Graph like y =kxn or y = kax

In an experiment, the following data are obtained. x 2 4 8 15 20 y 5.66 16 44.66 112.21 177.83 It is conjectured that the relationship between x and y can be expressed by the equation y = kxn, where k and n are constants. (a) Plot the graph of log y against log x. (b) Find the values of k and n. (Give the answers correct to 3 significant figures if necessary.) Solution (a) The corresponding values of log x and log y are shown below. The values of log x and log y are correct to 2 decimal places. log x 0.30 0.60 0.90 1.18 1.30 log y 0.75 1.20 1.65 2.05 2.25 Mark each pair of the corresponding values of log x and log y on graph paper. Then draw the line of best fit.

(b) Since log y = n log x + log k, log k = y-intercept log k = 0.3 k = 2.00, cor. to 3 sig. fig. n = slope of the line 2.25 0.3 = 1.30 0 = 1.5 Answer (b) k = 2.00, n = 1.5

Consider the following data from an experiment. x 10 15 30 50 80 y 17.78 10.11 2.24 0.25 0.01 It is given that the above data satisfy a relation of the form y = kax, where a and k are constants. (a) Plot the graph of log y against x. (b) Find the values of a and k and write down the relation. (Give the answers correct to 3 significant figures if necessary.) Solution (a) The corresponding values of x and log y are shown below. The values of log y are correct to 2 decimal places. x 10 15 30 50 80 log y 1.25 1.00 0.35 0.60 2.00 Mark each pair of the corresponding values of x and log y on graph paper. Then draw the line of best fit.

(b) Since y = kax where a and k are constants, i.e. log y = (log a)x + log k. log k = y-intercept log k = 1.7 k = 50.1, cor. to 3 sig. fig. log a = slope of the line 2 1.7 log a = 80 0 log a = 0.04625 a = 0.899, cor. to 3 sig. fig. y = 50.1(0.899)x Answer (b) a = 0.899, k = 50.1, y = 50.1(0.899)x

Jonathan studies the growth of the population of rabbits in an experiment. The table below shows the population N of rabbits t months after its first observation. t 1 2 5 8 10 N 67 86 191 467 635 However, one set of the above data is wrongly recorded. (a) Plot the graph of ln N against t, determine which set of the data is most likely incorrect. (b) Express N in terms of t using an equation. (Give the answers correct to 3 significant figures if necessary.) (c) Estimate the population of the rabbits after 2 years, correct to the nearest integer. Solution (a) The corresponding values of t and ln N are shown below. The values of ln N are correct to 2 decimal places. t 1 2 5 8 10 ln N 4.20 4.45 5.25 6.15 6.45 Mark each pair of the corresponding values of t and ln N on graph paper. Then draw the line of best fit.

From the graph, it is clear that the point (8, 6.15) is far away from the line. So the original data (8, 467) is most likely incorrect. (b) Suppose the above data satisfy a relation of the form N = kat where a and k are constants, i.e. ln N = tln a + ln k. ln k = y-intercept ln k = 3.95 k = 51.9, cor. to 3 sig. fig. ln a = slope of the line 6.45 3.95 ln a = 10 0 ln a = 0.25 a = 1.28, cor. to 3 sig. fig. N = 51.9(1.28)t (c) When t = 24, N = 51.9(1.28)24 = 19 418, cor. to the nearest integer The required population of the rabbits is 19 418.

The table below shows some corresponding values of the force of resistance F (in N) opposing the motion of a moving object and its velocity v (in m/s). v 0.5 2.25 5 10 25 F 18 53 95 150 286 (a) Plot the graph of log F against log v. (b) Express F in terms of v using an equation. (c) Find the force of resistance of the moving object when its velocity is 50 m/s. (Give the answers correct to 3 significant figures.) Solution (a) The corresponding values of log v and log F are shown below. The values of log v and log F are correct to 2 decimal places. log v 0.30 0.35 0.70 1 1.40 log F 1.26 1.72 1.98 2.18 2.46 Mark each pair of the corresponding values of log v and log F on graph paper. Then draw the line of best fit.

(b) Suppose the above data satisfy a relation of the form F = avk where a and k are constants, i.e. log F = (log v)k + log a. log a = y-intercept log a = 1.48 a = 30.2, cor. to 3 sig. fig. k = slope of the graph 2.46 1.48 k= 1.4 0 = 0.7 F = 30.2v0.7 (c) When v = 50, F = 30.2(50)0.7 = 467, cor. to 3 sig. fig. The required force of resistance is 467 N. Answer (b) F = 30.2v0.7 (c) 467 N