI: Gale Research [Producer and Distributor].)
b. SIRS Researcher (Social Issues Resources Series)

Example:
Marshall, J.M. (1998), January/February). Will free speech get tangled in the Net? American Prospect, pp. 46-50. ([SIRS Researcher CD-ROM Winter1998] Boca Raton, FL: SIRS, Inc[ Producer and Distributor].)
c. Online databases

Example:
The educational directory [Online]. (9K92). Available knowledge Index File: The Educational Directory (EDUC6).
d. Articles on a World Wide Web page

When citing material from an online source, if it something that originally appeared in print, cite it as you would cite the print source. If it has no print analogue, give as much of the following information as is available: author, title of the material (in quotation marks), date of the material, and database (underlined). Then give the date that you accessed it and the website address (URL). Example I:
Sleek, S. (1995, July). Poor attitudes toward money start early. APA Monitor, pp. 1, 33 [Newspaper, selected stories online]. Retrieved January 25, 1998: http://www.apa.org/monitor/peacea.html

Example II:
Schistosomiasis in US Peace Corps Volunteers. - Malawi, 1992 MMWR: Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 30 Jul. 1993: 565-570. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 26 Jan. 1996. http://www.cdc.gov/epo/mmwr/mmwr.html.
e. Information from CD-ROM

Example:
United States. Dept. of State (1992). Industrial outlook for petroleum and natural gas. National Trade Data Bank. CD-ROM. US Dept. of Commerce.

2.6 Other sources

a. Entry in an encyclopedia or dictionary

If an entry has no by-line, begin the reference with the entry title and publication date, e.g.
Bergmann, P.G (1993). Relativity. In The New Encyclopaedia Britannica. (Vol.26, pp. 501-508). Chicago. Encyclopaedia Britannica.

International Action Learning MBA

Guidelines I Harvard Referencing Convention

b. Fieldwork sources (personal interviews)

Example:
Ravat, Enver. (2000). [Interview with Thabo Mbeki]. Pretoria. 5 Apr. 2000.
d. A film

In citing a film, give the title, the director, the distributor and the year. You should also include in your citation any other credits (e.g. screenwriter, producer and performers) that are relevant to your discussion of the film, e.g.
A Room With View. By E.M.Forster.Adapt. Ruth Prawer Jhabvala. Dir. James Ivory. Prod. Ismail Mercahnt. Perf. Maggie Smith, Denholm Elliot, Helena Bonham Carter, and Daniel Day-Lewis. Cinecom Intl. Films, 1985.

If your discussion focuses on a particular persons contribution to the film, begin the citation with that persons rather than with the film title, e.g.
Jhavala, Ruth Prawer, adapt. A Room With a View. By E.M.Forster. Dir. James Ivory Cinecom Intl. Films, 1985.
e. A DVD / video cassette

Example:
Rashomon. Dir.Akira Kurosawa.1950. Video cassette. Embassy, 1986.
f. Unpublished paper presented at a meeting

Example:
Mouton, J. (1998). Between adversaries and allies: The notion of strategic science in post-apertheid South Africa. Paper presented at a seminar on Science and Society in South Africa, University of Sussex, UK.

International Action Learning MBA