GLOBAL HISTORY COURSE OUTLINE

EARLY CIVILIZATIONS (10,000 B. C.-500B.C.): Mesopotamia (Babylon, Assyria, Sumer) Egypt Hebrews China (Shang, Zhou, Qin dynasties) India (Mauryan, Gupta Empire) CLASSICAL CIVILIZATIONS (1000 B.C.-500 A.D.): Greeks Romans China (Han Dynasty) Persia MIDDLE AGES (500-1300 A.D.): Byzantine Empire Japanese & European Feudalism Maya Aztec Inca Africa (Ghana, Mali, Songhai, Zimbabwe) RENAISSANCE (1300-1600 A. D.): Protestant Reformation Age of Discovery Commercial Revolution Scientific Revolution Age of Absolutism Enlightenment NATIONALISM & IMPERIALISM (1700-1900 A. D.): French Revolution Industrial Revolution Nationalism Imperialism THE WORLD AT WAR (1900-1945) World War I & II THE COLD WAR AND THE FALL OF COMMUNISM (1945-Present) United States vs. Soviet Union

WORLD HISTORY & GEOGRAPHY NOTES The Neolithic Revolution (New Stone Age)
Results: 1. 2. 3. 4. People became settled-farmers instead of nomads People settled in permanent homes and villages Surplus of food Domestication of farm animals 5. barter economy-the exchange of goods and services without money 6. Classes formed-specialization of labor a. leaders/emperors/kings/generals b. priests, holy men-guidance c. warriors/soldiers-protection d. merchants-trade and commerce e. peasants, slaves-work, farming

Berlin Wall Falls, Communist Soviet Union becomes democracy

The Rise of River Valley Civilizations

Why River Valleys? 1. Soil surrounding rivers were fertile/arable-good for farming 2. Provided a good source of fresh water 3. Transportation, trade 4. Irrigate crops 5. Mild climate

Common Characteristics of Early Civilizations

1. Formation of a central government with an organized set of laws 2. Use of written and spoken languages for communication-Cuneiform, Hieroglyphics 3. Specialization of labor-classes are formed 4. A culture supported by a large population over a long period of time 5. The development of religious beliefsanimism, polytheism, monotheism 6. Formation of villages, towns, and city-states

Mesopotamia (Fertile Crescent), Sumer, Babylon, and Assyria -means land between two riversTigris and Euphrates Rivers
-Although the climate was hot and dry-the rivers provided a means for farming. *Sumer, Babylon, and Assyria are all Mesopotamian city-states and often people from these city-states are grouped together and called Mesopotamians.

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CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE MESOPOTAMIANS: Sumer (c. 3500 c. 2000 BC) (c. stands for circa or around!)
Cuneiform-wedge shaped writing in clay tablets 2. Development and use of the wheel 3. Building ziggurats-great religious temples
1.

Babylon (c. 2000- c.900 BC)

(Chaldeans and Medes rebuilt Babylonian empire c. 612 BC) 1. Hammurabis code-first established organized, codified -written laws displayed throughout Babylon, harsh laws but promoted the ideal of justice. 2. The Babylonians believed in the study of astrology-that the movements of the stars and planets have a direct effect on human life.

The Assyrians (c. 1350 c. 612 BC)

1. Perfected the use of iron 2. Divided their empire into provinces 3. Established first library

The Phoenicians (c. 1200-c. 300BC)

1. They invented the alphabet that contained letters that represented sounds of human voices. 2. Skilled ship builders and sailors

Hebrews (founded c. 2000 BC)-Jewish people

1. 2. 3. 4.
5.

First major monotheistic religion-believed in a single all powerful God People of the Book-Torah (Jewish Bible)-Old Testament High moral behavior based on 10 commandments Descendants of Abraham and Noah Covenant with God

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EGYPT-Gift of the Nile
-one of the earliest civilizations lasting predominately from c. 3200 BC-500 BC -developed and flourished along the Nile River-the longest river in the world(4,000 miles) flowing south to north into the Nile Delta and the Mediterranean Sea

Why was the Nile important to the development of the Egyptian empire?
1. The Nile River flooded every year and left a rich layer of soil that was good for growing crops 2. With the fresh water and the fertile soil provided by the Nile, Egypt grew large amounts of food, thus Egypt could grow and expand 3. A centralized government was more effective due in part to the ease of communication by the way of the Nile 4. The Nile made trade and transportation easier

Religious beliefs
-polytheistic -believed that a persons body should be preserved after death in preparation for an afterlife (built great pyramids as tombs for the pharaohs)

Important Pharaohs in Egypt

Pharaohs were kings and a few queens who ruled Egypt as gods -Ramses II-built the famous temple Abu Simbel in southern Egypt amongst other famous Egyptian structures, was said to have enslaved the Hebrew people -Akhenaten- pharaoh who worshipped one god (the sun god-Aten), after his death, Egyptians restored the faith in many gods -King Tutankhamen (Tut)- king when he was only 9 years old, his tomb found in 1922 was a great discovery since it was basically untouched, gave an insight to Pharaoh and Egyptian life -Cleopatra-last great Egyptian pharaoh, who actually was part Greek and Egyptian, intelligent and ambitious, she tried to make Egypt great again. Eventually killed herself after defeated by roman navy

Accomplishments of the Egyptians:

Hieroglyphics-one of the earliest forms of writing based on picture symbols 2. They made paper known as papyrus from reed plants around the Nile 3. They were great engineers and architects building great pyramids, obelisks, palaces, temples, and statues Great Sphinx, Abu Simbel, etc. 4. They used geometric principles to build pyramids, obelisks, and other temples. 5. They developed a 365 day calendar.
1.

6.

They invented a shadoof, a crane like device for lifting water from the Nile and other tributaries.

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN MESOPOTAMIA & EGYPT

Mesopotamian Civilization

Egyptian Civilization

Did not have protection from natural boundaries Made up of city-states No strong central government Floods of the Tigris and Euphrates were violent and unpredictable Affected greatly by *cultural diffusion and *cultural assimilation Constant migrations from Europe and East Asia

Protected by the Mediterranean Sea in the North and the Sahara desert in the south Large unified kingdom Strong central government Nile provided more constant farming possibilities Kept Egyptian identity, less integrated from other cultures Fairly stable migrations from north and south

SIMILARITIES
Both developed along river valleys Both developed early forms of writing-cuneiform and hieroglyphics People specialized in other activities besides farming, classes formed, specialization of labor

*Cultural diffusion-when a custom or item of a culture moves from one part of the world to another

*Cultural assimilation-when customs or people are taken in or become part of another culture.

OTHER RIVER VALLEYCIVILIZATIONS

The Indus River Valley-India (2500 B. C. 1500 B. C.)
-As in Egypt and Mesopotamia, when the Indus River flooded, it deposited rich soil along its banks.

-Food surpluses allowed people to build large cities like Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro. Significance of Indus River Valley civilizations: 1. The people were farmers who grew wheat and raised livestock 2. They used metal tools and weapons 3. They had a written language 4. The cities were large and well planned -By 1500 B. C. these civilizations had disappeared due to invaders or natural disasters. This area of the world is susceptible to many invasions from the West.

The Huang He China (2000 B. C. 1500 B. C.

-Chinas first civilization emerged along the Huang He (Yellow River), sometimes called the river of sorrows because of disastrous flooding of villages and communities. [Unlike the Nile, the Huang He, Tigris, Euphrates, and Indus rivers were more unpredictable and susceptible to disastrous flooding in the surrounding areas]

-Around 1500 B. C., some people from the Huang He migrated southward to the Yangtze River where they learned to grow rice and irrigate the land -Rice cultivation, farming of soybeans, raising of pigs, chickens, and dogs were also introduced -Around 1760 B. C. a ruling family known as the Shang took control of the region -Ruling families that last generations are called dynasties.

Significance of the Shang dynasty:

1. Built the first known Chinese cities 2. They became skilled in making bronze 3. Chinese writing based on pictographs was developed. Each character represented a different word 4. Developed the ability to make silk from a silkworms cocoon.

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THE CLASSICAL CIVILIZATIONS:
Persian Empire India (Mauryan and Gupta Empires), China (Zhou, Qin, and Han Dynasties) The Greeks The Romans
-The Persian empire was located primarily in the Middle East along the Iranian plateau between the Caspian Sea and the Persian Gulf -It eventually grew to expand from the Nile River to the Indus River -The Persian ruler Darius unified the empire: 1. He built many public roads 2. Introduced uniform weights and measures 3. *Divided the empire into provinces, which made the empire more manageable as well as promoting trade. 4. Defeated by the Greeks at the Battle of Marathon -Darius son Xerxes led a Persian army against the Greeks. More successful than Darius but in the end defeated at Salamis -Darius III will fight Alexander the Great unsuccessfully at Issus and Gaugamela

THE PERSIAN EMPIRE (2000 B. C.- 100 B. C.):

RELIGIONZoroastrianism-The religion taught that there was a constant battle between two forces GOOD & EVIL. All those who were on the bad side would go to HEAVEN and all those who were on the bad side would go to HELL.

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INDIA:IMPACT OF GEOGRAPHY -India lies on a subcontinent-a large area of land separated from the rest of the continent by a natural barrier -The natural barrier that separates India from the rest of Asia are the Himalayan mountains in the North and East of India.

-The Himalayan mountain range is the highest mountain range in the world. Mt. Everest is located here-the highest mountain in the world (29,000 feet above sea level) POSITIVE impact of the Himalayas on India: 1. Acts as a natural barrier or defense to help keep enemies out 2. Contains limited natural resources-iron ore, coal, maganese. etc. 3. Fresh water supply-source of the Ganges River

NEGATIVE impact of the Himalayas: 1. Has acted as a barrier to TRADE and contact with other peoples to the north and northeast of the region. NOTE: The exception is the Khyber Pass between the Hindu Kush Mountains that has allowed trade, invasions, and cultural diffusion from the west and a little from the east. THREE GREAT RIVERS DOMINATE INDIA: 1. Indus River 2. Ganges River 3. Brahmaputra River *Early civilizations developed around the Indus river. The Ganges is a very sacred river for many Hindus.

The Maurya Empire (300 B. C. 184 B. C.)

-First empire to unite most of India under one central government -it centered and developed along the Ganges river Famous leader Asoka in the beginning, he promoted warfare and wanted to conquer other lands. Then he became a Buddhist and began to practice more peaceful ways Asoka accomplished the following: 1. Promoted Buddhism in India and beyond; sending missionaries 2. Tolerated other religions including Hinduism 3. Indian culture flourished

The Gupta Empire (320 AD-550 AD)

-Golden Age of India-time of great cultural and scientific achievements Accomplishments of the Gupta Empire: 1. Medical doctors set broken bones, surgery was performed 2. Textiles like cashmere and calico were created 3. Literature, art, and sculpture flourished

Early Religions of India

HINDUISM

worlds oldest religion. No one person founded Hinduism. There is no one sacred book like the Bible. Their holy books are collected in the Vedas. Polytheistic religion-many gods.
1.

Deities (gods)- Brahma-the creator Vishnu-the preserver of life Shiva-the destroyer and re creator Reincarnation-the rebirth of the soul in another body after death. continuos cycle of life, body dies but soul doesnt Karma-a persons thoughts and actions affect his/her fate in the future Dharma-rules or obligations of a person born in a caste Hinduism and Society-Both a religion and a social system (caste system) The caste system is a system of social stratification or ranking of people by occupation.
NEGATIVE EFFECT-little or no social mobility

2.

3. 4. 5.

POSITIVE EFFECT-provided social order

OCCUPATIONAL GROUPINGS CASTE SYSTEM

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BUDDHISMFounded in nearby India, by Prince Siddartha Gauntama (563-487 B.C.), who rejected wealth and searched for the meaning of human suffering. GREW OUT OF HINDUISM-RESPONSE TO IT! -Believe in Karma and reincarnation, but one can escape the cycle of death and rebirth through Buddhist practices. -Rejected the Hindu caste system -Founded a Middle Way to achieve peace and harmony to a perfect state of mind called nirvana. -Rejected indulgence in sensual pleasures, and indulgence in extreme hardship-choose the Middle Way! -Most Buddhists do not believe in a supreme being like a God -Nature worship and respect FOUR NOBLE TRUTHS 1. All life is suffering 2. Suffering is caused by selfish desire and indulgence 3. Desire can be eliminated 4. There is a path, or way, to end desire- follow the Eight Fold Path NOBLE EIGHTFOLD PATH 1. Right viewpoint 2. Right values 3. Right speech 4. Right action 5. Right livelihood 6. Right effort 7. Right Mindfulness 8. Right meditation *Cultural Diffusion- Buddhism spread from India to China, Korea, Japan, and the rest of Southeast Asia. Only a small percentage of East Indians today are Buddhists.

CHINA
CHINAS GEOGRAPHY: *Most of China is mountains or deserts *Only the river valleys of China have rich soil and good climate that people need for farming. (Huang He, Yangtze, and Xi Rivers) *Natural barriers against invasions, hinders trade 1. Himalayan mountains in the southwest 2. Gobi Desert in the north and west 3. Dry treeless plains MAJOR CHINESE PHILOSOPHIES/RELIGIONS

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LEGALISM:
Started around the Zhou Dynasty, practiced ruthlessly by Chin Dynasty -Revolved around the idea that passing strict laws governing everyone was the best way to maintain an orderly society

CONFUCIANISM:
-Founded by Confucius 551 BC-479 BC -More of a philosophy than a religion,-Emphasized strict moral conduct -Education should be the road for advancement in society-civil service exams to get the best people in government -Filial Piety-this meant that children and young people must honor and love their parents and all older family members -Rulers and government are like parents who should be obeyed. The children are the citizens -Everyone has a role in society and must carry out their obligations -Do to other people as you would like them to do to you RELATIONSHIPS! -The only equal relationship is friendship -Older people were superior to younger -men were superior to women -parents superior to children -elder brother was superior to younger brother -ruler superior to the subjects or people he ruled

TAOISM (pronounced as DAOISM):

-Founded by Lao Tzu (604 BC?-nobody can verify his existence) -Emphasizes a need to be close to nature, accept nature, dont resist it -Duality always exists GoodEvil, Yin (Female)Yang(Male), must develop balance -Simplicity and respect for living things, acceptance and yielding

BUDDHISM: -Started in India but flourished in China, Japan, Korea, and Southeast Asia
-Nirvana, Karma, Reincarnation, Enlightened One, Four Noble Truths, Eightfold Path, The Middle Way

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Dynasties rule China: Dynasties-a succession of rulers from the same family. The Chinese dynasties ruled by the Mandate of Heaven. This meant the rulers power depended on heavens, the gods, and ancestors continued favor of his personal behavior. People must obey emperor because the heavens say so, BUT if ruler is unjust, ruler will LOSE Mandate of Heaven. Other rival families will takeover to rule China. [NOT THE COMMON PEOPLE!] Dynasty Shang Zhou Dates
1500 BC-1027BC 1027 BC-256 BC

Achievements
Development of Chinese writing, calendar, ivory and jade, bronze vases Growth of ideas: Confucius, Mandate of Heaven, Taoism (Daoism), Legalism Shi Huang Di-ruthless emperor-burned many books did not want people to know about past, building of Great Wall of China, common standard of law, weights, and measure. China named after Qin. Civil service exams, trade on the Silk Road, Buddhism becomes influential, trade increased FIRST GOLDEN AGE OF CHINA Development of the Grand Canal- connecting the Yangtze (Chang Jiang) River to the Huang He River SECOND Golden Age of China, first printed book, golden age of poetry; short stories, development of porcelain, Buddhism flourishes Magnetic Compass, paper money, large ships. Weak military-suffered from invasions from the Mongols.

Qin (Chin) 221 BC-207 BC

Han Sui Tang Song

202 BC-220 AD

581 AD-618 AD

618 AD-907 AD

960AD-1279AD

THE GREEKS
through elected officials (republic). aristocracy-rule by a small group of nobles or upper-class people. monarchy-when a single person rules like a king or queen oligarchy-rule by a few people tyrants-rulers who exercise absolute power in an oppressive or brutal manner. philosophers-scholars who analyze the process of reason-love of wisdom. Socratic method-teaching by asking questions Hellenistic Period- the time after the Golden Age of Greece that describes the spreading of Greek culture to other parts of the world. *Alexander the Great spread Greek culture through conquering other empires and lands.

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IMPORTANT VOCABULARY 1. democracy-a form of government in which the people rule themselves either directly or 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

*UNLIKE

other river valley civilizations like Sumer or Babylon, Greek civilization started by migrations and trading ventures!

GEOGRAPHY
-Greece was not a single united country -It is made up of many of small islands and peninsulas -The land is rugged they traded and prospered over the Mediterranean Sea. -The early Greeks grouped themselves in city-states. -The city-states all spoke a common language. -The city-states had sufficient farming land but were small and often had to depend on one another to survive -The Greeks were excellent sailors who traveled to distant lands -The Greeks were less likely to be invaded-high mountains in the north and the Mediterranean Sea in all other directions.

1.

Practical developments:
a) colonizationincreased wealth of city-state b) Use of Phoenician Alphabet Improved upon by Greeks

c) Literature, poems, plays, tragedies, comedies Homer (poet) Illiad and Odyssey SophoclesAntigone AristophanesThe Birds, The Clouds, The Wasps, Peace Eurpides Electra Aeschylusfounder of Greek tragedy- wrote over 80 tragedies

d)

City-States-THE POLIS 1) ATHENS-largest of Greek City-states

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Long distance trade=wealth Gov't : began as monarchy Aristocracy 621 BC-Draco harsh judge 594 BC- Solon aristocrat who reorganized society, gave people more rights 508 BC- Cleisthenes worlds 1st organized Democracy Citizens enjoyed freedom of speech and equality before the law Limited democracy-women, slaves & foreigners STILL left out, could not vote 460-429 BC: "Golden Age of Pericles" We cultivate the mind, without loss of manliness Architecture: Parthenon (temple for Greek goddess Athena)-built with columns- showed balance and order within society) Arts: pottery, vases- reflected everyday life Drama: tragedies and comedies

Intellectual developments:
ATHENS: Math: Pythagoras- measurements of right triangle Euclid- Geometry Science: physics and medicine Hippocrates- "Father of Medicine", promise to treat their patients well-Hippocratic Oath Archimedes-mathematician, astronomer, inventor-pulley for lifting objects, Archimedes screw for pumping water Philosophy: Thinkers Socrates- (470-399 BCE) Answer- Question technique (Socratic Method) to get people to come to absolute truth. Ignorance is the only Evil! Sentenced to death for not believing in the gods and corrupting the young Plato- (427-347 BC) student of Socrates- set up the Academy (school) - Hated Athenian Democracy for killing Socrates - Wrote The Republic , aristocracy ruled by highly intelligent was best gov't. A philosopher king would be the best ruler!

Aristotle- (384-322 BC) Plato's student - Founded the Lyceum-school - Wrote about logic, classified many forms of life through observation - More down to earth than Plato, loved the natural world - Tutored Alexander the Great

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2) SPARTA
military state Gov't: oligarchy- 2 kings elected every 9 yrs. Council of Elders- 28 men over 60 yrs. Of age Assembley- Spartan men over 30 yrs. -ALL advised the king Ephors (5)=watched the king, controlled education, monitored citizens

Military Life: For all Spartans 7 years old placed in military camp 12 years old trained for combat and survival 20 years old could marry 60 years left military Spartan Society: Athletes Little trade, little cultural advancement Spartan Women: Athletes- needed to be strong to produce strong sons - trained in gymnastics, boxing and wrestling could own business little bit more equal status than Athenian women

ATHENS
1. DEMOCRACY

VS.

SPARTA
1. RULED BY OLIGARCHY 2. EMPHASIS ON THE BODYPHYSICAL STRENGTH 3. WOMEN TREATED BETTER

2. EMPHASIS ON THE MIND 3. WOMEN TREATED AS UNEQUAL

4. ECONOMY-TRADERS AND 4. ECONOMY-MAINLY AGRICULTURAL AGRICULTURAL 5. ENCOURAGED CREATIVITY 5. EMPHASIZED SOCIAL CONTROL AND DISCIPLINE

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CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE GREEKS_______________________

1.

They developed the worlds first democracy.(direct, but limited) They created magnificent buildings and beautiful sculptures. Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian style columns. The Parthenon in honor of the Goddess Athena was one of the greatest structures ever built. They developed the art of philosophy to search for wisdom and truth. Three of the worlds greatest philosophers were SocratesPlatoAristotle. They created outstanding literature and poetry. Two great poems the Iliad and the Odyssey as told by Homer are still around today. They were the first people to take a scientific approach to medicine and science by observing and experimenting and theorizing. Hippocrates, Archimedes, Euclid, and Pythagoras were some of the great early scientists and mathematicians.

2.

3.

4.

5.

ALEXANDER THE GREAT Hellenistic Civilization of Greece/ Alexander's Empire:

a) 334 BCE- Alexander (of Macedonia) the Great at 22 years- conquered

Persia and Darius III, Egypt & Indus River Valley LARGEST EMPIRE IN THE ANCIENT WORLD
b) Alexandria in Egypt Most important city of his Empire

major center of learning and trade Encouraged Innermarriages of Persians, Egyptians, Syrians and others

17 mix of all these people became the HELLENISTIC CIVILIZATION Cultural Diffusion with EAST and WEST Science (270 BCE) Aristarchus- astronomer (earth revolves around sun)

c) Impact -Spread Greek culture throughout his empire -Greek classical ideas spread through expansion and absorption by the Roman Empire

ANCIENT ROME
GEOGRAPHY: Peninsula Less rugged mountains than Greece Fertile farm land Developed around the Tiber River) Irregular coastline-(good natural harbors) Grew wheat, fruits, and olive trees Kept oxen, goats, sheep, pigs, and chicken FOUNDING OF ROME: Legendary story (folklore-mythical): Rome was founded by twin brothers Romulus and Remus-descendants from the Trojans. Their wicked uncle who wanted to kill them set them afloat on the river Tiber in a basket. They were founded by a she-wolf thinking they were her lost cubs. Soon after, a shepherd killed the she-wolf, went searching for the dead wolfs cubs and surprisingly found Romulus and Remus. The shepherd brought them up as his own sons. The boys grew up into brave young men and searched for a city to rule. They both wanted to rule. They were unable to compromise they decided to let the gods decide. Remus stood on top of a hill named Aventine awaiting a sign from the gods while Romulus did the same on top of Palatine. Six vultures flew over Remus-his followers cheered. Soon afterwards twelve vultures flew over Romulus. The two brothers quarreled; Romulus was eventually named king. Romulus began to build a wall for his city. The wall was two feet high and Remus still angry and jealous made fun of his brothers wall and jumped over it. Romulus took a rock and struck Remus in the head killing him. Romulus becomes king in 753 BC and names the city after himself-ROME!

Early Romans-historical
The Romans can trace their ancestry to the Latin immigrants. In the early paret of its history Rome was ruled by Etruscan kings. The Etruscans influenced the Romans in the following ways: 1. knowledge of building roads

18 2. fortune telling through animal sacrifice a. examine the liver b. done until Christianity becomes the official religion of Rome 3. mythology-minor role (most of the mythology came from Greeks) 4. architecture- use of the arch 5. make weapons and tools out of bronze Influence from the Greeks: 1. mythology-gods (ZeusJupiter, HermesMercury, AphroditeVenus, etc.) 2. art work 3. use of an alphabet 4. religious practices and concepts
1. Practical developments- arose from need to maintain order in Roman society -Citizenship was offered to defeated groups by the Romans as a way to win loyalty of the people they conquered. a) GOVERNMENT-In 509 BC, the Romans overthrew the monarchy and set up a republic-a form of indirect democracy in which people elect representatives to run government for them. at 1st only Patricians or aristocrats(wealthy landowners) had right to run for gov't 287 BCE- Plebeians (non aristocrats, common people) won full rights as citizens The Romans divided their government up into a Senate, Assembly and consuls (kings).
b)

ROMAN LAW- 12 Tables (Tablets)- designed to protect lives and well

being of citizens Codified- written down on Bronze tablets- placed in public so all people could see and know what the laws were. (450 BCE)

Equality under the law Innocent till proven guilty

c)

ENGINEERING- roads (some still used today), the arch, aqueducts, the
dome, drainage system aqueduct- carried water to cities through pipes for many miles public baths- plumbing Concrete- used for roads and buildings Colosseum and The Pantheon-two great Roman architectural buildings

d) INTELLECTUAL DEVELOPMENTS borrowed and adapted from Greek thought and applied it to their practical needs -- Blend of ideas lead to Greco-Roman Civilization

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IMPACT OF ROME:
Roman contributions in law and engineering spreads throughout Europe during the Empire and later to be preserved by the Byzantine Civilization throughout the Middle Ages.

TWO IMPORTANT ROMAN LEADERS-Julius

Caesar and Augustus Caesar

Julius Caesar-a popular general and conqueror of Spain and Gaul (present-day France). He used his military fame and his political skills to win the love of the soldiers and masses. He ended the Roman republic in 46 BC when he forced the Senate to declare him dictator (one who rules all) for life. Was killed by people in the Senate when he wanted to be declared emperor of all Rome. Once killed a civil war broke out and Augustus Caesar took over as emperor. After Julius Caesar the Roman Republic ended FOREVER! The Senate killed Caesar, but they couldnt killed Caesarism! Augustus Caesar-Augustus brought a long period peace to Rome known as the Pax Romana. kind of Golden Age of Rome when many architectural projects were undertaken, the empire expanded, conditions for the poor were improved, the army was reformed and the empire made more secure.

REASONS FOR THE DECLINE OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE

1. 2. 3. 4.

Political Weakness-Many later emperors were corrupt and ineffective leaders. Economic Problems-The costs of defending and administering the empire Invasions-Rome was under continual attack by fierce tribes from Northern Europe and Central Asia, such as the Goths and Huns. Military Decline-Many of the soldiers recruited to serve in the Roman army in the late empire were outsiders and were less loyal to Roman citizens.

ACHIEVEMENTS OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE

1.

Law(Twelve Tables)-written forms of laws based on innocent until proven guilty and equality before the law promoted justice, equality, and natural freedoms. Government-established a republic which promoted democratic ideas

2.

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3.

Organization-Rome built roads, took census (count of people), established a stable currency, and divided empire into provinces, all things that contributed to the success of the largest empires in the world. Engineering-The Romans built aqueducts, used concrete, made use of arches and domes and created magnificent structures like the Colosseum and the Pantheon.
5. Rise of Christianity-Although the Romans persecuted both

4.

Jewish and Christian religions, Christianity kept spreading even being adapted later as the official religion of the Roman Empire itself.-Constantine

The Rise and Fall of Great Empires: The Chinese Han Empire and Roman Empire:
A.

The Han Empire (206 BCE-220 CE)

1. FACTORS LEADING TO GROWTH -strengthening of the central government and the economy -improved canals and roads - imposed a monopoly on salt and iron to ensure an income other than taxes -trade on the Silk Road increased -civil service exams required (rich or poor could take it) -focus on education -influence of Buddhism and Confucianism begins to unite Chinese people 2. EXPANSION -borders grew beyond the great wall -Chinese armies conquered areas in Manchuria, Korea, northern Vietnam, Tibet, and Central Asia. - Wealthiest of Ancient world civilizations 3. CAUSES OF DECLINE -emperors could no longer control powerful warlords in the provinces - Barbarian attacks -roads and canals were in disrepair -heavy taxespeasants revolted -220 CE warlords overthrew the emperor and the dynasty fell.

B. Roman Empire
1. FACTORS LEADING TO GROWTH -expansion cultural diffusion -rights of citizens protected by code of laws-Twelve Tables

-system of roads, -good geographical location, middle of the Mediterranean - the Roman empire, through expansion, became too large to control 3. CAUSES OF DECLINE -EMPIRE JUST BECAME TOO BIG TO CONTROL -government was weak and corrupt- no line of succession - heavy taxes, high unemployment and decline in trade and manufacturing -lack of patriotism had to rely on mercenaries to protect the empire -selfish attitude of the people- they put their needs above the empire -Rome open to invasion by Germanic tribes fleeing the Huns-Rome fell in 476 AD

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Christianity (Middle East)

-started by a Jewish prophet named Jesus 1. Christians believe: a) Jesus Christ is the Messiah (savior) b) Jesus Christ is the Son of God c) the New Testament is the basis for their beliefs d) the Old Testament, including the Ten Commandments, is the foundation for their ethical and religious beliefs e) they must practice Jesus teachings, to love God, to acknowledge divine judgment of ones actions on earth, to accept Christs death as atonement (forgiveness of sins) f) in salvation (to be saved) and eternal life g) in forgiveness of sin, mercy and sympathy for the poor and helpless h) in equality of all before God, as do Muslims 2. Christianity spread quickly through the Roman Empire and eventually the Roman Catholic Church became the most powerful institution in Europe. 3. Modern Christianity a) Great Schism-different views on religious authority and teachings developed between the church in Rome (headed by the pope) and the church in Constantinople-Byzantium (headed by the Patriarch). Eventually these differences led to an official division of the Christian church in 1054 CE into the Roman Catholic Church in Rome and the Greek Orthodox Church in Constantinople

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4.

Protestant Reformation-protesting the Catholic Church and breaking away from it. 1517 CE a) Started by Martin Luther (German Catholic Monk) b) Luther saw abuses by the church (sale of indulgences and church offices, money lending) and let others know about them by posting these abuses (95 theses) on the church door in Wittenberg. c) Luther translates the Bible into German- with help of printing press (J. Gutenberg) d) People are encouraged to read the Bible-education increases e) End of religious unity in Western Europe as many other Christian religions are formed f) Increase in the growth of secular (outside the church) independent thought g) Luther will be excommunicated- kicked out

H. Renaissance: Encouraged the Protestant Reformation 1) People began to QUESTION Church authority, because of the abuses 2) Expression of faith through the arts -artists used different means- sculpture, painting- to depict religious themes, people and Bible stories.

THE RISE OF ISLAM -BACKGROUND:

-Islam founded by the prophet Mohammed. -Mohammed preached Allah was God and for Arabs to stop worshipping idols and all other Gods. -Merchants in Mecca (important town on the Arabian peninsula) were jealous of Mohammeds growing influence. Fearing for his life, Mohammed fled from Mecca to the city of Medina in 622 known as the Hegira (AD 622 marks year ONE for many Moslems). -In Medina, Mohammed gathered an army to retake Mecca in a jihad or holy war. (A jihad does not have to be violent it can be used to struggle within ones own self or a peaceful struggle against an unjust cause. Not any Moslem can just called for a jihad-must be a sacred and important undertaking) -In 632, two years after recapturing Mecca, Mohammed died, but his teachings were recorded in the Koran or Quran, Islams holiest book.

-The followers of Mohammed saw him as the last of the great prophets that included Abraham and Moses (Judaism), and Jesus (Christianity). -The followers of Islam are called Moslems. -REMEMBER: Islam is the religion. Moslems are people who believe in Islam.

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-THE 5 PILLARS OF ISLAM (rules for everyday life for Moslems) 1. That there is only ONE God-Allah. 2. Pray 5 times a day facing East towards Mecca 3. Charity to the Poor 4. Fasting during the Holy Month of Ramadan. 5. Make one pilgrimage (trip) to Mecca once in their lifetime.

Islam is a way of Life

The holy book of the Moslems is the Koran. The Koran tells Moslems how they should lead their daily lives. Forbids the eating of pork, drinking of alcohol and gambling (ideally!). 2. Guidelines for men and women. Husbands must support their wives financially. Wives traditionally MUST always listen to their husbands. 3. Moslems must not make or worship idols or images.
1.

Two different sects within Islam a) Shiite- believed their leader and religious authority, should be a descendent of Mohammeds son-in-law Ali. The Shiites believed that the descendants of the Prophet were divinely inspired. Ali and many of his own descendants were killed fighting the Sunnis. The Shiites came to admire martyrdom as a demonstration of their faith Sunni- believed their religious leader (caliph) should be chosen from their community-but he was not a religious authority. Sunnis believe that inspiration came from the example of Muhammad.
b)

THE GROWTH OF ISLAM IN THE MIDDLE EAST AND ASIA -The Islamic religion began to dominate the Arabian Peninsula around 7th Century A. D. -Islam united Arabs with a common language and religion. -After Mohammeds death Abu Bakr became the first caliph-religious leader of a Moslem state.

Islamic Empires

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1. Umayyad Dynasty (661-750 A. D.) -After Mohammed died there was a split between Moslems. -The Sunni Moslems believed other Moslems besides DIRECT descendants from Mohammed could rule a Moslem state (caliphs). -The Shiite Moslems believed that ONLY direct descendants of Mohammed could rule a Moslem state. 2. The Abbasid Dynasty (750-1055 A. D.) -The greatest expansion of Islam took place during this time -The Islamic empire became a crossroads of trade between three continents-Asia. Africa, and Europe. -Golden Age of Islamic Culture: 1. Preserved Greek and Roman culture. 2. Arts and Crafts flourished (mosaics, textiles, geometric designs) 3. Mathematics-Arabic numerals developed, borrowed concept of zero from India. Made advances in algebra and geometry. 4. Architecture-Moslem rulers built beautiful palaces and mosques. 5. Medicine-Arab doctors discovered that blood moves to and from the heart. They learned to diagnose many diseases, like measles and smallpox. They performed surgery. 6. Wrote literary works and founded great universities.

THE MIDDLE AGES (500 AD-1300AD)

**Also known as The Medieval Period, The Dark Ages, and The Age of Faith**

-What happened to Europe after the collapse of Roman Empire?

1. There was no more strong central government 2. Decline in trade 3. Decline in formal learning 4. A Germanic king Charlemagne (AD771-814) established a great empire, spread Christianity, but his empire fell apart after his death.

EUROPEAN FEUDALISM__________________________________
Feudalism- an economic, political, military, and social system based on the control of land. Economic System -Kings granted land (fiefs) to their nobles for their pledge of military support. These nobles or lords or vassals ruled their own lands, made their own laws, and controlled their armies made up of knights. The serfs or peasants would work and serve the lord in exchange for protection.

-The control of the land-NOT trade was the basic economic unit.

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-Sometimes this self sufficient system was called manoralism, since the manor which consisted of the lords house and the land around it was a town. Social System -Feudalism divided society into classes of lords, knights, peasants or serfs. -Class was determined by birth and there was little social mobility. [related to Hindu caste system, people divided by occupation] Political System -Under the feudal system, the leading nobles controlled political life. The king relied on them for his armies, and they often fought among themselves or challenged the kings authority. Through warfare, feudal lords defended their estates, seized new territories, and increased their wealth.

The Role of the Roman Catholic Church

Gave peasants hope-provided a place of refuge, hope for a better life 2. It was the dominant religious institution in Western Europe [REMEMBER-The Eastern Orthodox Church under the Byzantine Empire dominates the EAST!] 3. Served as a substitute for local government- made laws concerning births, marriage, and burial rights. 4. Center of Learning-encouraging people to read holy books, monks scribing versions of the Holy Bible.
1.

THE CRUSADES (1095-1291AD)

**The Crusades were attempts by the Christians of Western Europe to regain control of Jerusalem (modern day Israel) and other parts of the Holy Land (primarily the Middle East) from Muslims by force**
BACKGROUND

-A crusade is a campaign against any injustice (The comic book hero Batman is often called the Cape Crusader) -A pilgrimage is a journey to a sacred place. During the Middle Ages many people wanting to be good Christians would take a pilgrimage to where Jesus was born, lived, and preached-the Holy Land. Arab Muslims were very tolerant of Christians, but the Seljuk(SEL-jook) Turks or Muslim Turks were seemingly more hostile to the Christians. Pilgrims returning to Europe spread the word that Christians were being killed and persecuted in the Holy Land.
CAUSES OF THE CRUSADES

26 1. Christian pilgrims were being persecuted in the Holy Land. 2. The Seljuk Turks were also threatening the takeover of the Byzantine capital of Constantine-the eastern capital of the Christian Empire. 3. In 1095 Pope Urban II called for a holy war to retake the Holy Land and preserve the Byzantine Empire.
WHY DID PEOPLE TAKE UP ARMS TO CRUSADE?

1. Some people were truly religious 2. Some people wanted the glory and adventure (remember the code of chivalry of many knights)[chivalry-code of bravery and courtesy of a knight] 3. Many nobles took part to gain land, riches, and power. 4. Many common people or serfs took up arms to better their life and maybe even have a greater life in heaven if they proved themselves in the crusades. _ Although Christians armies like the one led by Richard II of England (Richard the Lionhearted) did win back control of Jerusalem and other parts of the Holy Land, in the end the MOSLEMS REGAINED CONTROL-led by such charismatic Moslem leaders as Saladin and other Molsem sultans.
RESULTS OF THE CRUSADES
**The Crusades was a series of religious wars, not just one that lasted until about 1291. The Holy Land was not recaptured by the Christians, BUT it essentially began the END of the Medieval Period in Europe opening trade routes once gain between Europe and Asia**

1. 2.

3. 4. 5.
6.

7.

THE REVIVAL OF TRADE! Trading cities like Venice and Genoa Italy grew rich because of the increase in trade between Asia and Europe. Europeans began to take interest in other parts of the world particularly Asia (beginning of the Age of Exploration). Crusaders brought back spices, carpets, perfumes, and glass mirrors-goods that came in demand in Europe by the middle class. Manufacturing began to grow from the result of supplying weapons and supplies to keep up fighting. Many nobles died in the Crusades resulting in many Kings gaining more power (beginning of Absolute rule). Developments of the Golden Age of Islam brought a renewed interest in learningmathematics, science, art, and literature. Also rediscovered Greco-Roman writings. Manufacturers and traders needed people who could read, write, and do arithmetic. Because of the brutalities of these Crusades by Europeans and Muslim Turks, it created LASTING resentment between the two groups.

OTHER FACTORS THAT LED TO THE END OF THE MIDDLE AGES

1.

Growth of towns-people moving from rural areas for opportunities

2. 3. 4. 5.

Growth of middle class or business class that promoted trade and commerce. Accumulate wealth through money NOT JUST PROPERTY. Increased use of gunpowder, knights in armor became obsolete Renewed interest in learning about other people and the world around them Rise of nationalism-loyalty and devotion to own country and land. Rise of nation-states- loyalty now to the monarch and the country.

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EARLY JAPANESE HISTORY

Japans Geography -Japan is an archipelago made up of 4 main islands and over 3000 smaller islands -Japans island location helped isolate it from the Asian continent and protect it from outside invasion. RESULT-Japan developed a sense of cultural unity and a major distrust of foreigners -Earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, landslides, and tsunami (large ocean waves caused by underwater earthquakes) afflict the islands of Japan. -Because the land of Japan is mostly rugged and mountainous, much of Japans land is NOT arable (suitable for farming) -In addition, Japan lacks an abundance of natural resources-which heavily affects Japan in the later 1800s and in the 20th century RESULT- 1. Japan had to rely on the surrounding seas for food. 2. Will colonize and takeover other territories for raw materials and natural resources 3. Uses trade in modern times to its advantage. EARLY TRADITIONS Two major early religions1. Shinto-way of the gods, form of nature worship-animism

belief in Kami-spirits or gods found in natural things like 28 winds, trees, rivers, rocks, etc. (E.g. Ikebani flower arrangements, Bonsai tree growing, sculpted gardens that includes pebbles and rock arrangements, sand trees, flowers, ponds and running water) Kami can also include worshipping the souls of ancestors, great heroes, and emperors. Shinto also dictates order and unity which sometimes leads to blind loyalty to the emperor or higher leaders Japanese people believe that torii gates serve as entrances into the spirit world. Torii gates are al laround sacred Japanese sites. 2. Buddhism-*Early Japanese culture was heavily influenced by China* Buddhism believes in leading a simple life, meditation, spiritual enlightenment-Nirvana, and ridding of material things. Zen Buddhism-most Japanese people practice this form of Buddhism that emphasizes meditation and self-discipline to achieve enlightenment. The practice of zazen meditation is to clear the mind of any thoughts and desires. *Japanese society as well as Chinese society traditionally and today practice a combination of the above religions and philosophy. JAPANESE FEUDAL SOCIETY -Early Japanese government was ruled by families, the emperor unlike in China usually had no real power. POWER WAS IN THE HAND OF FAMILIES like the Fujiwara. THE EMPERORS ROLE WAS PRIMARILY CEREMONIAL AND RELIGIOUS! -In 11th and 12th centuries-Japanese feudalism became the dominant political structure. This feudalism was primarily based on land holding, class distinctions, and personal loyalties. -Classes included the Shogun, Daimyo, Samurai, Peasants and Artisans, Merchants

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1. Emperor-no real power, ceremonial, divine (holy-god like) rule or authority. 2. Shogun- the military governor or general who served as the actual ruler over the noble class of landowners. 3. Daimyo-(vassals or lords) great landholders who swore allegiance to the shogun-very powerful lords in their own right. 4. Samurai-TWO KINDS, (1) most samurai swore allegiance to a daimyo or to the shogun, and in return received land and states (2) Ronin-samurai soldiers with no lords, could be hired or serve own needs. All samurai observed a code of conduct called bushido that stresses simplicity, courage, honor, and strict obedience to lord. Bringing dishonor to samurai class could result in ritual suicide called seppeku or hari kari. 5. Peasants and Artisans- similar to European serfs worked the land in return for protection. 6. Merchants-even though this class may have been wealthier than others, they still held the lowest social order-similar to European Gypsies! In 1274, Kublai Khan tried to invade Japan with a massive fleet, but unfavorable winds (kamikaze) destroyed the ships. Samurai defeated those enemy soldiers who reached Japan. Japanese feudalism would be way of life until the mid 1800s.

ANCIENT CHINA TO THE RULE OF THE MONGOLS

BRIEF REVIEW OF ANCIENT CHINA (2000 BC TO 1279 AD)

-There are three important facts to keep in mind about Chinese history: 1. Chinese civilization began in the Huang He (Yellow River) Valley. Along with the Chang Jiang (Yangtze River), river valleys as elsewhere in early civilizations fostered growth.
2.

From early times until 1911, generations of families or dynasties have ruled China.

3. There was always a cultural exchange between the Chinese and outside invaders (like the Mongols) and conquerors.
-The

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Significant Chinese dynasties REVIEW! 2000 BC-1122 BC Hsia and Shang Dynasties-early Chinese writing, pottery and
bronze in use, worship of ancestors
1123 BC-256 BC

Chou Dynasty-ruled over feudal society, built canals,

reservoirs, and irrigation systems, use of iron. Confucius lived during Chou dynasty 551-470 BC-mandate of heaven

221 BC-206 BC

Chin Dynasty-word China comes from this dynasty, set a

uniform system of weights and measures, ruthless emperor Shi Huang Di standardized weights and measures, was overthrown. Great Wall began to be built to keep out Huns

202 BC- AD 222

Han Dynasty-first Golden Age of China-trade increased,

Buddhist religion spread from India to China, art and literature became important, history of China written, paper was invented, Confucianism became official governmental policy, Chinese had to take Civil Service exams to get government jobs.

AD 589-AD 618

Sui Dynasty-Grand Canal built-connecting the Huang Ho River to

southern China.

AD 618-AD 906

Tang Dynasty-second Golden Age of China, block printing

invented, artists, poets, and scholars flourished, China was united, trade with Japan, the Middle East and Central Asia grew.

AD 960- AD 1279

Sung Dynasty-magnetic, compass, paper money. Weak

military-suffered northern invasions from the Mongols.

AD 1279- 1368

Yuan (Wan) Dynasty-the Mongol Dynasty

BACKGROUND HISTORY OF THE MONGOLS

-The Mongol people ruled Mongolia in central Asia. Their leader was Genghis Khan (known to be a ruthless leader-reputation for killing and plundering villages and towns-no different than Alexander, the Romans, Persians, or the Moslems. In reality very smart leader, Mongols use of bows and horses were unmatched!) and he and the Mongols conquered much of China, India, Persia, and southern Russia. Kublai Khan, the grandson of Genghis Khan took control of China.-Yuan Dynasty
The Mongols Way of Ruling China

-The Mongol rulers did not try to change China too much 1. They didnt force their own religion on the Chinese 2. They had the Chinese people help run the government 3. They just took over the Chinese government 4. They absorbed the Chinese language 5. They started to dress like the Chinese -The Mongol dynasty had a central government, but the country was also divided into provinces. These provinces were ruled by one of the emperors men.

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-Europeans learned about the Mongols and Kublai Khan from Marco Polo. Marco worked for Kublai Khan. *IMPORTANT- A book by Marco Polo about his trip to China encouraged an interest in trade with China and the rest of Asia.*

Achievements of the Mongol (Yuan Dynasty)

1. First foreigners to rule all of China (didnt change China dramatically, adopted many Chinese ideas and customs). 2. Created capital at Beijing 3. Opened China to foreign contacts 4. Encouraged art, architecture, literature, and plays in China

How did the Mongol Empire Open up the East to the West?
-Mongols removed Turkish rulers in central Asian region (who had prohibited travel by European traders to China) -promoted economic activity and prosperity -improved land and water communications -encouraged contact and trade for about 100 years (around 1250-1350) -European traders and missionaries were able to visit the East in person -Visit by the Venetian family the Polos. The most famous Marco Polo published book in 1299 that encouraged more European interest in the Far East.

How the Opening of Trade Affected both the East and West:
From the East: 1. goods-jewels, silk, spices, carpets, ebony 2. ideas-gunpowder, printing, paper money, playing cards, spaghetti From the West: 1. goods-jewels, furs, medicines 2. ideas-Christianity, sorghum, wine from grapes, art of refining and sugar

EFFECT OF MONGOL RULE IN OTHER AREAS:

INDIA
1. 2.

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Mughal or Mogul dynasty ruled India until mid 18th century Mughals or Moguls were Asian Mongols who were MoslemsRULERS: Babur grandson Akbar the Great

Akbars accomplishments(1555-1605)
1. 2. 3. 4. Tolerated Hindus (remember he was a Moslem) Divided his empire into provinces-more efficient way of ruling Brought overall peace and prosperity to India Promoted artistic expression-music, dance, and work of artists

Sha Jahan (1628-1658)

Built Taj Mahal for his dead wife ruled with less sympathy for the Hindus.

Aurangzeb (1658-1707)-TREATED HINDUS BADLY!

1. Tried to force them to convert to Islam 2. Taxed non-Muslims 3. He destroyed many Hindu Temples

RUSSIA
1. Established only loose control of Russia 2. ISOLATED Russia from Western Europe and Byzantium th 3. Overthrown by Ivan the Great in 15 century 4. Helped to keep Russia in the Middle Ages!!!!

The Ming Dynasty AD 1368- AD 1644

-former Buddhist monk overthrew Mongol dynasty -new Ming rulers wanted to throw away Mongolian influences and revitalize Chinese traditions and customs RESULT: Chinese trade flourished for a while, then under later Ming leadership DECLINED dramatically to virtual isolation of China, education was limited, ethnocentrism (a feeling that your country or culture is superior to all others) was the prevailing thought in the Chinese culture once again. THIS ATTITUDE AND MISTRUST OF FOREIGNERS WILL KEEP CHINA

FROM ADVANCING INTO AN INDUSTRIAL POWER LIKE JAPAN OR BRITAIN IN THE 1800s! ACHIEVEMENTS1. Developed valuable pottery and vases (Ming vases valuable today!), 2. Trade grew initially between Europe and India, 3. Architecture developed.

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AFRICA
Geography
-Africa is the second largest continent after Asia -With more than 11.7 million square miles, the continent of Africa is THREE times larger than the size of the United States Geographic features of Africa(great geographical diversity-mostly savanna) 1. savannas- huge, coarse grassland areas 2. plateaus-90 percent of Africas land is higher than 500 feet above sea level and a substantial portion is not arable (suitable for farming). 3. Sahel-southern coastline of the Sahara desert-fragile, supports sparse vegetation. 4. rainforests-although it is a relative small portion of Africas geography, the dense forest, wet and humid conditions have created a barrier to trade and has isolated certain African people. 5. rivers-Nile river in the northeast, Niger in the west, the Congo or Zaire river in central Africa, the Zambezi river in southern Africa. PROBLEM: Large rivers, BUT they are interrupted by waterfalls, making navigation difficult-another BARRIER to trade and development, isolates as well. 6. Deserts- Sahara-largest desert in the world (3.5 million square miles), was smaller over 5,000 years ago, but desertification (spreading of the desert) has expanded the Sahara to such an extent it is a great barrier to trade, farming, and prosperity. *People to the South of the desert were isolated for the most part from N. Africa, Europe, and Asia as trade increased during the end of the Middle Ages.

34 *People North of the Sahara became part of the Mediterranean/Middle Eastern culture. Kalihara-less harsh than the Sahara, smaller (100,000 sq. miles)located in southern Africa 7. Great Rift Valley-located in eastern Africa, break or fault in the Earths crust that has formed valleys and mountains. The soil is fertile and rich in minerals and metals, BUT it is difficult to build roads and railroads because of the steep cliffs, high mountains, and deep valleys.
-Africa has rich mineral resources-diamonds, gold, cobalt, and copper. **Geographic barriers made Africa mostly a place of mystery (the Dark Continent) for thousands of years** 1. Travel was difficult due to geographic landscape 2. Exchange of ideas with outside world limited until Age of Exploration & Discovery 3. Many different ethnic and cultural groups developed because of the natural isolation.
**REMEMBER- AFRICA HAS BEEN A VERY DIVERSE CONTINENT SINCE THE NEOLITHIC ERA!**

Africa before the Middle Ages

-First human beings lived in Africa around 2 million years ago. -Historically, Egypt, Kush (Nubia), and North Africa interacted with the Middle Eastern and Mediterranean civilizations and institutions, Christianity, then Islam spread across this area, but before 1000AD, it hardly influenced sub-Saharan Africa.

Kingdom of Kush-Nubia (c. 1700 BC to c. AD 200)[c. means circa or around]

The Kushites lived along the Nile River. They were farmers and cattle raisers. They mined gold and copper. The Kushites were conquered and ruled by the Egyptians for thousands of years. The Egyptians went to Kush and took gold, ebony, wood, animal skins, ivory, cattle, and slaves back to Egypt. Many Egyptians came to live in Kush and the Kush began to worship the same gods-cultural assimilation and diffusion. The Kushites used Egyptian hieroglyphics to create their own alphabet. When the Egyptian empire weakened c. 1100 BC, the Kush became independent, built up their armies and c. 752 BC conquered Egypt. The Kushites ruled Egypt for nearly a 100 years before the Assyrians conquered them. After their defeat, the Kushites moved their capital to Meroe (MEHR uh wee). They realized they had lost to the Assyrians because they had iron weapons (remember it was the Hittites who developed iron first, BUT the Assyrians really used iron weapons to their advantage!). The people of Meroe began to use iron. Meroe became one of the biggest iron making cities in the ancient world (One text claims that Meroe was so rich that its

prisoners were held in gold chains!). It was from Kush that the knowledge of iron making spread south and west of Africa. (The Egyptians instead continued to use bronze instead of iron for tools and weapons).
The Kushites were defeated by the king and army of Axum about AD 350. After this, Kush slowly assimilated to into other cultures and societies.

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Kingdom of Axum (c. 500 BC to c. AD 1300)

Located in east Africa around modern Ethiopia, Axum or Askum developed a very distinctive civilization with its own language, written script, and remarkable architecture. Axums advanced culture is known for: 1. A written language developed 2. The rich trade that flourished between Egypt, the Middle East, India, China, and Rome 3. Engineering (paved roads) and architecture (great obelisks) 4. Being one of the oldest Christian Kingdoms in the world. In 330 AD Axum became one of the first ancient kingdoms to accept Christianity as its national religion. (Some Ethiopian religious leaders claim the famous Arc of the Covenant is located in Ethiopia) During the eight century Axum was being dominated by Muslims from the East, which isolated much of its Christian culture from the rest of the world. Around 700 AD Axums trading diminished. Today much of the Axum culture survives integrated with influences from Islamic culture.

3 Great Western African Empires I. GHANA (c. 400 AD to c. 1200 AD)

-The FIRST great empire in West Africa. -The people of Ghana lived along an important trade route. To the south of Ghana was a large forest. To the north was the Sahara Desert. *Ghana became wealthy by controlling the roads and charging taxes for trade between the Wangara people of the Senegal River and the Berber (Arab) traders of the desert. *The Wangara people of the south east would trade their gold for SALT (keeps food from spoiling & keeps people healthy) and the Berber traders of the north and west would trade their merchandise for gold. GHANA GREW RICH BY CONTROLLING THE TRADE OF GOLD AND SALT! *Their development of iron weapons helped to maintain a powerful army. Accoplishments of the Ghanians 1. They established important trade routes 2. They controlled the gold and salt trade 3. They controlled roads and charged taxes for passage, creating a wealthy nation.

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II. MALI (c. 1200 AD to c. 1450 AD)
-Mali succeeded Ghana as the major kingdom in western Sudan. The empire of Mali contained the former Ghana as well as much more territory. *Mali became a dominant Islamic empire in West Africa *Their rulers were called mansa, which means emperor or sultan *Mansa Musa was the most famous ruler in the history of the Mali empire. Mansu Musa promoted trade and commerce, the arts, paintings, architecture, and literature. He also promoted the principles of Islam. Mansa Musa made a pilgrimage to Mecca, the Holy City of Islam. Such a pilgrimage is called a hajj, and is part of the Five Pillars of Islam. Mansa Musas pilgrimage was one of the grandest of all times. He spread his wealth throughout the cities he passed. He became famous and many people traveled to his kingdom. After Mansa Musas death, the Mali kingdom declined to an unimportant state.

Accomplishments of the Malians

1. They established trade and commerce throughout their empire. 2. They promoted learning and education- The city of Timbuktu a trading center on the Niger River became a center of learning under Mansa Musas rule. 3. Mansa Musas hadj promoted the wealth and power of Mali.

III. SONGHAI Empire (c. 1400 AD to c. 1600 AD)

-The Songhai leader Sunni Ali Ber came to the throne in 1464, conquering Timbuktu and most of the Mali empire. *Sunni Ali was a fierce leader, but organized his government well. He divided his empire into provinces and placed governors in control. *After his death Askia Muhammad helped Songhai to reach its peak. He followed the teachings of Islam. He also encouraged Islamic teachers and writers to settle in Timbuktu. Timbuktu became a center of learning.
ZIMBABWE (c. 1300 AD to c. 1500 AD)-located in South-central Africa

-Zimbabwe means great stone house -Located in southern Africa between the Zambezi and Limpopo rivers, Zimbabwe became wealthy from its gold and ivory trade by the Bantu people. *The builders of Zimbabwe were very skillful. The structures they built were sturdier and higher than other kingdoms. Neither mortar nor square corners were used, yet the stones fit together perfectly. They built a great stone city ruled by kings. (Some archaeologists have speculated the legendary King Solomons mines are located here)

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Reasons for the fall of the great African Empires
1. Some of the empires were just conquered and assimilated into by other African kingdoms or conquerors from the Middle East and Europe. 2. Most of the kingdoms were loosely organized and not unified. *Africa is a very diverse continent, isolation created many different ethnic groups. Even though geographically they lived close, they were very different. 3. Competition for trade led to shifting alliances, personal ambitions, and civil wars, particularly when new weapons were introduced. 4. The influences of Christianity and Islam disrupted most traditional animistic (pagan) beliefs. Loyalties shifted, civil strife increased.

GEOGRAPHY OF SOUTHERN MEXICO, CENTRAL AMERICA, SOUTH AMERICA

-The Atlantic Ocean is on the eastern side of Latin America and the Pacific Ocean is on the western side of Latin America. 1.

2.

3. 4.

5. 6.

Mountains-The Andes mountain range extends from the north and south of the continent of South America along the western coast. The backbone of South America. EFFECT: causes isolation and diversity. The Sierra Madre Mountains in Mexico located west and east of Mexico. Plateaus- Most of this region is made up of plateaus (high, flat land) and hills. Patagonia-dry plateau area located in the south receives little precipitationscrubby grasses and shrubs can only grow there Grasslands-These lands are fertile, grassy plains called the pampas in the south and the llanos in the north. Rivers-Amazon River-second longest river in the world stretching from the Andes mountains to the Atlantic Ocean, very fast river, with many sandbars making navigation difficult. EFFECT: hindered trade and travel- isolated people. Rain forests- located near the equator where it is wet and humid. Abundant vegetation and wildlife. Desert-The Atacama desert located in Northern Chile. One of the driest places in the world receiving an average rainfall of zero.

*Geographical terms: 1. peninsula-land surrounded by water on three sides 2. strait-small body of water that connects two larger bodies of water

EARLY CIVILIZATIONS

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The Olmec Empire (1200 BC-400 BC)

-Lived along Mexicos Gulf Coast in the area called Mesoamerica (Mexico and Central American cultural areas). They were farmers and lived in thatched huts. Polytheistic civilization ruled by priests. Organization and Contributions 1. formed the FIRST truly complex Mesoamerican culture 2. traded in raw materials such as jade 3. created great carved heads of stone, thought to be Olmec rulers. 4. built stone pavements, drainage systems, great temples and monuments.

IMPORTANT SIMILARITIES BETWEEN AZTECS, MAYAS, AND INCAS: 1. All of them worshipped some kind of Sun God 2. All of them were polytheistic 3. All believed in some type of human sacrifice to please their gods 4. None of the civilizations used the wheel like the Europeans or had horses! 5. Advanced civilizations before European encounter 6. All three civilizations did not develop along river valleys 7. All of them had theocracies-governments that is ruled and run on religious principles. Incas had a hereditary dynasty 8. Aztecs and Mayas were composed of city-states. The Incas had an empire.
The MAYAN EMPIRE (1000 BC- 1200 AD)

-built one of the most highly developed civilizations in Mesoamerica. Most of the Maya were farmers who grew corn, squash, and cotton. They built at least 80 cities for trade. -empire made up of city-states Chinchen Itza-major capital on Yucatan Peninsula Tikal another great Mayan city located in present day Guatemala -the Maya were ruled by a noble class and priests were held in high regard because every part of Mayan life had some kind of religious connection. -they began to decline several hundreds years before the arrival of Europeans, may have been due to restructuring of government-no longer did the kings have all the power, warfare began to decimate the city-states, people moved to the countryside.

CONTRIBUTIONS: 1. produced a complex astronomical calendar 2. invented a math system that included zero 3. built flat top pyramids as temples and rulers tomb 4. established religious rituals which included human sacrifice, mythology, and ancestor worship 5. developed a writing system of symbols, or glyphs-very complex *THE MAYANS WERE VERY SKILLED IN MATHEMATICS AND ASTRONOMY!!!

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THE AZTEC EMPIRE (1300-1535 AD)-Central Mexico ORGANIZATION: Founded island capital Tenochtitlan (Present Day Mexico City) Created a highly specialized, strictly hierarchical (social classes) society 1. Conquered and dominated neighbors for tribute (protection payments), NOT FOR TERRITORY! 2. Forced neighbors to worship their sun and war god-Huitzilopochtli-(wee-tseel-opotch-tlee) 3. Drafted conquered neighbors for battles and wars 4. Elected by the nobility (aristocracy), the ruler/emperor had near god status and supreme authority 5. Formed a powerful priestly hierarchy to administer government 6. Produced a severe legal code of laws with judgments based on generally accepted ideas of reasonable behavior CONTRIBUTIONS: 1. Developed a sophisticated agricultural economy, carefully adjusted to the land with crop rotation and extensive aqueduct and irrigation systems. They built chinampas-artificial floating gardens made of earth piled on reed mats that were anchored to the shallow lake bed 2. Great architectural buildings. A massive pyramid-temple mayor at the center of Tenochtitlan was topped with shrines to the gods and an altar for human sacrifice.

FALL OF THE AZTEC EMPIRE

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Conquistador- Spanish conquerors of Latin America *Hernan Cortes made alliances with rival Indian groups to overthrow Montezuma II. REASONS FOR VICTORY BY Cortes and Spaniards: 1. Superior military technology. Spanish muskets and cannons were effective in breaking the front lines of the Aztecs. Kill from a distance with these weapons. Steel swords were strong, swift, and slash and stabbed effectively. Metal helmets and armor protected the Spanish soldiers. Horses made maneuvering easy and the animal frightened some of the Aztecs. 2. The Spanish gained some Indian allies. These were the Indians conquered by the Aztecs. They were willingly to help Cortes defeat their enemy. 3. Disease brought by the Europeans weakened the Aztecs and Incas. As tens of thousands died some Aztecs saw this as a sign that their gods were less powerful than the god of the Spanish. 4. Acceptance of religious fate. That the Spanish conquerors were bringing about the determined end of their society and their world. A destiny that was unavoidable and had to be accepted. THE INCA EMPIRE (1200 AD- 1535 AD) ANDES MOUNTAINS (Peru, Ecuador) ORGANIZATION: 1. Established largest empire of Latin America. At its height, the Inca Empire controlled 12 million people, over 100 cultures with 20 different languages. To unite their empire, the Incas imposed their own language Quechua (KECH wuh), and religion on the people. 2. Formed a strong monarchy ruled from Cuzco by using strategic resettlement of rebels or conquered people. 3. The Incas ran an efficient government with a chain of command reaching into every village. 4. Believed emperors descended from the Sun god and worshipped them as divine beings. Hereditary dynasty-rulers inherited their right to rule like kings or queens CONTRIBUTIONS: 1. Adapted an intricate 12,000-mile road system- for traveling messengers and services for traveling bureaucratic officials.

Created agricultural terracing-farming in hills and mountains and irrigation 41 systems. 3. Adapted crops to different climates, different variety of potatoes for different climates 4. Built elaborate cities such as the religious city Machu Picchu built high in the Andes Mountains using no cement or mortar!. 5. Instituted quipu (knotted cords) record keeping system. 6. Became skilled in the use of copper, silver, and gold. 7. Use of drugs (like modern day antiseptics) to make a patient unconscious before surgery. They cleaned the operating room thoroughly and even performed surgery on the skull.
2.

FALL OF THE INCA EMPIRE

*Conquistador Francisco Pizarro and a small force of 180 Spanish troops had Emperor Athualpa executed and in the next 50 years the Inca Empire collapsed.

THE RENAISSANCE-THE END OF THE MIDDLE AGES DECLINE OF FEUDALISM:

Labor shortage caused by the spread of the Black Death or Bubonic Plague. Many serfs went to work on their own, or were not bound by the land anymore. 2. Urbanization-people moving from rural areas to cities. 3. The emergence of powerful kings-loyalty to king only instead of divided loyalty to lord, baron, or priests. 4. Decline of knights. Professional armies used instead. 5. Nationalism-loyalty and devotion to monarch and country.
1.

THE RENAISSANCE: (1350-1650)

-MEANS REBIRTH-(Europe coming out of the medieval or dark ages) 1. A rediscovery of classical Rome and Greece 2. Renewed interest in secular-non-religious matters. (secularism) 3. Emphasis on the individual and relationship around him humanism. 4. Beginnings in Italy-rich traders promoted arts and education. Venice, London, and Paris-all important Renaissance cities.

HIGHLIGHTS OF THE RENAISSANCE

ART:
1. 2.

Leonardo Da Vinci-(1452-1519)painter, inventor, painted the Last Supper and the Mona Lisa Michelangelo-(1475-1564)painter, sculptor, sculpture of David, painted the ceiling of Sistine Chapel with scenes from the Bible.

3. 4. 5.

42 Raphael-(1483-1520)painter of classical forms-The School of Athens Donatello (1386-1466)Statue of David-thought to be the first freestanding sculpture made since ancient times.(classical, realistic) Botticelli-(1445-1510)Primavera and Birth of Venus

LITERATURE: 1. William Shakespeare-English poet/playwright/writer who wrote plays and dramas like Romeo and Juliet, Hamlet, and Macbeth. 2. Niccolo Machiavelli Italian writer who wrote The Prince stating that rulers could do anything necessary to maintain and increase their power, including force and deceit. The end justifies the means. 3. Miguel de Cervantes- Spanish writer wrote the satire Don Quixote poking fun at romances and chivalry. TECHNOLOGY: 1. Johann Gutenberg-invented printing from movable type in Europe. Help to expand learning and communication. SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION: 1. Nicholas Copernicus-stating that the earth and other planets revolved around the sun. 2. Galileo Galilei-law of falling bodies, inertia, confirmed theories of Copernicus, used the scientific method-which emphasized observation, measurement, and experimentation. HypothesisExperimentConclusions 3. Isaac Newton-3 laws of gravity (i) a body at rest remains at rest (ii) for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction (iii) force = mass x acceleration [f=ma]

THE PROTESTANT REFORMATION:

Brought on by ideas of the Renaissance-EMPHASIS ON INDIVIDUAL, reach salvation by yourself-dont need supreme church authority-bishop or pope. (REMEMBER: The printing press gave more access to common people to read the Bible in their own languages) Martin Luther-In 1517, Martin Luther posted 95 theses (statements) on a church door in Germany. Luther called for reforms within the Catholic Church. The church had become too rich, powerful, and corrupt. He especially challenged the Popes right to sell indulgences-pardons for punishments for committing a sin, allowing a buyer into heaven. EFFECTS OF THE REFORMATION: 1. NO MORE ONE CATHOLIC CHURCH-UNITY OF CHRISTIANS SPLIT CATHOLICS (pope head of church) PROTESTANTS (BAPTISTS, QUAKERS, ETC., pope not head of church)

43 2. Growth of Royal Power-without a powerful central Church, the power of European Kings began to grow. In England, King Henry VIII broke with the Pope and became head of the Church of England in 1534 3. Persecution of non-Catholics or non-Protestants.
THE CATHOLIC COUNTER REFORMATION: MAIN PURPOSE: To reform Catholic church limiting corruption, abuses, and ending the sell of indulgences, etc., and promote missionary work (the Jesuits) to spread the faith by working directly with the poor. The Inquisition-used by Church officials to end heresy by force. Heresyopinion or beliefs that goes against church teachings. Torture was often used in the trial of heretics.

THE AGE OF DISCOVERY:

The spirit of inquiry of the Renaissance led Europeans to explore the world. REASONS FOR EXPLORATION: 1. GOD, GOLD, & GLORY. To spread Christianity; for money, riches, and trade; for the fame and power. 2. SEARCH FOR AN ALL WATER ROUTE TO EAST ASIA. Ottoman Turks who were Moslem disrupted overland trade through the Middle East. 3. TECHNOLOGY-better instruments, compass, astrolabe, movable rudder, and better navigation skills allowed Europeans (SPAIN AND PORTUGAL LEAD THE WAY) to sail farther than ever before. 3 EARLY EXPLORERS: Christopher Columbus (1492)-lands in the Caribbean marking a discovery of the Americas-new sources of wealth, converts, and slaves. Vasco Da Gama (1497)-sails around southern tip of Africa encouraging trading by water to obtain Asian goods. Ferdinand Magellan (1519-1520)-though Magellan is killed, his crew circumnavigates (circles) the world confirming that the world was round. EFFECTS OF THE ENCOUNTER: (cultural diffusion increased!) ON NATIVE AMERICAS: 1. POSITIVE-new technologies-guns, wheels, medicine, goats, sheep, cattle, wheat, onions, grapes, oranges, etc. (rats, mice, and cats also were imported that had a negative impact). 2. NEGATIVE-Europeans brought diseases such as smallpox, influenza that decimated the native population. Starvation, killings,

enslavement, and the TOTAL decimation of some cultures and native groups

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ON EUROPEANS: 1. POSITIVE-Europeans and their countries (Spain, Portugal, France, England, and Holland) were becoming rich from the wealth of the Americas. Importation of POTATOES, CHOCOLATE, TOBACCO, corn, beans, tomatoes, ETC. COMMERCIAL REVOLUTION- based on trade; capitalism-free enterprise and private ownership of businesses; and mercantilismcolonies make mother countries wealthy. 2. NEGATIVE-moral dilemma of treatment of Native Americans, importation of African slaves, and competition between countries leading to warfare.

The Colonial Experience in Latin America-Colonialism

-Royal governors called viceroys ruled the colonies of Latin America. The Spanish monarchs appointed them. -Although the exchange of goods between Europe and the Americas was beneficial to the Native people to Latin America, Gold and Silver in particular made Spain into a rich and powerful country. -The Encomienda System. The Spanish conquerors and Spanish plantation owners were granted the right to use Native Americans for forced labor. *Many Native Americans died from starvation, disease, and from the brutal oppression and conditions made for them by the Spanish. The NativeAmerican work force declined and many ran away or fought their oppressors. RESULT: Many landowners turned to African slaves for farming and mining

Influence of spanish Catholicism on Latin America

-Catholic Priests and Missionaries worked hard to convert many Native people to Christianity

-They often had much power and some worked for the rights of Native people and defended them as well, while others saw them ONLY as inferior pagan beings to be civilized through conversion, forced labor, and obedience to the Spanish crown. *Catholicism remains the LARGEST Christian religious denomination in Latin America

Social Classes in colonial Latin America

REMEMBER: The higher classes of people were the PURE Europeans, the lower classes were the pure blood Africans and Native Americans! Peninsulares were European born nobles from Spain and Portugal sent to govern colonies in the New World. Iberian refers to the Iberian peninsula (Portugal & Spain)

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The European Slave Trade (mid 1400s-1800s)

BACKGROUND: -Slavery has existed since the beginning of civilization -At first slaves were captives from wars, criminals, or people in debt -In East Africa, Arabs captured slaves and sold them in Egypt, India, and other parts of Asia *The European slave trade developed slavery on an even more massive and inhumane scale. WHY SLAVERY? 1. The Europeans wanted cheap labor to work the large plantations of sugar, tobacco, coffee, etc. 2. They became an important trade item to obtain goods and manufactured products to make a profit. TRIANGULAR TRADE - 1. First slaves from Africa were traded to the colonies for raw materials (like cotton), 2. Second these raw materials were traded in Europe for manufactured goods (clothes, guns, etc.), 3. Third these manufactured goods were traded in Africa for slaves. [Circular continuous trade!] WHY AFRICAN-BLACK SLAVERY? 1. Black Africans were looked upon as strangers-easier to justify enslavement 2. Africans did not know terrain like Native Americans-less likely to succeed in escaping 3. Many Africans were already skilled farmers, artisans, and laborers

4.

RACIST ATTITUDES- justify blacks as savages by nature of looks, skin 46 color, and stereotypes ( a belief about a person or group of people that is not in reality true)

The Legacy of the Slave Trade to Africa and North and South America
NEGATIVE:

1. Encouraged warfare-encouraged tribes to war with each other to obtain slaves, to trade for guns and other goods. 2. Disrupted African culture-skilled artisans, leaders, and intellectuals were lost 3. Created a legacy of violence, social upheaval, and a lasting bitterness and resentment towards Western Europe and the United States. 4. Disrupted and ruined the traditional economies in Africa POSITIVE: 1. Increased cultural diffusion-the exchange of ideas and goods increased 2. Technological, scientific, and medical advancements that Europeans introduced to some African civilizations.

THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE (1453-1918)

BACKGROUND:

There are two major branches of Islam 1. The Shiite Moslems believe that only direct descendants from Muhammad should rule Moslem people anywhere. (Strict followers of the Koran) 2. The Sunni Moslems were willing to follow other Islamic leaders. (Not as strict in following Koran) -The Ottomans were Sunni Moslems from Central Asia that came to power around 1453 taking over from the Seljuk Turks as the most dominate Moslem group in the Middle East. REMEMBER: The Seljuk Turks were Moslems that fought the Christian Crusaders, Saladin was their most famous leader.
-By the 1500s under the leadership of Suleiman the Magnificent- the Ottoman Empire was the largest in the world.

-Suleiman ruled as a powerful sultan (king)

Suleiman accomplished the following:

1. The empire and military expanded to its greatest heights.

2. He let Christians and Jews for the most part govern themselves (worshipped the same god) 3. Encouraged and promoted the growth of the arts and sciences 4. Great mosques, schools, bridges, and monuments were built during his reign.

47
1800s-The Ottoman Empire Declines, the sickman of Europe-WHY?
Corrupt and ineffective sultans 2. Too many groups of people to control 3. Wars with Austria, Russia, and neighboring countries 4. Failed to modernize and keep up with growth of industry, technology, learning, science, trade, and weapons.
1.

*In 1914 the Ottomans fought WITH Germany and Austria-Hungary against the U. S., Russia, France, and England in World War I. THEY LOST!-AND THEY LOST MOST OF THEIR CONTROL OF OTHER MIDDLE EASTERN COUNTRIES! -In 1923 the Ottoman Empire became a republic-the new country was called Turkey under the leadership of Mustapha Kemal Ataturk who westernized or modernized the country

EVOLUTION OF THE COUNTRY OF TURKEY

Byzantine Empire (Eastern Orthodox Christian)Ottoman (Islam)Turkey (Islam)

THE RISE OF ABSOLUTE MONARCHY:

Definitions Divine Right Theory-the belief that a monarchs power comes from God. His or her commands expresses Gods wishes. Absolute Monarchy-monarch rules absolutely with unlimited power. Absolute Monarch Henry VIII RULED-1509-1547 Limited monarch Elizabeth I 1558-1603 Limited monarch Louis XIV 1643-1715 Country
England

Significance

Defied the Pope divorced his wife and became head of Church of England Preserved Protestant religion in England, achieved world power by defeating Spanish Armada (navy) in 1588 Known as the Sun King represented a model for absolute monarchs, built extravagant court, punished critics and Protestants

England

France

Ferdinand & Isabella 1479-1516 Phillip II 1556-1598 Peter the Great 1682-1725 Catherine the Great 1762-1796

Spain

Spain

Russia

Russia

Made Spain a world power by sponsoring explorers like Columbus to conquer new lands Strict Catholic monarch that was defeated in a major naval battle with England in 1588 Introduced Western (modern) ideas, culture and technology. Expanded the territory of Russia and the army. Continued expansion and westernization of Russia. Despite some reforms-she kept absolute power. Enlightened despot? Added Poland to his kingdom, exerted limited power and control-enlightened despot

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Frederick the Great 1740-1786

Prussia (Germany)

LIMITING THE MONARCHY IN ENGLAND:

Magna Carta in 1215 English nobles forced King John to sign the Great Charter or Magna Carta. This guaranteed that Englishmen could not be fined or imprisoned except according to the laws of the land.

Rise of Parliament-formed around in 1295, like U. S. Congress to manage taxes-began to limit Kings power in England

The Puritan Revolution-Parliament shows power has King Charles I executed, BUT King James II came back in power in 1660. King James II is

replaced (too Catholic) in a peaceful turn over called The Glorious Revolution

49

English Bill of Rights: English monarchs could not collect new taxes or raise army without Parliaments consent. No excessive fines. THOUGH ENGLISH KINGS WILL HAVE POWER TO RUN THE COUNTRY UNTIL THE EARLY 20TH CENTURY-ENGLAND LEADS THE WAY IN LIMITED THEIR POWER!

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THE ENLIGHTENMENT (THE AGE OF REASON): -MOVEMENT IN Europe in the 18th century that brought together the ideas of the Renaissance and the Scientific Revolution. The Enlightenment thinkers believed that: 1. By applying reason and scientific laws, people could better understand both nature and society. 2. Their thinking could improve society by questioning the divine right of kings and the power of the Church.

Name

From

Wrote
Two Treatises on Gov't

Main Ideas
-Observation: gov't exists to "preserve life, liberty, & property" -Hypothesis: people should be sovereign (rule) -Hypothesis: monarchs not chosen by God -Observation: Life without gov't is "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, & short." -Hypothesis: Absolute gov't needed to control evil behavior (not divine right) -Observation: "When the legislature & executive are united in the same person, there is no liberty (freedom)" -Hypothesis: Gov't must have "Separation of Powers" -- 3 branches -Observation: "man is born free, but everywhere he is in chains." - Hypothesis: Gov't is contract between people & rulers. Gov't must be what people want.
-Observation: Life is better with liberty -Hypothesis: Freedom of speech & religion, separation of church & state -"I disapprove of what you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it. "

Locke

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FALL OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE 476 AD

THE MIDDLE AGES (MEDIEVAL, AGE OF FAITH, DARK AGES) 500-1300AD

England

THE RENAISSANCE

THE PROTESTANT REFORMATION

THE AGE OF DISCOVERY

COUNTER REFORMATION COMMERCIAL REVOLUTION

England Leviathan
Hobbes

France
Montesquieu

The Spirit of Laws

ABSOLUTE MONARCHY

THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION

France
Rousseau

The Social Contract

THE ENLIGHTENMENT (AGE OF REASON) 1700s

France
Voltaire

Limited Monarchy in England 1776

The American Revolution in

The French Revolution in 1789

Independence movements in Latin America in the 1800s

*Democracy and more individual rights survive best in the United States and England. France and Latin American countries have setbacks with the rise of Napoleon and Latin American dictators!

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