VIVEKANANDA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY - EAST

AIM: To obtain the radiation pattern of the dipole antenna. Equipment required: Antenna tripod, stepper motor with connecting cables, computer with appropriate software and RS232 port, dipole antenna, helix antenna Theory: A dipole antenna is a radio antenna that can be made of a simple wire, with a center-fed driven element. It consists of two metal conductors of rod or wire, oriented parallel and collinear with each other (in line with each other), with a small space between them. The radio frequency voltage is applied to the antenna at the center, between the two conductors. These antennas are the simplest practical antennas from a theoretical point of view. They are used alone as antennas, notably in traditional "rabbit ears" television antennas, and as the driven element in many other types of antennas, such as the Yagi. Dipole antennas were invented by German physicist Heinrich Hertz around 1886 in his pioneering experiments with radio waves.

Dipoles that are much smaller than the wavelength of the signal are called Hertzian, short, or infinitesimal dipoles. These have a very low radiation resistance and a high reactance, making them inefficient, but they are often the only available antennas at very long wavelengths. Dipoles whose length is half the wavelength of the signal are called half-wave dipoles, and are more efficient. In general radio engineering, the term dipole usually means a half-wave dipole (center-fed). APPLICATIONS :
1. Set-top TV antenna The most common dipole antenna is the type used

with televisions, often colloquially referred to as "rabbit ears" or "bunny ears". 2. Folded dipole Another common place one can see dipoles is as antennas for the FM band - these are folded dipoles. The tips of the antenna are folded

VIVEKANANDA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY - EAST

back until they almost meet at the feedpoint, such that the antenna comprises one entire wavelength. This arrangement has a greater bandwidth than a standard half-wave dipole. If the conductor has a constant radius and crosssection, at resonance the input impedance is four times that of a half-wave dipole.
3. Whip antenna The whip antenna is probably the most common and

simplest-looking antenna. These are monopoles, and the most common and practical is the quarter-wave monopole which could be considered as half of a dipole using a ground plane as the image of the other half. The commonly referred-to end-fed dipole is actually just a half-wave monopole whip antenna.
4. Military US Military personnel occasionally use a 'doublet'

antenna,[2] especially during dismounted unconventional warfare. A radio operator may choose to bring several doublet antennas for different frequencies, such as an antenna cut to length for the set MEDEVAC (medical evacuation) frequency, NCS (net control station) frequency, and tactical frequency (the frequency used by troops in the field).

Result: The radiation pattern of the dipole antenna has been successfully obtained.