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(uniform surcharge)
3
10 0
Lateral spacing
of anchors = 2 m.
= 35 0
c=0
= 18 kN/m3
D =?
z'
Solution:
Ka
tan 2 (45
Kp
1
Ka
tan 2 (45
35
)
2
0.27
3.69
Active Pressure:
Pa
( z q).K a
2.c. K a
z=0m
z = 10 m
z = 10 + D
Passive Pressure:
Pp
( z q).K p
z = 0 m
z = D m
2.c. K p
pp = 0 kPa
pp = 18 x D x 3.69 = 66.42 D kPa
15
q = 10 kN/m2
(uniform surcharge)
2.7
3
A
F1
7
= 35 0
c=0
= 18 kN/m3
F2
51.3
D
F3
F4
F5
51.3 + 4.86 D
66.42 D
Force (kN/m)
F1 = 2.7 x10 = 27
F2 = (51.3-2.7) x 10 x 0.5 = 243
F3 = 51.3 x D = 51.3 D
F4 = 4.86 D x D x 0.5 = 2.43 D2
- F5 = 66.42 D x D x 0.5 = - 33.21 D2
Moment arm
about point A (m)
2
3.67
7 + D/2
7 + 2D/3
7 + 2D/3
Moment, MA (kN.m / m)
54
889.38
359.1 D + 25.6 D2
17.01 D2 + 1.62 D3
- 232.47 D2 22.14 D3
D = 2.80 m.
b) Anchor Force :
H=0
(force equilibrium)
A = 172 kN / m
A
RA
16
172
z Ka = 18 (x) (0.27)
To find the location of Mmax, determine the point at which shear force is equal to 0
2.7 (x) + [18.(x).(0.27)].(x).0.5 - 172 = 0
2.7 x + 2.43 x2 172 = 0
17
Question:
For the very long braced systems shown in the figures (a) and (b), when cu=40 kN/m2,
u=0,
=19 kN/m3, and there is no water, what is the factor of safety of the bottom against
heave?
(a) 10 kN/m2
B = 5m
H=8m
(b) 10 kN/m2 B = 5m
10 kN/m2
Clay
10 kN/m2
H=8m
Very deep
clay
2m
Hard layer
Solution:
(a)
B1=D1=2m
depth of
tension crack, zcr
B = 5m
10 kN/m2 = q
Clay
S2
W1= H B1
b
D1=2m
D1=2m
S1
Hard layer
qu = 2 Cu
18
Pactive
( z q) K a
2Cu K a
p active
( z+q) 2 C u 0
( z+q) 2 C u
z cr
For ;
2Cu
z cr
For ;
2Cu
2 x40 10
19
70
19
3.68m
B1 = D1 = 2m
qu = 2 Cu = 2x40 = 80 kPa
H = 8m ;
= 19 kN/m3
Force (kN/m)
S1 = (0.5x xB1)xCu (0.5x x2)x40
S2 = (H-zcr)xCu = (8-3.68)x40= 172.80
P1 = quxB1=2xCuxB1=2x40x2=160
W1 = xHxB1=19x8x2=304
W2 = qxB1=10x2=20
FS
2.34
19
Moment, Mb (kN.m / m)
251.20
345.60
160
-304
-20
B1 =0.707 B
(b)
B1 =0.707 B
10 kN/m2 = q
B1 =0.707 x 5 = 3.5 m
B = 5m
S2
H B1
b
D1= B1 = 0.707 B =3.5 m
S1
qu = 2 Cu
For ;
B1 = D1 = 3.5 m
qu = 2 Cu = 2x40 = 80 kPa
H = 8m ;
= 19 kN/m3
Force (kN/m)
S1 = (0.5x xB1)xCu (0.5x x3.5)x40=
S2 = (H-zcr)xCu = (8-3.68)x40= 172.80
P1 = quxB1=2xCu xB1=2x40x3.5=280
W1 = xHxB1=19x8x3.5=532
W2 = qxB1=10x3.5=35
FS
1.88
20
Moment, Mb (kN.m / m)
769.30
604.80
490
-931
-61.25
10 kN/m2
B = 5m
1
Hs=4m
= 18 kN/m3
Hc=4m
=330
Sand
qu = 80 kN/m2
Clay
= 19 kN/m3
Solution;
For sand, consider active earth pressure, not earth pressure at rest, because of some lateral
displacement during excavation.
Ka = tan2(45 Ka = 0.29
/2) = tan2(45 -
/2)
S1
active
force
S2
sand
H2
clay
b
P1 D1 = 3.5m
S3
qu = 2 C u
z=0
z=4
Force (kN/m)
S1 = n tan
x tan33 35
S2 = 4 Cu = 4 x 40 = 160
S3 = 0.5x xB1xCu = 0.5x x3.5x40 = 220
kN/m
P1 = 80x3.5 = 280
W1 = 4x18x3.5=252
W2 = 4x19x3.5=266
W3 = 10x3.5=35
FS
Moment arm
about point A (m)
3.5
3.5
3.5
1.75
1.75
1.75
1.75
Moment, MA (kN.m / m)
2. 0
1
3
H=8m
3
Stiff Clay
cu = 100 kN/m2
= 20 kN/m3
22
122.5
560
770
490
-441
-465.5
-61.25
Solution;
for strut loads, the earth pressure distribution is
1
A
0.25H=2.0
Area 1
2.0
B
a
B1
0. 5H=4.0
2.0
B2
Area 2
0 .25H=2.0
1
area 1
area 2
spacing
Strut loads;
A = 74.7x 5
= 373.5 kN
= 373.5 kN
23
= 19 kN/m2 and
unconfined compressive strength qu= 80 kN/m2 ; and there is no water, what is the factor
of safety at the bottom against heave?
Solution;
B= 10 m
q= 10 kN/m2
Clay
H= 10m
10 m x 45m
F.S.
N c qu
2( H q)
Nc Cu
( H q)
Nc (square) = 7.7
FS
6.8 x40
(19 x10 10)
1.36
24