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General Comments Limit State of Collapse for Torsion Design of Longitudinal Reinforcement
Tu tu L
Figure 5-6.1
The torsional moment near the support is given by the following expression.
Tu =
Here, L = clear span of the beam
tu L 2
(5-5.1)
For a straight beam with a point torque, the maximum torsional moment (Tu) is near the closer support. If the location of the point torque is variable, Tu is calculated for the location closest to a support. For a curved beam, Tu is calculated based on structural analysis.
The design is done for the critical section. The critical section is defined in Clause 41.2 of IS:456 - 2000. In general cases, the face of the support is considered as the critical section. When the reaction at the support introduces compression at the end of the beam, the critical section can be selected at a distance effective depth from the face of the support. To vary the amount of reinforcement along the span, other sections may be selected for design. Usually the following scheme is selected for the stirrup spacing in beams under uniformly distributed load. 1) Close spacing for quarter of the span adjacent to the supports. 2) Wide spacing for half of the span at the middle. For large beams, more variation of spacing may be selected. The following sketch shows the typical variation of spacing of stirrups. The span is represented by L.
L/4
Figure 5-6.2
L/2
L/4
First, an equivalent flexural moment Mt is calculated from Tu. Second, for the design of primary longitudinal reinforcement, including the prestressed tendon, the total equivalent ultimate moment (Me1) is calculated from the flexural moment (Mu) and Mt. Third, the design of longitudinal reinforcement for other faces based on equivalent ultimate moments Me2 and Me3 is necessary when the equivalent moment Mt is larger than Mu. The following sketch shows the equivalent ultimate moments for design.
Me1
Figure 5-6.3
Me2
Equivalent ultimate moments
Me3
The design for Me1 is similar to the design of a prestressed section for flexure. The design for Me2 is similar to the design of a prestressed concrete or reinforced concrete section. The design for Me3 is similar to the design of a reinforced concrete section. The design of stirrups including torsion is similar to the design of stirrups in absence of torsion.
bw
t
Solid rectangular
Figure 5-6.4
Hollow rectangular
Flanged
The variables are as follows. b = breadth of the section = bw for flanged section D = total depth of the section t = thickness of the section. The average prestress in a section at the level of CGC, is limited to 0.3fck.
Mode 1 Failure
Zone under Cu
M e1 Tu
Figure 5-6.5
The equivalent ultimate bending moment for Mode 1 failure (Me1) is given by the following equation.
(5-5.2)
M e1 = M u + M t
The equivalent bending moment for Tu is given as follows.
2D Mt = Tu 1+ b
In the previous expression, Mu = applied bending moment at ultimate. Mt = additional equivalent bending moment for torsion. Tu = applied torsion at ultimate.
(5-5.3)
Since, the torsion generates tension in the reinforcement irrespective of the sign, the sign of Mt is same as that of Mu.
Mode 2 Failure
Zone under Cu
Figure 5-6.6
Tu
Me 3
The equivalent ultimate transverse bending moment for Mode 2 failure (Me3) is given as follows.
1+ 2b x D Me 3 = Mt 1+ 1 2D 2e 1+ b
2
(5-5.4)
In the previous expression e = Tu/Vu, ratio of ultimate torsion and ultimate shear force at a section. x1 = smaller dimension of a closed stirrup. The larger dimension of a closed stirrup is represented as y1. the dimensions are shown in the following sketch.
y1
x1
Figure 5-6.7
The transverse bending moment Me3 is considered when the numerical value of Mu is less than Mt. Me3 acts about a vertical axis.
Mode 3 Failure
Tu
Zone under Cu
Figure 5-6.8
Me2
The equivalent ultimate bending moment for Mode 3 failure (Me2) is given by the following equation. Me2 = Mt Mu The expression of Mt is same as for Mode 1 failure, given
(5-5.5)
before.
Mode 2 failure is checked when the numerical value of Mu is less than that of Mt. Me2 acts in the opposite sense of that of Mu. The longitudinal reinforcement is designed for Me1 similar to the flexural reinforcement for a prestressed beam. The design of flexural reinforcement is covered in Section 4.2, Design of Sections for Flexure (Part I) and Section 4.3 Design of Sections for Flexure (Part II). When Me2 is considered, longitudinal reinforcement is designed similar to a prestressed concrete or reinforced concrete beam. When Me3 is considered, longitudinal reinforcement is designed similar to a reinforced concrete beam. For a singly reinforced rectangular section, the amount of longitudinal reinforcement (As) is solved from the following equation.
f A 0.87fy As d 1- y s = Mu fck bd
(5-5.6)
In the previous equation, d = effective depth of longitudinal reinforcement fy = characteristic yield stress of longitudinal reinforcement fck = characteristic compressive strength of concrete Mu = one of Me2 and Me3.