Calculation of of earth quake loads in acc.

with Eurocode 8/NS-EN1998-1

Course: June 4th 2009, Norwegian Steel Association

CONTENTS
Shear Force at Ground Level Seismic Class Effect of Soil Type Natural periods Design Spectrum Load factors and combinations Seismic mass Distribution of forces within building. Capacity control Exemption Criteria

Earth quake in structures

Essentials giving greatest contribution to Fb: Natural period of structure (T). Energy dissipation in structure, (q). Soil Type (S).

Lets start with the basics

Earth quakes are dynamic fenomenons and are solved in accordance with this. F = m*a > 0 (Sir Isac Newton, 1666). F = ms*Sd(T)* (Eurocode + NA, 2008)

Load factors for earth quakes: Accident Limit State

Permanente laster 1,0

Dominerende variabel last 0,0 0,8 (se nedenfor)

Andre variable laster 0,0 0,8 (se nedenfor) 1,0

Jordskjelv last

1,0

For krefter i konstruksjonen For brudd i grunnen.

1,0

1,0

1,0

Load factors for permanent variable loads: (valid for seismic mass)
Boliger 0,3 Kontorer 0,3 Forsamlingslokale 0,6 Butikker 0,6 Lager 0,8

Material factor, Steel

m = 1,1
(NA.6.1.3.(1))

pkt 4.3.3.2.2: Shear forces at ground level or at the top of a rigid basement.
F = ms*Sd(T)* ms = the seismic mass of the structure = dead load + permanent loads + % of live loads. Sd(T) = design spectrum = correction factor (0,85 for T < 2*TC and more than 2 storeys, otherwise 1,0)

ref pkt 3.2.2.5 (4)P Design Spectrum principal shape

Most buildings are within: (Tb+Tc)/2 and (Tc+Td)/2

Sd(T) = Design Spectrum

ag , S ,T
0 < T < TB TB < T < TC TC < T < TD T > TD Sd(T) = Sd(T) = Sd(T) = Sd(T) = ag*S*(2/3 +(T/TB)*(2,5/q 2/3)) ag*S*2,5/q ag*S*2,5*(TC/T)/q ag*S*2,5*(TC*TD/T)/q

Parameters that must be determined:

q = construction factor < 1,5 4> ag40hz = peak value of ground acceleration < 0 3,0 m/s> 1 = Factor for seismic class < 0,7 2,0> ag = 0,8* ag40hz* 1 = design ground acceleration S = Soil factor, dependent on the ground conditions < 1,0 1,7 and greater> T = Natural period of the structure, usually < 0,5 s 1,5 s> TB, TC og TD in the design spectrum (Sd(T)), governed by soil factor S 2 orthogonal directions is considered.

Earth quake in Norway the last 110 years.

The map indicates automatic registrations performed by av NORSAR of earth quakes and other seismic activities (explosions etc.) the last 110 years. ILL: NORSAR

ag40hz = peak value for ground acceleration

ag40hz = peak value for ground acseleration

1 = Factor for seismic class

( plitelighetsklasse)

Then calculate design ground acceleration:

ag = 0,8* ag40hz* 1

Effect of Soil under and around building:

Illustrated by a case in Iceland.

Example of increase of earthquake actions Case study in Iceland, Thjorsa Bru

Reykjavik

M6.5, June 21 - 2000

Hverageri Keflavk

M6.5 - June 17 - 2000

Selfoss orlkshfn

Thjorsa-bridge
Hella Hvolsvllur

10

20

30

40

50

Scale in Kilometers

Thjorsa Bru Different type of soil on each side.

Accelerometer WEST SIDE 50 mm expansion joints EAST SIDE 50 mm expansion joints

Lava rock, 8-10 m thick

Lead-rubber bearings Thjorsa-River Pier Back wall with wing walls

Alluvial deposits, 18-20 m thick Bedrock Approach span

Bedrock on the east side Lava rock on alluvial deposits on west side

Accelerations measured in 2000 for the same quake.

83 m

West side
Lava rock, 8-10 m thick

East side

Thjorsa River

Sand and fine gravel, 18-20 m thick Dolerite (bedrock)

0.50 0.00 WEST SIDE N-S EAST SIDE N-S

Acceleration - (g)

0,29 hz, greater Sd(T) -0.50 0.50

0.00 -0.50 0.50

E-W

E-W

0,21 hz, less Sd(T)

Vertical

Vertical

Insignificant Sd(t)

0.00 -0.50 0 5 Time - (s) 10 15 0 5 Time - (s) 10 15

Insignificant Sd(t)

Effect of ground types (S-faktor)

Geotechnical advice needed when:

Geotechnical advice or values not given by Eurocode. Possibility for lique-faction (Soil type S2 ) Plastified and soft clay and silts (Soil type S1 ) Mix of several Soil Types A - E Possibility of great pore overpressures Lateral forces on Piles Partly freestanding piles. Structural interaction soil and building Foundation flexibility in analyses.

Natural periods of the structure, T

Natural periods of the structure, T

The basic equation:

T = * (M/K)
M = Seismic mass: Masses from permanent loads + % variable K = stiffness: Some contribution from the load bearing structure and some from the non load bearing structure

Approximate equations for the first natural period:

point 4.3.3.2.2.(3), (4) og (5).

T1 = Ct H 3 / 4
where C = 0,085 for steel frames C = 0,075 for concrete frames C = 0,050 for other systems

Second approximate equation:

T1 = 2 d

d is the horizontal displacement in meter on the top floor when the forces of gravity are applied as horizontal forces THE EQUATIONS USUALLY DETERMINE FOR A SHORT PERIOD, T (CONSERVATIVELY)

Natural period, T, flexibility of foundation

T1 = 2 . . (M1/K1) T1 = Ct . H3/4 T1 = 2 .
d

Which modes shall be calculated?

X-direction Y-direction Rotation
Several periods are calculated when:
-

The sum of the swing mode masses < 90% of total mass The swing form has mass > 5% of total masse

2D or 3D analyses to calculate T required for:

Non Regular buildings Buildings designed in DCM ( 2 < q < 4) Buildings with foundations partly on rock and deposits. Buildings in seismic class

Natural periods for non-regular structures:

Use computer programmes (2D or 3D) Calculate all required swing modes (90 %- and 5 % - rule) Accurately determine the T-values Test against the excemption criteria

Calculate the following :

Sd(T) = Design Spectrum
0 < T < TB TB < T < TC TC < T < TD T > TD Sd(T) = Sd(T) = Sd(T) = Sd(T) =

ag*S*(2/3 +(T/TB)*(2,5/q 2/3)) ag*S*2,5/q ag*S*2,5/q*(TC/T) ag*S*2,5/q*(TC*TD/T)

Point 3.2.2.5 (4)P Respons Spectrum (in principle)

Udesired eccentricity (Torsion) point 4.3.3.2.4 Reinforcement factor = 1+x/ Le x = the distance of the structure in question from the mass centre of the overall structure in the level measred at right angles to the relevant seismic load. Le = the distance between the outer strucural parts withstanding applied loasds, measured at right angles to the direction of the seismic load in question.

Shear force at foundation level or at the roof level of a rigid basement

F= m*Sd(T)*

point 4.3.3.2.3 The distribution of shear forces on the floors of the building.

The distribution of shear forces on the floors of the building. Will also be given by a 2D or 3D dynamic analysis

How and when do we design for earth quakes?

Low seismicity:
Condition: - ag S = I * agR * S < 0.1 g = 0.98 m/s2 - q 1.5 => Simplified design rules may be used

Limiting conditions

Very low seismiscty:

Condition: - Sd(T)< 0.05 g = 0.49 m/s2 - q 1.5 => Do not require earth quake design

ref NA.3.2.1 (5)P

Excemption criteria.
Not necessary to determine sufficient capacity for seismic loads:

Structures in seismic class I (i.e. 1 = 0,7)

Light timber structures when ag*S <0,05g = 0,49 m/s when Sd(T) < 0,05g = 0,49 m/s with q < 1,5. Very low seimicity.
in sum As ic bas at g th n esig rd s fo iple rinc p r d fo nte cou ac are

Structures with small energy dissipation, DCL:

1,5 q 2,0 Elstic analyses without accounting for nonlinearities. Carry out design and sizing acc to Gjennomfre dimensjonering iht NS-EN Steel Standard without additional requirements. (Only if q1,5) Ved ikke-regularitet i oppriss reduseres q til 0,8*q < 1,5. (pkt 4.2.3.1)

DCL is a straight forward first attemt to design for earthquakes.