Different Types of Knowledge Linguistic Knowledge: Natural Language Processing Heuristic Knowledge: Learning from experience Symbolic Knowledge:

nowledge: Using symbols Common Sense Knowledge: Differentiating between words with the same meaning Spatial Knowledge: Position of objects Domain Knowledge: Example: Help Desk, Medical Diagnosis Explicit Knowledge: Is formal and Systematic, computer program Tacit Knowledge: Highly Personal Meta Knowledge: Knowledge about what we know

General Types: Declarative: Based on facts, statements, observation, assertion and axioms Procedural: Based on steps, tasks, strategies, If Then

Representation: External : Graphical, Linguistic Internal: Distributed, Symbolic

Semantics: Study of the meaning of the individual concepts used in the language. Used to simulate human memory and meaning representation Advantages: Easy to understand Good at representing declarative knowledge Show inheritance Flexibility in adding new nodes Closer to human information storage Reduce search time

Limitation No standard representation Exceptions are difficult to handle Sequence and time difficult to express Difficult to represent procedural knowledge

Frame: A well understood static representation of OI stereotype situations

Consists of: Name Membership Slots

Reasoning mechanism: Inference through inheritance If multiple inheritance then: Attributes of parent must be unique, must check for inconsistencies, may require special control mechanism

Advantages: Ability to hierarchical knowledge, stereotypical knowledge Powerful tool to represent declarative and procedural knowledge Modularity of information Ability to clearly document knowledge Class hierarchy supports inheritance: powerful interface Supports default reasoning Ability to modify knowledge and deal with exception

Limitations: Difficult to program: Complex frame structure, multiple inheritance An object frame may have apparently contradictory properties or be seen from different prospective Can represent disjunction in the values of slot Static knowledge structure

Predicate logic is a statement about: An individual Relationship between individuals A set of symbols to describe and reason about properties and relationships

Advantages: Powerful representation Can infer and build new knowledge

Disadvantages:

Could be slow if inappropriate control mechanism Intention is not captured Casual interpretation is not possible Deductive reasoning is a form of monotonic reasoning

Production System: A model of human problem solving Often referred to as rule based system, inference system or production Knowledge expressed in terms of a set of production rules: If Then

Reasoning Process: Forward Reasoning VS Backward Reasoning Forward Reasoning: Start with all known data and progress naturally to the conclusion Backward Reasoning: Start from a given conclusion and investigate if the existing facts support the conclusion

Advantages of rule based systems: Simple Syntax Easy to understand and implement Highly modular Easy to add or delete

Limitations: Can be inefficient for large systems. Difficult to test exhaustively all the rules in the system Not all knowledge can be expressed in terms of rules Pattern matching involved is an inherently in efficient computational process

Knowledge acquisition: Interviewing Questionnaires Observation KA Tools