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\cols2\colno1\colw3893\colsr-0\colno2\colw7546\pard\li773\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs
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f0\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b \i {Kofi Annan
:}\b0 \i0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0
\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Definitions of Human Security}\b0
\par\pard\li200\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li200\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \
fs18\cf0\par\pard\li200\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b \ul {Uni

ted Nations Definitions}\b0 \ul0 \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pard\li1493\ri0\sl

-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1493\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {\uc1\u8220XIn the wake of these conflicts, a new understanding of the conc
ept of security is}\par\pard\li1493\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {evolving. Once synonymous with the defence of territory from external attack,
the}\par\pard\li1493\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {requirement
s of security today have come to embrace the protection of communities and}\par\
pard\li1493\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {individuals from inte
rnal violence. The need for a more human-centred approach to}\par\pard\li1493\ri
0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {security is reinforced by the conti
nuing dangers that weapons of mass destruction, most}\par\pard\li1493\ri0\sl-280
\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {notably nuclear weapons, pose to humanity:
their very name reveals their scope and their}\par\pard\li1493\ri0\sl-306\slmult
0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {intended objective, if they were ever used.\uc1\u8
221X}{\super \fs16\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}}\par\pard\li1493\ri0\sl-213\slmu
lt0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1493\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc
1\u8220XWe must also broaden our view of what is meant by peace and security. Pe
ace means}\par\pard\li1493\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {much m
ore than the absence of war. Human security can no longer be understood in}\par\
pard\li1493\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {purely military terms
. Rather, it must encompass economic development, social justice,}\par\pard\li14
93\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {environmental protection, demo
cratization, disarmament, and respect for human rights}\par\pard\li1493\ri0\sl-3
06\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {and the rule of law.\uc1\u8221X}{\super \
fs16\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\par\pard\li1493\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\
par\pard\li1493\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8220XThe de
mands we face also reflect a growing consensus that collective security can no}\
par\pard\li1493\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {longer be narrowl
y defined as the absence of armed conflict, be it between or within}\par\pard\li
1493\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {States. Gross abuses of huma
n rights, the large-scale displacement of civilian}\par\pard\li1493\ri0\sl-266\s
lmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {populations, international terrorism, the AID
S pandemic, drug and arms trafficking and}\par\pard\li1493\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \f
s22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {environmental disasters present a direct threat to hum
an security, forcing us to adopt a}\par\pard\li1493\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {much more coordinated approach to a range of issues.\uc1\u822
1X}{\super \fs16\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}}\par\pard\li1493\ri0\sl-213\slmult
0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1493\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\
u8220XHuman security, in its broadest sense, embraces far more than the absence
of violent}\par\pard\li1493\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {confl
ict. It encompasses human rights, good governance, access to education and healt
h}\par\pard\li1493\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {care and ensur
ing that each individual has opportunities and choices to fulfill his or her}\pa
r\pard\li1493\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {potential. Every st
ep in this direction is also a steep towards reducing poverty, achieving}\par\pa
rd\li1493\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {economic growth and pre
venting conflict. Freedom from want, freedom from fear, and}\par\pard\li1493\ri0
\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {the freedom of future generations to
inherit a healthy natural environment -- these are the}\par\pard\li1493\ri0\sl306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {interrelated building blocks of human \u
c1\u8211X and therefore national \uc1\u8211X security.\uc1\u8221X}{\super \fs16\
up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {4}}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pa
rd\li773\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf
0\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-280\slmult0
\fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { United Nations Secret
ary-General Kofi Annan. Millenium Report, Chapter 3, p.43-44.}\par\pard\li773\ri
0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {<http://www.un.org/millennium/sg/re
port/full.htm> 08/22/01}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs12\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {2}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { Kofi Annan. \uc1\u8220XTowards a Culture o
f Peace.\uc1\u8221X <http://www.unesco.org/opi2/lettres/TextAnglais/AnnanE.html>

}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {08/22/01}\par\pa

rd\li773\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}{ }\fs20\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {Kofi Annan.}{ }\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Report of the Secretary-Ge
neral on the Work of the Organization.}\i0 { }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Genera
l Assembly}{ }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Official}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-226\sl
mult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Records Fifty-fifth session Supplement No.1 (A
/55/1). New York: United Nations, 2000, p.4.}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-226\slmult0
\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {<http://www.un.org/documents/sg/report00/a551e.pdf>
08/27/01}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {4}\fs20\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 { Kofi Annan. \uc1\u8220XSecretary-General Salutes Internat
ional Workshop on Human Security in Mongolia.\uc1\u8221X Two-Day}\par\pard\li773
\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Session in Ulaanbaatar, May 8-10
, 2000. Press Release SG/SM/7382.}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {<http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2000/20000508.sgsm7382.doc.
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rd\li773\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-466\slmult0 \fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100\b \i {Sadako Ogata, (former) United Nations High Commissioner
for Refugees:}\b0 \i0 \par\pard\li1493\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li
1493\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8220XSeveral key eleme
nts make up}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {human security}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {. A first essential element is the possibility}\par\pard\li1493\ri0\
sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {for all citizens to live in peace and
security within their own borders. This implies the}\par\pard\li1493\ri0\sl-280
\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {capacity of states and citizens to prevent
and resolve conflicts through peaceful and non-}\par\pard\li1493\ri0\sl-280\slmu
lt0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {violent means and, after the conflict is over, t
he ability to effectively carry out}\par\pard\li1493\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {reconciliation efforts. A second element is that people shou
ld enjoy without}\par\pard\li1493\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{discrimination all rights and obligations - including human, political, social,
economic}\par\pard\li1493\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {and cu
ltural rights - that belonging to a State implies. A third element is social inc
lusion -}\par\pard\li1493\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {or havi
ng equal access to the political, social and economic policy making processes, a
s}\par\pard\li1493\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {well as to dra
w equal benefits from them. A fourth element is that of the establishment of}\pa
r\pard\li1493\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {rule of law and the
independence of the justice system. Each individual in a society}\par\pard\li14
93\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {should have the same rights an
d obligations and be subject to the same set of rules. These}\par\pard\li1493\ri
0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {basic elements which are predicated
on the equality of all before the law, effectively}\par\pard\li1493\ri0\sl-280\
slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {remove any risk of arbitrariness which so of
ten manifests itself in discrimination, abuse}\par\pard\li1493\ri0\sl-306\slmult
0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {or oppression.\uc1\u8221X}{\super \fs16\up4\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {5}}\par\pard\li1493\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1493
\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8220XThreats to human secu
rity are varied \uc1\u8211X political and military, but also social, economic}\p
ar\pard\li1493\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {and environmental.
A wide array of factors contribute to making people feel insecure,}\par\pard\li
1493\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {from the laying of landmines
and the proliferation of small arms, to transnational threats}\par\pard\li1493\
ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {such as drugs trafficking, to the
spread of HIV. Once again, therefore, let me speak of}\par\pard\li1493\ri0\sl-2
80\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {human insecurity from my perspective. Ref
ugees flee conflicts. One of the main factors}\par\pard\li1493\ri0\sl-280\slmult

0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {of human insecurity is precisely the lack of effec

tive political and security mechanisms to}\par\pard\li1493\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\ul {address conflicts.\uc1\u8221X}\ul0 {\super \fs16\up
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {6}}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100\b \i {Ramesh Thakur, Vice Rector, Peace and Security, United Nations Un
iversity:}\b0 \i0 \par\pard\li1493\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{\uc1\u8220XHuman security refers to the quality of life of the people of a soc
iety or polity.}\par\pard\li1493\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
Anything which degrades their quality of life \uc1\u8211X demographic pressures,
diminished access}\par\pard\li1493\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {to or stock or resources, and so on \uc1\u8211X is a security threat. Conver
sely, anything which can}\par\pard\li1493\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {upgrade their quality of life \uc1\u8211X economic growth, improved acc
ess to resources, social and}\par\pard\li1493\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {political empowerment, and so on \uc1\u8211X is an enhancement of h
uman security.\uc1\u8221X}{\super \fs16\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {7}}\par\pard\l
i773\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\pa
r\pard\li773\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs1
8\cf0\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-280\slmu
lt0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b \i {United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)
:}\b0 \i0 \par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-213
\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{5}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { "Inclusion or Exclusion: Social Development Chal
lenges For Asia and Europe." Statement of Mrs. Sadako Ogata}\par\pard\li773\ri0\
sl-226\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {United Nations High Commissioner for
Refugees at the Asian Development Bank Seminar, 27 April 1998.}\par\pard\li773\r
i0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {<http://www.unhcr.ch/refworld/unhc
r/hcspeech/27ap1998.htm> 08/22/01}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-453\slmult0 \fs12\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {6}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { "Human Security: a Refugee Persp
ective." Keynote Speech by Mrs Sadako Ogata, United Nations High}\par\pard\li773
\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Commissioner for Refugees, at th
e Ministerial Meeting on Human Security Issues of the "Lysoen Process" Group of}
\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Governments. Berg
en, Norway, 19 May 1999. < http://www.unhcr.ch/refworld/unhcr/hcspeech/990519.ht
m>}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {08/22/01}\par\
pard\li773\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {7}\fs20\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 { Ramesh Thakur. \uc1\u8220XFrom National to Human Security.\uc1\u8221X}{
}\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Asia-Pacific Security: The Economics-Politics Ne
xus}\i0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. Eds.}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \f
s20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Stuart Harris, and Andrew Mack. Sydney: Allen & Unwin
, 1997, p. 53-54.}\par\pard\li10013\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1001
3\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li10013\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\
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24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8220XHuman security can be said to have two main
aspects. It means, first, safety from such}\par\pard\li1493\ri0\sl-280\slmult0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {chronic threats as hunger, disease and repression.
And second, it means protection from}\par\pard\li1493\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\
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fe \uc1\u8211X whether in homes, in jobs or}\par\pard\li1493\ri0\sl-266\slmult0
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s of national income and}\par\pard\li1493\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {development.\uc1\u8221X}{\super \fs16\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {8}}\par
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24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8220XThe list of threats to human security is lon
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\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {main categories:}\par\pard\li1493\ri0\sl-306\slmult0
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\b \i {United Nations Deputy Secretary-General Louise Frechette:}\b0 \i0 \par\pa
rd\li1493\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1493\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8220XWhat do we mean by human security? We mean, in
its most simple expression, all}\par\pard\li1493\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {those things that men and women anywhere in the world cherish m
ost: enough food for}\par\pard\li1493\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {the family; adequate shelter; good health; schooling for the children; prot
ection from}\par\pard\li1493\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {viol
ence whether inflicted by man or by nature; and a State which does not oppress i
ts}\par\pard\li1493\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {citizens but
rules with their consent.\uc1\u8221X}{\super \fs16\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {10}
}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b \i {Hans Van Gi
nkel (Rector, United Nations University) and Edward Newman:}\b0 \i0 \par\pard\li
1493\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8220XIn policy terms,
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i1493\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {from fear, conflict, ignora
nce, poverty, social and cultural deprivation, and hunger,}\par\pard\li1493\ri0\
sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {resting upon positive and negative fr
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\i0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. New York: Oxford}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-226\s
lmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {University Press, 23. <http://www.undp.org/h
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panel discussion on}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {the occasion of the twentieth anniversary of the Vienna International Centre
(VIC), Octover 9, 1999.}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charsca
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f0\charscalex100 { Hans Van Ginkel, and Edward Newman. \uc1\u8220XIn Quest of \u
c1\u8220XHuman Security.\uc1\u8221X}{ }\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Japan Revie
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ar\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\c
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ult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8220XFor Canada, human security means fre
edom from pervasive threats to people\uc1\u8217Xs rights,}\par\pard\li1493\ri0\s
l-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {safety or lives.\uc1\u8221X\uc1\u8230X
\uc1\u8220XCanada has identified five foreign policy priorities for advancing}\p
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ar\pard\li1493\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \*\tx1853\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1.}\tab \
fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Protection of civilians, concerned with building inte
rnational will and strengthening}\par\pard\li1853\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {norms and capacity to reduce the human costs of armed conflict.
}\par\pard\li1493\ri0\sl-466\slmult0 \*\tx1853\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2.}\ta
b \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Peace support operations, concerned with building
UN capacities and addressing the}\par\pard\li1853\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {demanding and increasingly complex requirements for deployment
of skilled}\par\pard\li1853\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {perso
nnel, including Canadians, to these missions.}\par\pard\li1493\ri0\sl-480\slmult
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ict prevention, with strengthening the capacity of the international community}\
par\pard\li1853\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {to prevent or res
olve conflict, and building local indigenous capacity to manage}\par\pard\li1853
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2\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Governance and accountability, concerned with fostering
improved accountability of}\par\pard\li1853\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {public and private sector institutions in terms of established norms
of democracy and}\par\pard\li1853\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
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lex100 {5 .}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Public safety, concerned with build
ing international expertise, capacities and}\par\pard\li1853\ri0\sl-266\slmult0
\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {instruments to counter the growing threats posed by
the rise of transnational}\par\pard\li1853\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {organized crime.\uc1\u8221X}{\super \fs16\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {12
}}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-453\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b \i {Human Secu
rity Network:}\b0 \i0 \par\pard\li1493\ri0\sl-466\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {\uc1\u8220XA humane world where people can live in security and dignity, f
ree from poverty and}\par\pard\li1493\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {despair, is still a dream for many and should be enjoyed by all. In such a
world, every}\par\pard\li1493\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ind
ividual would be guaranteed freedom from fear and freedom from want, with an equ
al}\par\pard\li1493\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {opportunity t
o fully develop their human potential. Building human security is essential}\par
\pard\li1493\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {to achieving this go
al. In essence, human security means freedom from pervasive threats}\par\pard\l
i1493\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {to people's rights, their s
afety or even their lives.\uc1\u8221X}{\super \fs16\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {13
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rscalex100 {1.}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8220XHuman security may be
defined as the preservation and protection of the life and}\par\pard\li1853\ri0
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Japan holds the view, as do many other countries,}\par\pard\li1853\ri0\sl-280\sl
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arscalex100 { Foreign ministry website. <http://www.dfait-maeci.gc.ca/foreignp/h
umansecurity/menu-e.asp> 08/22/01}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs12\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {13}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { Human Security Network homepage
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sl-240\slmult0 \fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {14}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { Yukio
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n Security in a Globalized World.\uc1\u8221X}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-213\slmult0
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ard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100\b {Definitions from Academic Papers}\b0 \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbk
none\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\li1493\ri0\sl-373\slmu
lt0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8220XHuman security relates to the protect
ion of the individual\uc1\u8217Xs personal safety and freedom}\par\pard\li1493\r
i0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {from direct and indirect threats o
f violence. The promotion of human development and}\par\pard\li1493\ri0\sl-280\s
lmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {good governance, and, when necessary, the col
lective use of sanctions and force are}\par\pard\li1493\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {central to managing human security. States, international
organizations, non-}\par\pard\li1493\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {governmental organizations, and other groups in civil society in combinatio
n are vital to}\par\pard\li1493\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {t
he prospects of human security.\uc1\u8221X}{\super \fs16\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {16}}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-320\sl
mult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b \i {Lincoln Chen:}\b0 \i0 \par\pard\li1493\ri
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calex100 {\uc1\u8220XThe term human security\uc1\u8230Xfocuses the concept of se
curity on human survival, well-}\par\pard\li1493\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {being and freedom.\uc1\u8221X \uc1\u8220X\uc1\u8230Xwe conceptu
alize human security as the objective \uc1\u8211X the ultimate}\par\pard\li1493\
ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ends \uc1\u8211X of all security
concerns. In this schema, other forms of security, such as military}\par\pard\l
i1493\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {security, are not ultimate
goals. Rather, these other forms of security are simply means}\par\pard\li1493\
ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {for achieving the ultimate object
ives of human security.\uc1\u8221X}{\super \fs16\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { 17}}
\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b \i {David T. Gra
ham and Nana K. Poku:}\b0 \i0 \par\pard\li1493\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {\uc1\u8220XRather than viewing security as being concerned with \u
c1\u8216Xindividuals qua citizens\uc1\u8217X (that is,}\par\pard\li1493\ri0\sl-2
66\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {toward their states), our approach view s
ecurity as being concerned with \uc1\u8216Xindividuals qua}\par\pard\li1493\ri0\
sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {persons\uc1\u8217X (Krause and Willia
ms 1997). Implicit then, in this conjunction of issues with}\par\pard\li1493\ri
0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ideas of human security and liberat
ion is the notion of the ethical and moral. As an}\par\pard\li1493\ri0\sl-280\s
lmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {approach that focuses upon the importance of
the insecurities facing people rather than}\par\pard\li1493\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \
fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {governments or institutional agencies, human security
is concerned with transcending the}\par\pard\li1493\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf

0\f0\charscalex100 {dominant paradigmatic orthodoxy that views critical concerns

of migration \uc1\u8211X recognitions}\par\pard\li1493\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(i.e. citizenship), basic needs (i.e. sustenance, protect
ion (i.e. refugee status), or human}\par\pard\li1493\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {rights (i.e. legal standing) \uc1\u8211X as problems of inte
rstate politics and consequently beyond}\par\pard\li1493\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {the realm of the ethical and moral.\uc1\u8221X}{\super \
fs16\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {18}}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\
par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b \i {Anne Hammerst
ad:}\b0 \i0 \par\pard\li1493\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1493\ri0\sl
-333\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8220XAccording to both \uc1\u8216
Xcritical\uc1\u8217X and \uc1\u8216Xhuman\uc1\u8217X security approaches, securi
ty is about attaining}\par\pard\li1493\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {the social, political, environmental and economic conditions conducive to
a life in}\par\pard\li1493\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {freedo
m and dignity for the individual.\uc1\u8221X}{\super \fs16\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {19}}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-213\
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0\slmult0 \fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {16}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { Kanti Bajp
ai.}{ }\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {The Idea of a Human Security Audit}\i0 \fs2
0\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. Joan B. Kroc Institute Report, No. 19. Fall 2000, p.
1-4.}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {<http://www.
nd.edu/~krocinst/ocpapers/op_19_1.PDF> 08/22/01}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-253\slmul
t0 \fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {17}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { Lincoln Chen. \uc
1\u8220XHuman Security: Concepts and Approaches.\uc1\u8221X}{ }\fs18\cf0\f0\char
scalex100\i {Common Security in Asia New Concepts of Human}\i0 \par\pard\li773\r
i0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Security}\i0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {. Eds. Tatsuro Matsumae and Lincoln C. Chen. Tokyo: Tokai University P
ress, 1995, p.139.}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{18}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { David T. Graham, and Nana K. Poku. }\fs18\cf0
\f0\charscalex100\i {Migration, Globalisation and Human Security}\i0 \fs20\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {. London: Routledge, 2000,}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-213\slmult0
\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p.17.}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs12\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {19}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { Anne Hammerstad. \uc1\u8220XWho
se Security? UNHCR, Refugee Protection and State Security After the Cold War.\uc
1\u8221X}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Securi
ty Dialogue}\i0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { 31.4 (2000): 395.}\par\pard\li10013
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\pard\li1493\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8220X\uc1\u823
0Xthe number of years of future life spend outside a state of \uc1\u8220Xgeneral
ized poverty.\uc1\u8221X}{\super \fs16\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {20}}\par\pard\l
i1493\ri0\sl-480\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8220X\uc1\u8230Xour s
uggestion for a parsimonious set of domains for measuring human security}\par\pa
rd\li1493\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {would be income, health
, education and political freedom and democracy.\uc1\u8221X}{\super \fs16\up4\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {21}}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-453\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100\b \i {Jennifer Leaning, M.D., S.M.H., and Sam Arie:}\b0 \i0 \par\pard\li14
93\ri0\sl-466\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8220XHuman security is a
n underlying condition for sustainable human development. It}\par\pard\li1493\r
i0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {results from the social, psycholog
ical, economic, and political aspects of human life that}\par\pard\li1493\ri0\sl
-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {in times of acute crisis or chronic dep
rivation protect the survival of individuals, support}\par\pard\li1493\ri0\sl-28
0\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {individual and group capacities to attain
minimally adequate standards of living, and}\par\pard\li1493\ri0\sl-266\slmult0
\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {promote constructive group attachment and continuity
through time. Its key measurable}\par\pard\li1493\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {components can be summarized as: a sustainable sense of home;
constructive social and}\par\pard\li1493\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {family networks; and an acceptance of the past and a positive grasp of
the future. It is}\par\pard\li1493\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {suggested that these components can be best measured by trends in their inver
se}\par\pard\li1493\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {indicators (s
ocial dislocation, dynamic inequality, and discount rate) according to metrics}\
par\pard\li1493\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {and units that wi
ll require further specification.\uc1\u8221X}{\super \fs16\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {22}}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-440\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b \i {Glo
bal Environmental Change and Human Security Project}\b0 \i0 \par\pard\li1493\ri0
\sl-480\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b \i {Steven Lonergan, Kent Gustavson
, and Brian Carter:}\b0 \i0 \par\pard\li1493\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {\uc1\u8220XAs our perspective changes, it is important to adapt our
policy framework to meet this}\par\pard\li1493\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {change. On alternative is to focus on}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00\i {human security}\i0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, recognizing the inter lin
kages of}\par\pard\li1493\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {environ
ment and society, and acknowledging that our perceptions of our environment and}
\par\pard\li1493\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {the way we inter
act with our environment are historically, socially, and politically}\par\pard\l
i1493\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {constructed. In this conte
xt, human security is achieved when and where individuals and}\par\pard\li1493\r
i0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {communities:}\par\pard\li1493\ri0\
sl-306\slmult0 \*\tx1853\fs22\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u61623X}\tab \fs22\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {have the options necessary to end, mitigate, or adapt to threa
ts to their human,}\par\pard\li1853\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {environmental, and social rights;}\par\pard\li1493\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \*\tx18
53\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u61623X}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {have
the capacity and freedom to exercise these options; and}\par\pard\li1493\ri0\sl
-306\slmult0 \*\tx1853\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u61623X}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {actively participate in attaining these options.\uc1\u8221X}\par
\pard\li1493\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \*\tx1853\fs22\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u61623
X}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8230X\uc1\u8220XHuman security embodies
the notion that problems must always be addressed}\par\pard\li1853\ri0\sl-266\s
lmult0 \*\tx7133\*\tx9466\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {from a broader perspective

that encompasses both}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {poverty}\i0 \fs22\cf0\f

0\charscalex100 { and issues of}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {equity}\i0 \p
ar\pard\li1853\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(social, economic,
environmental, or institutional) as it is these issues that often lead}\par\par
d\li1853\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {to insecurity and confli
ct.\uc1\u8221X}{\super \fs16\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {23}}\par\pard\li1493\ri0\
sl-440\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b \i {Global Environmental Change and
Human Security Project Website:}\b0 \i0 \par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18
\cf0\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-213\slmul
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13\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {20}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { Gary King and Christopher Murray. \uc1\u8220X
Rethinking Human Security.\uc1\u8221X}{ }\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Political
Science Quarterly}\i0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. (Winter 2002): In}\par\pard
\li773\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Press. Manuscript, p. 2. <
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t0 \fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {21}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { Ibid. Manuscript
, p. 13.}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {22}\fs20
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { Jennifer Leaning, M.D., S.M.H., and Sam Arie. Human Secu
rity in Crisis and Transition: A Background}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \
fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Document of Definition and Application. Working Draf
t, Prepared for US AID / Tulane CERTI. September 2000,}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-2
13\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p.37.}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-240\slmult0
\fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {23}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { Steven Lonergan, Ken
t Gustavson, and Brian Carter. \uc1\u8220XThe index of Human Insecurity.\uc1\u8
221X AVISO Bulletin Issue}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {No. 6 (January 2000). <http://www.gechs.org/aviso/AvisoEnglish/six/six.
shtml> 08/24/01}\par\pard\li10013\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li10013\
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93\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1493\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par
\pard\li1493\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8220XHuman sec
urity is not only concerned with threats to the physical security of}\par\pard\l
i1493\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {individuals, it encompasses
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arscalex100\b \i {George MacLean:}\b0 \i0 \par\pard\li1493\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \f
s22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8220XIn broad terms, human security shifts our f
ocus from traditional territorial security to}\par\pard\li1493\ri0\sl-280\slmult

0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {that of the person. Human security recognizes that

an individual\uc1\u8217Xs personal protection and}\par\pard\li1493\ri0\sl-266\s
lmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {preservation comes not just from the safeguar
ding of the state as a political unit, but also}\par\pard\li1493\ri0\sl-280\slmu
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ation, health care, protection from}\par\pard\li1493\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {crime, and the like); this is because these matters could be
thought of as part of the}\par\pard\li1493\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {objectives of sovereign states. Rather, human security also denotes p
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rscalex100\i {unstructured}\i0 \tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {violence}\i0 \
fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { that often accompanies many aspects of non-territori
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h as violence emanating from environmental scarcity, or mass migration. Therefor
e,}\par\pard\li1493\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {just as tradi
tional notions of territorial security involve the structured violence manifest
in}\par\pard\li1493\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {state warfare
, human security also attends to the issue of unstructured violence.}\fs12\cf1\f
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i0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {security, in short, involves the s
ecurity of the individual in their personal surroundings,}\par\pard\li1493\ri0\s
l-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {their community, and in their environm
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par\pard\li1493\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8220XWhethe
r the threat is economic or physical violence, immediate protective measures are
}\par\pard\li1493\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {necessary if lo
nger-term investments to improve conditions can be relevant at all. It}\par\par
d\li1493\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {follows that the core of
human insecurity can be seen as extreme vulnerability. The}\par\pard\li1493\ri
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y human security concerns would therefore be to protect}\par\pard\li1493\ri0\sl266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {those who are most vulnerable. \uc1\u823
0XThe philosophers do not tell us precisely who the}\par\pard\li1493\ri0\sl-280\
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are extremely vulnerable. \uc1\u8230XOther persons}\par\pard\li1493\ri0\sl-280\s
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tions for reasons of deep poverty or natural}\par\pard\li1493\ri0\sl-280\slmult0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {disasters. This gives us three categories of extre
mely vulnerable persons:}\par\pard\li1853\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \*\tx2213\fs24\cf0\
f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u61623X}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {victims of war a
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charscalex100 {\uc1\u61623X}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {those who live clos
e to the subsistence level and thus are structurally positioned at}\par\pard\li2
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100 {\uc1\u61623X}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {victims of natural disasters.
}\par\pard\li1493\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {In this schema,
the condition of abject poverty or powerlessness is not qualitatively}\par\pard
\li1493\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {different from vulnerabil
ity to physical violence during conflict. Indeed, it recalls the}\par\pard\li14
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asic material needs are}\par\pard\li1853\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {met, and in which human dignity, including meaningful participation in t
he life of the}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li773\ri0\s
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x100 {24}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { < http://www.knaw.nl/hdp/global.htm>}\par\
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alex100 { George MacLean. }\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {The Changing Concept o
f Human Security: Coordinating National and Multilateral}\i0 \par\pard\li773\ri0
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lex100 {. <http://www.unac.org/canada/security/maclean.html> 08/22/01}\par\pard\
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00 { Astri Suhrke. \uc1\u8220XHuman Security and the Interests of States.\uc1\u8
221X}{ }\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Security Dialogue}\i0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {. 30.3 (1999): 265-276.}\par\pard\li10013\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\p
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\pard\li1853\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {community, can be re
alized. Such human security is indivisible; it cannot be pursued}\par\pard\li18
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charscalex100 {power structures, be they global, national or local in origin and
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democracy, one that ensures the opportunity of all for participation in the dec
isions}\par\pard\li1853\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {that affe
ct their lives. Therefore it is engaged directly with discussions of democracy}
\par\pard\li1853\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {at all levels, f
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ex100 {27}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { Caroline Thomas, and Peter Wilkin, eds. G
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{28}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { Caroline Thomas. }\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\
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0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b \i {Johan Galtung:}\b0 \i0 \par\column\pard\li0\r
i0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\l
i0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100\b {Definitions of Structural Violence}\b0 \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknon
e\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\li1493\ri0\sl-480\slmult0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8220XWe shall refer to the type of violence w
here there is an actor that commits the violence}\par\pard\li1493\ri0\sl-266\slm
ult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {as}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {personal}\i
0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { or}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {direct}\i0 \f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, and to violence where there is no such actor as}{ }\
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {structural}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { or}\par
\pard\li1493\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {indirect}\i0 \fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.\uc1\u8221X \uc1\u8230X \uc1\u8220XThere may not be any
person who directly harms another person in the}\par\pard\li1493\ri0\sl-266\slmu
lt0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {structure. The violence is built into the struc

ture and shows up as unequal power and}\par\pard\li1493\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24

\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {consequently as unequal life chances.\uc1\u8221X}{\super
\fs16\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { 29}}\par\pard\li1493\ri0\sl-466\slmult0 \fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8220X\uc1\u8230Xif people are starving when this is o
bjectively avoidable, then violence is committed,}\par\pard\li1493\ri0\sl-280\sl
mult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {regardless of whether there is a clear subject
-action-object relation, as during a siege}\par\pard\li1493\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {yesterday or no such clear relation, as in the way wo
rld economic relations are organized}\par\pard\li1493\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {today. We have baptized the distinction in two different w
ays, using the word-pairs}\par\pard\li1493\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {personal-structural and direct-indirect respectively. Violence with a
clear subject-object}\par\pard\li1493\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {relation is manifest because it is visible as}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0\i {action}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. It corresponds to our ideas of wh
at}\par\pard\li1493\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {drama}\i0 \
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { is, and it is personal because there are persons com
mitting the violence. It is}\par\pard\li1493\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {easily captured and expressed verbally since it has the same struct
ure as elementary}\par\pard\li1493\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{sentences in (at lease Indo-European)}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {languag
es}\i0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {: subject-verb-object, with both subject}\par
\pard\li1493\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {and object being per
sons. Violence without this relation is structural, built into structure.}\par\
pard\li1493\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Thus, when one husban
d beats his wife there is a clear case of personal violence, but}\par\pard\li149
3\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {when one million husbands keep
one million wives in ignorance there is structural}\par\pard\li1493\ri0\sl-266\s
lmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {violence. Correspondingly, in a society wher
e life expectancy is twice as high in the}\par\pard\li1493\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {upper as in the lower classes, violence is exercised e
ven if there are no concrete actors on}\par\pard\li1493\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {can point to directly attacking others, as when one perso
n kills another.\uc1\u8221X}{\super \fs16\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {30}}\par\par
d\li3826\ri0\sl-440\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Definitions of}\b0 { }
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Cultural Violence}\b0 \par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-480\s
lmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b \i {Johan Galtung:}\b0 \i0 \par\pard\li1493\
ri0\sl-480\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8220XBy \uc1\u8216Xcultural
violence\uc1\u8217X we mean those aspects of culture, the symbolic sphere of ou
r}\par\pard\li1493\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {existence \uc1
\u8211X exemplified by religion and ideology, language and art, empirical scienc
e and}\par\pard\li1493\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {formal sci
ence (logic, mathematics) \uc1\u8211X that can be used to justify or legitimize
direct or}\par\pard\li1493\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {struct
ural violence.\uc1\u8221X}{\super \fs16\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {31}}\par\pard\
li773\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\p
ar\pard\li773\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs
18\cf0\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-213\slm
ult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl
-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li77
3\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\p
ard\li773\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\c
f0\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-213\slmult0
\fs18\cf0\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-440\slmult0 \fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {29}\fs2
0\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { Johan Galtung. \uc1\u8220XViolence, Peace, and Peace Re
search.\uc1\u8221X}{ }\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Journal of Peace Research}\i
0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { 6 (1969): 170-171.}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-240\slm
ult0 \fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {30}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { Ibid. p. 171.}\
par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {31}\fs20\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 { Johan Galtung. \uc1\u8220XCultural Violence.\uc1\u8221X Journal of

Peace Research 27.3 (1990): 291.}\par\pard\li9893\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\

par\pard\li9893\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li9893\ri0\sl-280\slmult0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {10}\par}