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Pi19404
February 3, 2013
Contents
Contents
Noise Models in Image Processing
0.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . 0.2 Gaussian Noise Model . . 0.3 Rayleigh Noise Model . . . 0.4 Uniform Noise Model . . . 0.5 Uniform Noise Model . . . 0.6 Exponential Noise Model 0.7 Salt and Pepper Noise . . 0.8 Use of Noise Models . . . 0.9 Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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3 4 6 7 8 9 9 10 11 11
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f (x) =
1 p
2
(x)2 e 22
where is mean and is variance associated with the random variable. The PDF tells us probability of observing instance of random variable. If we were to compute the PDF/relative frequency plot of gaussian random variance we would observe than most of the values are centered about the mean.The relative frequency of values away from the mean are less. Such a model can be used in situations where each pixels is affected by noise independently of other pixels and noise PDF follows a gaussian distribution. Let us look at a sample test image and effect of gaussian noise on the PDF of such an image Condside the test image,Its pixels intensities take 3 values 0,0.5 and 0.9. Thus its histogram is represented by 3 delta functions. Now we apply gaussian noise to the image and then observe the histogram of the image. In the corrupted image histogram we can see that histogram which originally consisted of 3 impulse functions ,gets spread out in accordance with Gasussian PDF. The gassusian function can be observed in the noisy image histogram. We can observe that the output image PDF is convolution of input image PDF and gaussian noise PDF. This is due to fact that PDF of sum of two random variable is convolution of PDF of two random variables involved. If we were only given the noisy image we may be able to estimate the noise under the assumption that it is gaussian in nature.
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f (x; ) =
for >0 and x 0
x x2 =22 e ; 2
x 0;
The parameter controls the ammount of spread,higher the value higher the spread. As in the above case the PDF of output image is obtained by convolution of input image and rayleigh noise PDF.
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81 < ba f (x) = :0
for for
a x b; x<a
or
x>b
The b; a parameters controls the ammount of spread,higher the difference higher the spread. As in the above case the PDF of output image is obtained by convolution of input image and uniform noise PDF.
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81 < ba f (x) = :0
for for
a x b; x<a
or
x>b
The b; a parameters controls the ammount of spread,higher the difference higher the spread. As in the above case the PDF of output image is obtained by convolution of input image and uniform noise PDF.
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f (x; ) =
ex ; x 0; 0; x < 0:
The parameters controls the ammount of spread. Higher the value faster the function falls to zero from the maximum. As in the above case the PDF of output image is obtained by convolution of input image and uniform noise PDF.
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f (x) =
1;
x = 1; 0; x = 0:
As in the above case the PDF of output image is obtained by convolution of input image and uniform noise PDF. The Salt and pepper noise has the effect of shifting the PDF of input histogram
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Noise Models in Image Processing Depending on the noise detected in the image different type of filters or filters with varying parameters can be applied to the image. Median filter is very effective for salt and pepper noise while Gaussian filter can be applied in case of gaussian,uniform noise etc. Assuming or estimating noise from the image also helps in image denoising and restoration applications to develope optimum filters for specific types of noise models. Thus noise models helps in selecting the filter or parameters of filters in image denoising and restoration applications. We will look these aspects in detail in later articles.
0.9 Code
The code consits of two parts the host code and the device code. Host side code uses OpenCv APIs to read the image from video file and demonstrates the calling of the kernel code for Box filter,Gaussian Filter and Sobel with naive and optimized parallel version and host CPU version . Code is available in repository https://code.google.com/p/m19404/ source/browse/OpenCL-Image-Processing/Convolution/
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Bibliography
Bibliography
[1]
Adding Salt and Pepper Noise to Image. url: http://angeljohnsy.blogspot. in/2011/10/add-salt-and-pepper-noise-to-image.html. Numerical Tour of Signal Processing. url:
http : / / www . mathworks . in / matlabcentral / fileexchange / 9554 - a - numerical - tour - of - signal processing.
[2]
[3]
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