Physics 130 Formula Sheet Stefan Martynkiw

Simple Harmonic Motion

x=Acos(ut +)
v
x
=uAsin (ut +)
a
x
=u
2
A cos(ut +)
a
x
=u
2
x
u=2f
u=
.
k
m
=
.
g
L
f =
u
2
=
1
2 .
k
m
T=
1
f
=2
.
m
k
=arctan
(
v
0x
ux
0
)
A=
.
x
0
2
+
v
0
2
u
2
Energy in SHM
E=
1
2
mv
x
2
+
1
2
k x
2
=
1
2
k A
2
v
x
=!
.
k
m
.A
2
x
2
(v
max
occurs at x=0)
Dampening
F
d
=bv
x
x=Ae
b
2m
t
cos(u' t+)
u' =
.
k
m

b
2
4m
2
For underdamped situations,
b2.km , use the above x
formula. In Critically damped
situations, w' = 0.
Energy in Damped situations.
dE
dt
=bv
x
2
Forced Oscillations
A=
F
max
.
(kmu
d
2
)
2
+b
2
u
d
2
When ku
d
2
=0 , A has a
maximum of u
d
=.k/ m .
The height is proportional to 1/b.
Wave Speed
v=\f
Wave Number
k=
2
\
; v=u/ k
Mechanical Waves
Wave function to the right
y( x ,t )=Acos (kxut +
o
)
Wave function to the left
y( x ,t )=Acos (kx+ut +
o
)
Linear Mass Density:
m
string
= L
v
wave on string
=
.
F

Rate of Energy Transfer for a wave

P( x ,t )=Fk uA
2
sin
2
( kxut )
P( x ,t )=. FuA
2
sin
2
(kxut )
P
avg
=1/2 P
max
Standing Waves
y
standing
( x, t )=Asin(kx)sin (ut )
Shape at a position depends on
sin(kx); Shape at a time depends on
sin(wt)
Nodes: x=0, \/ 2,\, 3\/ 2,...
Antinodes:
x=\/ 4 , 3\/ 4, 5\/ 4, ...
Allowed wavelengths for a standing
wave on a string with nodes at x=0,
x=L
\
n
=
2L
n
Metric Prefixes
Standing Wave Frequencies
This v is speed of wave on a string.
f
n
=
v
\
n
Fundamental frequency for a string
fixed at both ends:
f
1
=
1
2L .
F

Sound Waves
Pressure Formulas
Bulk Modulus
B=
P
V /V
Difference in atmospheric pressures in a
sinusoidal soundwave:
p(x ,t )=BkAsin(kxt )
p
max
=BkA=(v ) A
Speed of Sound in a fluid:
v=

, rho is the mass density

Intensity
I =Pressure/ Area
Intensity of sound in spherical waves:
I =
Power from source
4 r
2
Inverse square law
I
1
I
2
=
r
2
2
r
1
2
Intensity = Pressure X Velocity (relating
intensity to either the displacement or pressure
amplitudes).
Instantaneous Intensity
I (x, t )=Bk A
2
sin
2
(kxt )
Average Intensity, a is displ ampl
I=1/ 2B
2
A
2
Average Intensity of a sound wave in a fluid
I =
p
max
2
2

B
Decibel Scale
=(10dB)log
10
(
I
I
0
)
,
I
0
=10
12
W / m
2
Standing Waves in a Pipe
Two open ends

n
=
2L
n
f
n
=
nv
2L
One closed end (Stopped)
n = 1,3,5, ...

n
=
4L
n
f
n
=
nv
4L
Phase Difference and Path
difference.
Phase difference is based on the creation of the
wave at its source. Path difference is the
different distances the two waves must travel.
Relating the two:(assuming created
in phase)
=
L

2
Beats
T
beat
=
T
a
T
b
T
b
T
a
f
beat
=f
a
f
b

Doppler Effect
f
L
=
v!v
L
v!v
s
f
s
Sonic Booms and Shockwaves
Shockwave Angle:
sin =
v
v
s
Mach Number=
v
s
v
Light Rays / Polarization
Unpolarized light entering the first polarizer ->
Half the Intensity After that:
I =I
0
cos
2

Snell's Law
sin
1
sin
2
=
n
2
n
1
=
v
1
v
2
=

2
Refraction index n=c/v
Total Internal Reflection
sin
critical
=
n
b
n
a
, n
a
=water
Polarization by reflection
At the Brewster angle, all reflected light is
polarized. Where nb is the water in the
textbook diagram.
tan
B
=
n
b
n
a
Geometric Optics /Spherical
Mirrors
f =R/ 2
1
f
=
1
d
i
+
1
d
o
m=
h
i
h
o
=
d
i
d
o
Refraction with Spherical
Boundary
n
air
d
o
+
n
glass
d
i
=
n
air
n
glass
r
curvature
f =
n
glass
r
curvature
n
glass
n
air
m=
n
air
d
o
n
glass
d
i
Refraction at a plane
Lateral Magnification is 1.
n
air
d
o
=
n
glass
d
i
Lens-maker's Equation
1
f
=(n1)
(
1
R
1

1
R
2
)
n = index of refraction
R's = radii of curvature
Interference
In Young's double-slit experiment, only the
path length differs. D is space between holes
Path Length Difference
L=d sin
Phase Difference
=(d sin)(2)/
Constructive interference at
=2m,(m=0,!1,!2, ...)
Destructive interference at
=2(m+1/ 2),(m=0,!1,!2,...)
Fringe locations can be found by combining the
above 3 formulas (whether for constructive or
destructive)
Two Source Intensity
Io = intensity of each source
I =4I
o
cos
2
(
1
2
)
Diffraction
Any pair of rays seperated by a/2 has the same
phase difference. a is width of hole
Dark fringes at
asin=m, m=!1,!2
Single Slit diffraction intensity
I ()=I
m
(
sin

)
2
, Im is max intensity
=1/ 2=

sin
Circular Aperatures
Location of first dark fringe
sin
1
=1.22

Diameter
Rayleigh's Criterion (resolution of two objects.
The angle seperating the two objects.)

R
=1.22

D
Interference Intensity for Two Wide Slits
I =I
m
cos
2
(

2
)(
sin

)
2