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By: Douglas A. Ruby Class: Pre-Calculus II INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES: At the end of this lesson, the student will be able to: 1. Derive the values of the 6 trigonometric functions given an acute right triangle described using a standardized terminology. 2. Recall and use all 6 trigonometric function values for the 30/60/90 right triangle and the 45/45/90 right triangle. 3. Complete the 3 angles and 3 sides of a right triangle, given an incomplete description, using standard notation and the appropriate trigonometric functions. 4. Demonstrate correct application of basic trig functions when using either simple angles (pen and pencil) or complex angles (using a calculator). Relevant Massachusetts Curriculum Framework PC.P.3 - Demonstrate an understanding of the trigonometric functions (sine, cosine, tangent, cosecant, secant, and cotangent). Relate the functions to their geometric definitions. MENTAL MATH (5 Minutes) Question 1: How many degrees is the angle A below? 30o Angle B? 60o B 2 1 Date: 10/10/2002 Grades: 11/12
Question 2: How many degrees is the angle B below? 45o What is the length of side c? 3*sqrt(2) B
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We remember that acute angles are those angles that are less than 90o. Given the orientation of this triangle, we define side |a to be the side opposite angle A, side |b is the side adjacent to A, and side |c is the hypotenuse. Based on these definitions, the sine of angle A (written as sin A) is the length of side opposite A divided by the length of the hypotenuse. This is written as: sin A = side _ opposite _ A hypotenuse a c
In fact, there are six trigonometric ratios. These include sine, cosine, tangent, cosecant, secant, and cotangent. The formulas for these six functions with respect to angle A are: sin A = side _ opposite _ A hypotenuse side _ adjacent _ A hypotenuse side _ opposite _ A side _ adjacent _ A a c b c a b csc A = hypotenuse side _ opposite _ A hypotenuse side _ adjacent _ A side _ adjacent _ A side _ opposite _ A c a c b b a
cos A =
sec A =
tan A =
cot A =
A. If we wanted to know
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4 a) For this triangle, what are the six trigonometric functions for ? sin = 3/5 cos = 4/5 tan = 3/4 csc = 5/3 sec = 5/4 cot = 4/3
b) What are the six trigonometric functions for ? (Be careful to reorient yourself!) sin = 4/5 cos = 3/5 tan = 4/3 csc = 5/4 sec = 5/3 cot = 3/4
Notice that the cosecant, secant, and cotangent are the reciprocals of the sine, cosine, and tangent, respectively. This means that:
csc
1 , sin
sec
1 , cos
cot
1 , tan
2. SOHCAHTOA A helpful mnemonic for memorizing the basic trigonometric functions is SOHCAHTOA. This means that: Sine = Opposite/Hypotenuse Cosine = Adjacent/Hypotenuse Tangent = Opposite/Adjacent. Once we know the sine, cosine, and tangent functions, the cosecant, secant, and cotangent are just the reciprocal functions as defined earlier. Lets try an example:
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7 , draw the triangle represented by the angle and the Opposite and 4 Adjacent sides of the triangle. Use the Pythagorean Theorem to .solve the hypotenuse, then use SOHCAHTOA to provide the other 5 trigonometric functions.
Try Now: If tan
Hyp.
Opp.=7
Cosine = Adjacent/Hypotenuse = 4 / 65 Tangent = Opposite/Adjacent.= 7 / 4 Cosecant = reciprocal of sine = 65 / 7 Secant = reciprocal of cosine = 65 / 4 Tangent = reciprocal of tangent = 4 / 7 3. Standard 30o/60o/90o and 45o/45o/90o triangles Knowing the trigonometric functions of standard 30o/60o/90o and 45o/45o/90o triangles is important. From our previous section (and review from our Mental Math), lets recall the basic form of the 30o/60o/90o right triangle. This looks like: B=60 2 A=30 In addition: 3 1 C=90 sin 60 = 3 / 2 cos 60 = tan 60 = 3 csc 30 = 2 / 3 sec 60 = 2 cot 60 = 1 / 3 Therefore: sin 30 = cos 30 = 3 / 2 tan 30 = 1 / 3
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Regardless of the length of the sides of the 30/60/90 or 45/45/90 triangle, the trigonometric ratios for the six functions will remain the same. Lets use our calculators to try some examples. 4. Using your Calculator Lets now pull out our calculators and try a few examples. First, who has a graphing calculator (such as a TI-83+)? Who has a non-graphing scientific calculator? (ex: TI-3x) Lets try some examples. Id like you to first make sure that your calculator is set up for entering angles in degrees instead of radians (more later) First, use your calculators to approximate the following ratios:
2
1
1
2
3
3 3/2
2/ 3
Now, lets use our calculators to look at the following: sin 45o = .707 cos 30o = .866 tan 30o = .577 Lets try a few more: sin 10o = .1736 cos 57.295o = .5403 sin o = .0548 csc 14o = 4.134 sec 57.295o = 1.8508 cot o = 18.2195 csc 45o = 1.414 sec 30o = 1.154 cot 30o = 1.732
5. Properties of Trigonometric Functions Further, the two opposite acute angles of a triangle are complementary to each other (i.e A=90B). We observed earlier that sin B = cos A. The sine and cosine functions are complementary to each other since sin B = cos (90-B). The same relationship exists between tangent and cotangent, and secant and cosecant respectively.
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sin
cos(90
),
tan
cot(90
=
),
sec
csc(90
1 , cos 2
3 , tan 2
1 3
, csc
= 2, sec
2 3 2
, cot
3 1 3
sin 90- =
3 , csc 90- =
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Given the following two triangles, what are the six trigonometric functions for the given angle?
5.
6.
Using the information given, solve the following three triangles (i.e. provide sides a, b, c, and angles A, B, and C. 7. Solve the right triangle below: A = 30o B = 60o C =90o
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9. Solve the triangle below: A = 90o-26.7o=63.3o B =26.7o C =90o a = 0.17 / tan 26.7o .338 b = 0.17 c = 0.17 / sin 26.7o .378 .378
Note: using Pythagorean Theorem, c = sqrt ( .3382+.172) 10. What is the length of the ladder h in the diagram below: Using the Pythagorean Theorem: h2 = 72 + 42 h = 65 8.06225 ft. Also, tan = 7 / 4 = tan 1(7/4) 60.26o sin 60.26o = 7 / h h = 7ft / sin 60.26o 8.0618 ft.
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