Image de-blurring and noise removal using Wiener filter

May-2012

1.INTRODUCTION
Image processing is a method to convert an image into digital form and perform some operations on it, in order to get an enhanced image or to extract some useful information from it. It is a type of signal dispensation in which input is image, like video frame or photograph and output may be image or characteristics associated with that image. Usually Image Processing system includes treating images as two dimensional signals while applying already set signal processing methods to them. It is among rapidly growing technologies today, with its applications in various aspects of a business. Image Processing forms core research area within engineering and computer science disciplines too. Image processing basically includes the following three steps. Importing the image with optical scanner or by digital photography. Analyzing and manipulating the image which includes data compression and image

enhancement and spotting patterns that are not to human eyes like satellite photographs. Output is the last stage in which result can be altered image or report that is based on

image analysis.

1.1 Purpose of Image processing

The purpose of image processing is divided into 5 groups. They are: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Visualization - Observe the objects that are not visible. Image sharpening and restoration - To create a better image. Image retrieval - Seek for the image of interest. Measurement of pattern Measures various objects in an image. Image Recognition Distinguish the objects in an image

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Image de-blurring and noise removal using Wiener filter

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Digital images are prone to a variety of types of noise. Noise is the result of errors in the image acquisition process that result in pixel values that do not reflect the true intensities of the real scene. There are several ways that noise can be introduced into an image, depending on how the image is created. For example:

If the image is scanned from a photograph made on film, the film grain is a source of noise. Noise can also be the result of damage to the film, or be introduced by the scanner itself.

If the image is acquired directly in a digital format, the mechanism for gathering the data (such as a CCD detector) can introduce noise.

Electronic transmission of image data can introduce noise.

To simulate the effects of some of the problems listed above, the toolbox provides the imnoise function, which you can use to add various types of noise to an image.

1.2 Sources Of Noise In Digital Images

Noise usually quantified by the percentage of pixels which are corrupted. Corrupted pixels are either set to the maximum value or have single bits. There are several ways that noise can be introduced into an image, depending on how the image has been created. For instance: If the image is scanned from a photograph made on film, the film grain is a source of noise. Noise may also be the result of damage to the film, or be introduced by the scanner itself. If the image is acquired directly in a digital format, the mechanism for gathering the data (such as a CCD detector) can introduce noise. Electronic transmission of image data can make noise.

1.3 Types Of Noises

Noise to be any degradation in the image signal caused by external disturbance . If an image is being sent electronically from one place to another via satellite or wireless transmission or through networked cables, we may expect errors to occur in the image signal. These errors will appear on the image output in different ways depending on the type of disturbance in the
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Image de-blurring and noise removal using Wiener filter

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signal. Usually we know what type of errors to expect and the type of noise on the image, hence we investigate some of the standard noise for eliminating or reducing noise in color image .Image Noise is classified as Amplifier noise (Gaussian noise), Salt-and-pepper noise (Impulse noise),Shot noise, Quantization noise (uniform noise),Film grain, on-isotropic noise, Speckle noise (Multiplicative noise) and Periodic noise. 1.3.1 Amplifier Noise (Gaussian noise)

The standard model of amplifier noise is additive, Gaussian, dependent at each pixel and dependent of the signal intensity, caused primarily by JohnsonNyquist noise (thermal noise), including that which comes from the reset noise of capacitors ("kTC noise"). It is an idealized form of white noise, which is caused by random fluctuations in the signal [8]. In color cameras where more amplification is used in the blue color channel than in the green or red channel, there can be more noise in the blue channel. Amplifier noise is a major part of the noise of an image sensor, that is, of the constant noise level in dark areas of the image. In Gaussian noise, each pixel in the image will be changed from its original value by a (usually) small amount. A histogram, a plot of the amount of distortion of a pixel value against the frequency with which it occurs, shows a normal distribution of noise. While other distributions are possible, the Gaussian (normal) distribution is usually a good model, due to the central limit theorem that says that the sum of different noises tends to approach a Gaussian distribution. 1.3.2 Salt-and-Pepper Noise (Impulse Noise)

Salt and pepper noise is sometimes called impulse noise or spike noise or random noise or independent noise. In salt and pepper noise (sparse light and dark disturbances), pixels in the image are very different in color or intensity unlike their surrounding pixels. Salt and pepper degradation can be caused by sharp and sudden disturbance in the image signal. Generally this type of noise will only affect a small number of image pixels. When viewed, the image contains dark and white dots, hence the term salt and pepper noise [13]. Typical sources include flecks of dust inside the camera and overheated or faulty (Charge-coupled device) CCD elements. An image containing salt-and-pepper noise will have dark pixels in bright regions and vice versa. This type of noise can be caused by dead pixels, analog-to digital converter errors and bit errors in transmission.
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Image de-blurring and noise removal using Wiener filter

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1.3.3

Shot Noise

The dominant noise in the lighter parts of an image from an image sensor is typically that caused by statistical quantum fluctuations, that is, variation in the number of photons sensed at a given exposure level; this noise is known as photon shot noise. Shot noise has a root meansquare value proportional to the square root of the image intensity, and the noises at different pixels are independent of one another. Shot noise follows a Poisson distribution, which is usually not very different from Gaussian. In addition to photon shot noise, there can be additional shot noise from the dark leakage current in the image sensor; this noise is otherwise known as "dark shot noise" or "dark-current shot noise". 1.3.4 Speckle Noise (Multiplicative Noise)

While Gaussian noise can be modeled by random values added to an image, speckle noise can be modeled by random values multiplied by pixel values hence it is also called multiplicative noise. Speckle noise is a major problem in some radar applications. 1.3.5 Periodic Noise

If the image signal is subjected to a periodic rather than a random disturbance, we obtain an image corrupted by periodic noise. The effect is of bars over the image.

1.4 Removing Noise From Images By Filtering

Image noise is an unavoidable side-effect occurring as a result of image capture, more simply understood as inaudible, yet inevitable fluctuations. In a digital camera, if the light which enters the lens misaligns with the sensors, it will create image noise. Even if noise is not so obviously visible in a picture, some kind of image noise is bound to exist. Every type of electronic device receives and transmits some noise and sends it on to what it is creating. When the images are transmitted over channels, they are corrupted with impulse noise due to noisy channels. This impulse noise consists of large positive and negative spikes. The positive spikes have values much larger than the background and thus they appear as bright spots, while the negative spikes have values smaller than the background and they appear as darker spots. Both the spots for the positive and negative spikes are visible to the human eye. Also, Gaussian type
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Image de-blurring and noise removal using Wiener filter

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of noise affects the image. Thus, filters are required for removing noises before processing. There are lots of filters to remove noise. They are of many kinds as linear smoothing filter, median filter, wiener filter and Fuzzy filter. In this filtering technique, the three primaries(R, G and B) are done separately. It is followed by some gain to compensate for attenuation resulting from the filter. The filtered primaries are then combined to form the colored image .This process is very simple. 1.4.1 Adaptive Filter The wiener function applies a Wiener filter (a type of linear filter) to an image adaptively, tailoring itself to the local image variance. If the variance is large, wiener performs little smoothing. If it is small, wiener performs more smoothing. This approach often produces better results than linear filtering. The adaptive filter is more selective than a comparable linear filter, preserving edges and other high-frequency parts of an image. In addition, there are no design tasks; the wiener2 function handles all preliminary computations and implements the filter for an input image. wiener2, however, does require more computation time than linear filtering. Wiener works best when the noise is constant-power ("white") additive noise, such as Gaussian noise. Another method for removing noise is to evolve the image under a smoothing partial differential equation similar to the heat equation which is called anisotropic diffusion.

1.5 Causes Of Blurring

The blurring, or degradation, of an image can be caused by many factors:

Movement during the image capture process, by the camera or, when long exposure times are used, by the subject

Out-of-focus optics, use of a wide-angle lens, atmospheric turbulence, or a short exposure time, which reduces the number of photons captured

Scattered light distortion in confocal microscopy Deblurring Model A blurred or degraded image can be approximately described by this equation g = Hf + n, where

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Image de-blurring and noise removal using Wiener filter

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H The distortion operator, also called the point spread function (PSF). In the spatial domain, the PSF describes the degree to which an optical system blurs (spreads) a point of light. The PSF is the inverse Fourier transform of the optical transfer function (OTF). In the frequency domain, the OTF describes the response of a linear, position-invariant system to an impulse. The OTF is the Fourier transform of the point spread function (PSF). The distortion operator, when convolved with the image, creates the distortion. Distortion caused by a point spread function is just one type of distortion. f The original true image n Additive noise, introduced during image acquisition, that corrupts the image

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Image de-blurring and noise removal using Wiener filter

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2.LITERETURE REVIEW
A new fast and efficient algorithm capable in removing Gaussian noise with less computational complexity is presented. The algorithm initially estimates the amount of noise corruption from the noise corrupted image. In the second stage, the center pixel is replaced by the mean value of the some of the surrounding pixels based on a threshold value. Noise removing with edge preservation and computational complexity are two conflicting parameters. The proposed method is an optimum solution for these requirements. The performance of the algorithm is tested and compared with standard mean filter, wiener filter, alpha trimmed mean filter K- means filter, bilateral filter and recently proposed trilateral filter. Experimental results show the superior performance of the proposed filtering algorithm compared to the other standard algorithms in terms of both subjective and objective evaluations. The proposed method removes Gaussian noise and the edges are better preserved with less computational complexity and this aspect makes it easy to implement in hardware [1]. The attempts to undertake the study of three types of noise such as Salt and Pepper (SPN), Random variation Impulse Noise (RVIN), Speckle (SPKN). Different noise densities have been removed between 10% to 60% by using five types of filters as Mean Filter (MF), Adaptive Wiener Filter (AWF), Gaussian Filter (GF), Standard Median Filter (SMF) and Adaptive Median Filter (AMF). The same is applied to the Saturn remote sensing image and they are compared with one another. The comparative study is conducted with the help of Mean Square Errors (MSE) and Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR). So as to choose the base method for removal of noise from remote sensing image. Digital image processing is the most important technique used in remote sensing. It has helped in the access to technical data in digital and multi-wavelength, services of computers in terms of speed of processing the data and the possibilities of big storage[2]. Adaptive Wiener Filter (AWF) changes its behavior based on the statistical characteristics of the image inside the filter window. Adaptive filter performance is usually superior to non-adaptive counterparts. But the improved performance is at the cost of added filter complexity. Mean and variance are two important statistical measures using which adaptive filters can be designed [2].
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Image de-blurring and noise removal using Wiener filter

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In medical image processing, image de-noising has become a very essential exercise all through the diagnose. Medical image are usually corrupted by noise in its acquisition & transmission. Speckle noise is a random interference pattern formed by coherent radiation in a medium containing many sub-resolution scatterers . Speckle has a negative impact on ultrasound images as the texture does not reflect the local echogenicity of the scatterers. In this paper M-band discrete wavelet transform (MDWT) and Wiener filter for speckle noise suppression of ultrasound images is used. Assuming multiplicative model for speckle noise, by applying logarithmic transform to noisy observation multiplicative noise is converted to additive one. Further speckle noise is reduced by taking the M-band wavelet transform of log-transformed observation and employing an adaptive thresholding technique. In order to improve the performance of this denosing approach, a preprocessing stage which exploits Wiener filtering is proposed. Through this stage log transformed observation is separated into two images, each of which is than denoised individually in M-band wavelet transform domain. This procedure is also used for Gaussian noise and salt & pepper noise [3]. Noise is the result of errors in the image acquisition process that results in pixel values that do not reflect the true intensities of the real scene. Noise reduction is the process of removing noise from a signal. Noise reduction techniques are conceptually very similar regardless of the signal being processed, however a priori knowledge of the characteristics of an expected signal can mean the implementations of these techniques vary greatly depending on the type of signal. The image captured by the sensor undergoes filtering by different smoothing filters and the resultant images. All recording devices, both analogue and digital, have traits which make them susceptible to noise. The fundamental problem of image processing is to reduce noise from a digital color image. The two most commonly occurring types of noise are i) Impulse noise, ii) Additive noise (e.g. Gaussian noise) and iii) Multiplicative noise (e.g. Speckle noise). Images are often degraded by noises. Noise can occur during image capture, transmission, etc. Noise removal is an important task in image processing. In general the results of the noise removal have a strong influence on the quality of the image processing technique. Several techniques for noise removal are well established in color image processing. The nature of the noise removal problem depends on the type of the noise corrupting the image. In the field of image noise reduction several linear and non linear filtering methods have been proposed. Linear filters are not able to effectively eliminate impulse noise as they have a tendency to blur
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Image de-blurring and noise removal using Wiener filter

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the edges of an image. On the other hand non linear filters are suited for dealing with impulse noise. Several non linear filters based on Classical and fuzzy techniques have emerged in the past few years. For example most classical filters that remove simultaneously blur the edges, while fuzzy filters have the ability to combine edge preservation and smoothing. Compared to other non linear techniques, fuzzy filters are able to represent knowledge in a comprehensible way[4]. Almost every system or signal that scientists and engineers deal with can be viewed in several different ways. They can exist as a function of space, defined by physical parameters like length, width, height, color intensity, and others. They can exist as a function of time, defined by changes in any measurable characteristic. They can also exist as a function of frequency, defined by the composition of periodicities that make up light, sound, space, or any other dynamic system or signal. Furthermore, since analysis techniques differ depending on which domain the signal is being analyzed in, spatial and temporal signals can be converted into the frequency domain, or vice-versa, for mathematical convenience or more effective data acquisition. Fourier and LaPlace transforms are the functions used for the conversion between these domains. Frequency domain analysis is performed by considering the individual frequency components of the full range of frequencies that one such signal is comprised of. A useful application for this method is in considering problems like motion blur in images. Since devices such as cameras dont capture an image in an instant, but rather over an exposure time, rapid movements cause the acquired image to have blur that represents one object occupying multiple positions over this exposure time. In a blurred image, edges appear vague and washed out meaning that over those areas their frequency components will be similar. Ideally, the edges would be sharp and that would be reflected by a significant frequency difference along those edges. The overall approach consisted of taking an image, converting it into its spatial frequencies, developing a point spread function (PSF) to filter the image with, and then onverting the filtered result back into the spatial domain to see if blur was removed. This was performed in several steps, each of which built from having a greater understanding of the one preceding it. The first step was taking a normal (i.e. not blurred) image, creating a known blurring PSF, and then filtering the image so as to add blur to it. The next step was removing this blur by various methods, but with the information about the PSF that was used to create the blur. After that, de-blurring was performed without knowing anything about nature of the blurring PSF, except for its size. Finally, an algorithm was
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Image de-blurring and noise removal using Wiener filter

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developed for removing blur from an already blurry image with no information regarding the blurring PSF[5]. Ultrasound is widely used in medical applications. However, the problem in ultrasound image is it contains many speckles, and this make a sonographer hard to interpret the ultrasound image. The idea to solve this problem is by make the pre-processing image before proceed with further image processing techniques. The filter is used to remove the speckles so that the area of the region needed is clearer. After that, the segmentation also can help sonographer to analyze the qualitative and quantitative of ultrasound images. Three types of filter are being use to compare the effect of the filters and choosing the best one to enhance the ultrasound images. Such filters are median filter, wiener filter and unsharp filter. Then, the morphological and segmentation process will enhance the shape of the region of interest. From the final images, the qualitative and quantitative dimensions are measured and presented[6]. Empirical mode decomposition (EMD) is a powerful algorithm that decomposes signals as a set of intrinsic mode function (IMF) based on the signal complexity. In this study, partial reconstruction of IMF acting as a filter was used for noise reduction in ECG. An improved algorithm, ensemble EMD (EEMD), was used for the first time to improve the noise-filtering performance, based on the mode-mixing reduction between near IMF scales. Both standard ECG templates derived from simulator and Arrhythmia ECG database were used as ECG signal, while Gaussian white noise was used as noise source. Mean square error (MSE) between the reconstructed ECG and original ECG was used as the filter performance indicator. FIR Wiener filter was also used to compare the filtering performance with EEMD. Experimental result showed that EEMD had better noise-filtering performance than EMDand FIR Wiener filter. The average MSE ratios of EEMD to EMD and FIR Wiener filter were 0.71 and 0.61, respectively. Thus, this study investigated an ECG noise-filtering procedure based on EEMD [7]. The article . Adaptive Wiener Filter Based Numerical Filter with an Application to Beam Position Monitoring proposes a numerical filter having an adaptive Wiener filter (AWF) as its main component. It presents detailed investigation of the performances of the Savitzky-Golay filter (SGF) and the AWF. As a result, the AWF is superior to the SGF in terms of less distortion of the filtered waveform. The desired signal fed to the AWF can be selectively generated by using a Butterworth filter, a Savitzky-Golay filter, and a downloaded waveform,
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Image de-blurring and noise removal using Wiener filter

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respectively. User can easily choose filters parameters to suit their applications via a userinterface module. The proposed filter is simple, rapidly computable, and efficient to suppress noise. An application to the Siam Photon Source (Synchrotron Radiation Unit on Thailand) is also described [8]. Telescopes and imaging interferometers with sparsely filled apertures can be lighter weight and less expensive than conventional filled-aperture telescopes. However, their greatly reduced MTF's cause significant blurring and loss of contrast in the collected imagery. Image reconstruction algorithms can correct the blurring completely when the signalto-noise ratio (SNR) is high, but only partially when the SNR is low. This paper compares both linear (Wiener) and nonlinear (iterative maximum likelihood) algorithms for image reconstruction under a variety of circumstances. These include high and low SNR, Gaussian noise and Poisson-noise dominated, and a variety of aperture configurations and degrees of sparsity . The quality metric employed to compare algorithms is image utility as quantified by the National Imagery Interpretability Rating Scale (NIIRS). On balance, a linear reconstruction algorithm with a power-law power-spectrum estimate performed best[9]. Kernel regression is an effective tool for a variety of image processing tasks such as denoising and interpolation . In this paper, extend the use of kernel regression for deblurring applications. In some earlier examples in the literature, such nonparametric de-blurring was suboptimally performed in two sequential steps, namely denoising followed by deblurring. In contrast, optimal solution jointly denoises and deblurs images. The proposed algorithm takes advantage of an effective and novel image prior that generalizes some of the most popular regularization techniques in the literature. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of our method[10]. In the article entitled High-quality motion deblurring from a single image present a new algorithm for removing motion blur from a single image. Their method computes a deblurred image using a unified probabilistic model of both blur kernel estimation and unblurred image restoration. They present an analysis of the causes of common artifacts found in current deblurring methods, and then introduce several novel terms within this probabilistic model that are inspired by our analysis. These terms include a model of the spatial randomness of noise in the blurred image, as well a new local smoothness prior that reduces ringing artifacts by
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Image de-blurring and noise removal using Wiener filter

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constraining contrast in the unblurred image wherever the blurred image exhibits low contrast. Finally, describe an effficient optimization scheme that alternates between blur kernel estimation and unblurred image restoration until convergence. As a result of these steps, we are able to produce high quality deblurred results in low computation time. We are even able to produce results of comparable quality to techniques that require additional input images beyond a single blurry photograph, and to methods that require additional hardware[11].

The theory of optimal image restoration is well established for monochrome imagery. However, a variety of sensors acquire multi-spectral or polychrome imagery. The restoration of multispectral imagery by optimal (Wiener) methods is developed in this paper. It is shown that optimal restoration must take place in the Karhunen-Loeve domain. It is further shown that high quality approximate multispectral restorations must be achieved at less computational cost than exact restoration. This latter point is applied to the development of a fast approximate procedure for restoration of conventional color photography[12].

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Image de-blurring and noise removal using Wiener filter

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3.METERIALS AND METHODS

What is Digital Image Processing? Digital Image Processing is a form of process converting from an input of image, such as photographs or videos into a physical image. The output of image processing can be a physical image or a set of characteristics related to the image. The field of digital image processing refers to the use of digital computer to process image. An image may be defined as a two-dimensional function, f(x, y), x and y are spatial coordinates, and the amplitude of f at any pair of coordinates (x, y) is called the intensity or gray level of the image at that point. When x, y, and the amplitude values of f are all finite, discrete quantities, the image is termed as digital image[13]. Image processing has made applicable for several usages such as biomedical imaging, Earth remote sensing and meteorology data, and planetary exploration images. [15] The general steps of operation for image processing involve Enhancement, Restoration, Segmentation and Pattern Recognition. Why Digital Image Processing? Digital Image Processing is widely applied to a variety of field applications such as biomedical, agriculture, aquiculture, face detection and even vehicle detection image processing. This somewhat leads to different purposes: Improving the visual appearance of images for human interpretation, and prepare images for measurement of features and structures that it reveals. [13] In general, Digital Image Processing is to improve a degraded image that might corrupt with noise and motion. This will involve several processing steps which each step incorporates different techniques that can recover the image. The techniques that are appropriate for each task are not similar, but considerable overlap. The consistent high quality of image obtained, the low cost of processing and ability to manipulate all aspect of process are greatly beneficial [15] . The wiener function applies a Wiener filter (a type of linear filter) to an image adaptively, tailoring itself to the local image variance. If the variance is large, wiener performs little
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Image de-blurring and noise removal using Wiener filter

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smoothing. If it is small, wiener performs more smoothing. This approach often produces better results than linear filtering. The adaptive filter is more selective than a comparable linear filter, preserving edges and other high-frequency parts of an image. In addition, there are no design tasks; the wiener2 function handles all preliminary computations and implements the filter for an input image. wiener2, however, does require more computation time than linear filtering. Wiener works best when the noise is constant-power ("white") additive noise, such as Gaussian noise. Another method for removing noise is to evolve the image under a smoothing partial differential equation similar to the heat equation which is called anisotropic diffusion.

Software requirements
Matlab MATLAB is a high-performance language for technical computing. It integrates computation, visualization, and programming in an easy-to-use environment where problems and solutions are expressed in familiar mathematical notation. The name MATLAB stands for matrix laboratory. Matlab is a script that runs the main MATLAB executable on Microsoft Windows platforms. Before actually initiating the execution of MATLAB, it configures the run-time environment by o Determining the MATLAB root directory o Determining the host machine architecture o Selectively processing command line options with the rest passed to MATLAB. o Setting certain MATLAB environment variables

Wiener Filtering
Theory The inverse filtering is a restoration technique for deconvolution, i.e., when the image is blurred by a known lowpass filter, it is possible to recover the image by inverse filtering or generalized inverse filtering. However, inverse filtering is very sensitive to additive noise. The approach of reducing one degradation at a time allows us to develop a
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restoration algorithm for each type of degradation and simply combine them. The Wiener filtering executes an optimal tradeoff between inverse filtering and noise smoothing. It removes the additive noise and inverts the blurring simultaneously. The Wiener filtering is optimal in terms of the mean square error. In other words, it minimizes the overall mean square error in the process of inverse filtering and noise smoothing. The Wiener filtering is a linear estimation of the original image. The approach is based on a stochastic framework. The orthogonality principle implies that the Wiener filter in Fourier domain can be expressed as follows:

where additive noise, and

are respectively power spectra of the original image and the is the blurring filter. It is easy to see that the Wiener filter has

two separate part, an inverse filtering part and a noise smoothing part. It not only performs the deconvolution by inverse filtering (highpass filtering) but also removes the noise with a compression operation (lowpass filtering). Implementation

To implement the Wiener filter in practice we have to estimate the power spectra of the original image and the additive noise. For white additive noise the power spectrum is equal to the variance of the noise. To estimate the power spectrum of the original image many methods can be used. A direct estimate is the periodogram estimate of the power spectrum computed from the observation:

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where Y(k,l) is the DFT of the observation. The advantage of the estimate is that it can be implemented very easily without worrying about the singularity of the inverse filtering. Another estimate which leads to a cascade implementation of the inverse filtering and the noise smoothing is

which is a straightforward result of the fact:

The power spectrum

can

be estimated directly from the observation using the periodogram estimate. This estimate results in a cascade implementation of inverse filtering and noise smoothing:

The disadvantage of this implementation is that when the inverse filter is singular, we have to use the generalized inverse filtering. People also suggest the power spectrum of the original image can be estimated based on a model such as the Experimental Result model.

To illustrate the Wiener filtering in image restoration we use the standard 256x256 Lena test image. We blur the image with the lowpass filter

then put into the blurred image the additive white Gaussian noise of variance 100. The Wiener filtering is applied to the image with a cascade implementation of the noise
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smoothing and inverse filtering. The images are listed as follows together with the PSNRs and MSEs. Notice that the restored image is improved in terms of the visual performance, but the MSEs don't indicate this, the reason of which is that MSE is not a good metric for deconvolution.

Deblurring with the Wiener Filter

Use the deconvwnr function to deblur an image using the Wiener filter. Wiener deconvolution can be used effectively when the frequency characteristics of the image and additive noise are known, to at least some degree. In the absence of noise, the Wiener filter reduces to the ideal inverse filter. Wiener deconvolution can be useful when the point-spread function and noise level are known or can be estimated.The following steps are required for image deblurring and noise removal using a wiener filter. Read Image. Simulate a Motion Blur Restore the Blurred Image Simulate Blur and Noise Restore the Blurred and Noisy Image: First Attempt Restore the Blurred and Noisy Image: Second Attempt Simulate Blur and 8-Bit Quantization Noise Restore the Blurred, Quantized Image: First Attempt Restore the Blurred, Quantized Image: Second Attempt

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4.EXPERIMENT AND RESULTS

The wiener2 function applies a Wiener filter (a type of linear filter) to an image adaptively, tailoring itself to the local image variance. Where the variance is large, wiener2 performs little smoothing. Where the variance is small, wiener2 performs more smoothing. This approach often produces better results than linear filtering. The adaptive filter is more selective than a comparable linear filter, preserving edges and other high-frequency parts of an image. In addition, there are no design tasks; the wiener2 function handles all preliminary computations and implements the filter for an input image. wiener2, however, does require more computation time than linear filtering. wiener2 works best when the noise is constant-power ("white") additive noise, such as Gaussian noise. The example below applies wiener2 to an image of Saturn that has had Gaussian noise added. 1 Read an image. I=im2double(imread('p6.jpg'));

2. Stimulate a Motion Blur Stimulate a blurred image that you might get from camera motion.Create a point spread function PSF,corresponding to the linear motion across 31 pixels(LEN=31), at an angle of 11 degrees(THETA=11).To stimulate the blur,convolve the filter with the image using imfilter. LEN=31; THETA=11; PSF=fspecial(motion, LEN,THETA); blurred=imfilter(I,PSF,'conv','circular'); 3. Restore the blurred image
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The simplest syntax for deconvwnr is deconvwnr(A,PSF,NSR),where A is the blurred image,PSF is the point spread function,and NSR is the noise-power-to-signal-power ratio.The blurred image formed instep2 has no noise,so well use 0 for NSR

wnr1=deconvwnr(blurred,PSF,0); 4. Stimulate blur and noise Now lets adding noise noisemean= 0; noisevar=0.0001; blurrednoisy=imnoise(blurred,'gaussian',noisemean,noisevar);

5.

Restore the blurred and noisy images:first attempt In our first restoration attempt,well tell deconvwnr that there is no noise(NSR=0).When NSR=0,the wiener restoration filter is equivalent to an inverse filter.The ideal inverse filter can be extremely sensitive to noise in the input image as the next image shows:

wnr2=deconvwnr(blurrednoisy,PSF,0);

The noise was amplified by the inverse filter to such a degree that only the barest hint of the mans shape is visible.

6.

Restore the blurred and noisy images:second attempt In our second attempt we supply an estimate of the noise-power-to-signal-power ratio.

signalvar = var(I(:)); wnr3 = deconvwnr(blurrednoisy, PSF,noisevar /signalvar);

7.

Stimulate Blur and 8-bit quantization noise Even a visually imperceptible amount of noise can affect the result.Lets try keeping

theinput image in uint8 representation instead of converting it to double.

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J = imread('p8.jpg'); class(J) If you pass a uint8 image to imfilter,it will quantize the output in order to return another uint8 image.

blurred_quantized = imfilter(J, PSF, 'conv', 'circular');

8.

Restore the Blurred, Quantized Image: First Attempt Again,well try first telling deconvwnr that there is no noise

wnr4 = deconvwnr(blurred_quantized, PSF, 0); 9 . Restore the Blurred, Quantized Image: Second Attempt Next,we supply an NSR estimate an NSR estimate to deconvwnr. uniform_quantization_var = (1/256)^2 / 12; signal_var = var(im2double(J(:))); wnr5 = deconvwnr(blurred_quantized, PSF, ... uniform_quantization_var / signal_var);

Functions 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. im2double() imread() imshow() title() fspecial() imfilter() deconvwnr()

Description Convert image into double precision. Read image from afile. Display image. Adds text at the top of the current axis. Create predefined 2-D filter. N-D filtering of multidimensional images. Deblur image using Wiener filter.

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8. 9.

imnoise() subplot()

Add noise to image. Create axes in tited positions.

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5.DISCUSSION REFERENCES APPENDIX

Discussion
Gaussian noise is an idealized form of white noise, which is caused by random fluctuations in the signal. To remove Gaussian (white) noise, methodology such as inverse filter and wiener filter is used for comparison. Wiener filter tailor itself to the local image variance. When variance is large, it performs little smoothing and more smoothing is performed when variance is small. This has proves more advantage over inverse filtering technique.

References
1 .Fast and Efficient Algorithm to Remove Gaussian Noise in Digital Images -V.R.Vijaykumar, P.T.Vanathi, P.Kanagasabapathy 2 . A Comparative Study of Removal Noise from Remote Sensing Image - Mr. Salem Saleh Al-amri, Dr. N.V. Kalyankar and Dr. Khamitkar S.D 3 . De-speckling of Medical Ultrasound Images using Wiener Filter and Wavelet Transform - Anita Garg, Jyoti Goal, Sandeep Malik, Kavita Choudhary, Deepika 4. Efficient Technique for Color Image Noise Reduction -Mrs. C. Mythili ,Dr. V. Kavitha 5. Fourier Filtering for Removing Motion Blur in Images -Joseph Simmons, Benjamin Topper, Avi Wolfson 6. Comparison between Median, Un -sharp and Wiener filter and its effect on ultrasound stomach tissue image segmentation for Pyloric Stenosis
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- Nasrul Humaimi Mahmood,Muhammad Rusydi Muhammad Razif ,Mohammad Tajuddin Asm Nagoor Gany 7. Gaussian Noise Filtering from ECG by Wiener Filter and Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition -Kang-Ming Chang & Shing-Hong Liu 8. Adaptive Wiener Filter Based Numerical Filter with an Application to Beam Position Monitoring -Khuanjainachaiyaphum & Supakornrugmai School of Electrical Engineering, Institute of Engineering, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand 9.Comparison of Reconstruction Algorithms for Images from Sparse-Aperture Systems - J.R. Fienup,L. Harrington,A.M. Kowalczyk,J.J. Miller, and J.A. Mooney 10. Deblurring Using Regularized Locally Adaptive Kernel Regression Image Processing, IEEE Transactions on Date of Publication: April 2008 Author(s): Takeda, H. Univ. of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz Farsiu, S. ; Milanfar, P. Volume: 17, Issue: 4 11.High-quality motion deblurring from a single image -Qi Shan,Jiaya Jia &Aseem Agarwala. 12. Karhunen-Loeve multispectral image restoration, part1:Theory - Hunt.Bn & Kubler.O. Date of Publication: Jun 1984 13. John C. Russ, The Image Processing Handbook 5th Edition
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Appendix

Image deblurring with adding Gaussian noise noisemean= 0,noisevar=0.0001

Image deblurring with adding Quantization noise

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Image deblurring with adding Gaussian noise noisemean= 0,noisevar=0.0005

Image deblurring with adding Quantization noise

Websites

[14] Image Processing, http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-imageprocessing.html [15] Image Processing, http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-imageprocessing.html

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