Oscillating

systems
Any kind of mo+on that repeats itself periodically about a mean posi+on is said to be oscillatory Examples

This kind of mo+on is called periodic mo*on

A few key concepts

Period T: The +me it takes to complete one cycle of the oscilla+on
Unit: Second

Frequency f: The number of cycles completed per second

Unit: Hertz (Hz) = 1 cycle per second

1 f= T
Amplitude A: The maximum displacement from the equilibrium posi+on
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Circular motion
v

Object moves in a circle around a xed point with uniform speed v In +me t, the object moves through an angle Angular speed =/t (radians per second) Time to complete 1 circle: period T=2/ Rela+onship between speed and angular velocity: v=r

v r

Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM)

Is a special kind of oscilla+ng mo+on Is associated with circular mo+on Examples:
mass bobbing up and down on a spring Pendulum swinging to-and-fro

What can we say about the posi+on, speed, displacement of an object in SHM?
Displacement changes with +me The further away the object is from the equilibrium posi+on the lower its speed The speed is 0 at maximum displacement At maximum displacement the object changes direc+on

Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM)

Displacement
r cos r

s = r cos = r cos ( t )

Velocity
ds d v = = r cos( t) = r sin( t) dt dt

Accelera+on
a= dv d = r sin( t) = r 2 cos( t) = 2 s dt dt

Alternative expression for the velocity in SHM

From trigonometry : sin2(x)+cos2(x)=1
s s2 2 s = r cos( t) cos( t) = cos ( t) = 2 r r v v2 2 v = r sin( t) sin( t) = sin ( t) = 2 2 r r

so
v2 s2 + 2 = 1 v 2 + s 2 2 = r 2 2 v = r 2 s 2 r 2 2 r

Example
A mass is hung at the bo]om of a spring. The top end of the spring is xed to the ceiling. We pull the mass down and let it oscillate with SHM. The amplitude of the oscilla+on is measured to be 40mm and the period is +med to be 0.35s. What is the speed of the mass when the displacement is a) Zero b) 20 mm

Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM)

Remember: If the accelera+on of an object is -2s the object is moving with SHM The period T of the mo+on is the +me taken to complete one to- and-fro mo+on or cycle The frequency f=1/T and is measured in Hz The amplitude, r, is the maximum distance either side of the posi+on of equilibrium
s

Example
A steel strip, lamped at one end, vibrates with a frequency of 20Hz and an amplitude of 5mm at the free end, where a small mass of 2g is posi+oned. Find a) The velocity of the end when passing through the equilibrium posi+on b) The accelera+on at maximum displacement c) The maximum K.E. of the mass

Forces and SHM

Mo+on of objects is determined by the forces ac+ng on them It is the same with SHM
For SHM we have a = - 2 s

Newtons 2nd Law: F = m a F = - m 2 s

F is the net force on the object m is the mass of the object

The net force is ALWAYS trying to restore the object to equilibrium The net force is stronger the further away the object is from the equilibrium posi+on
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Spring and mass

A B C

h Tension x0 s Weight Tension

A: unloaded spring equilibrium posi+on B: spring loaded with mass m Hookes Law: the extension of a spring is in direct propor+on with the load applied to it C: mass pulled down further by a distance s, no longer at equilibrium
a= k s = 2 s m

F = k(x0 + s) + mg = ma

Weight

T=

2 m = 2 k

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Example
A spring of natural length 200mm is hung from the ceiling. We then hang a mass of 0.2 kg from it and its length becomes 260mm at the new equilibrium posi+on. (assume g=9.8 m/s2) Calculate a)the spring constant b)the period of the oscilla+ons if the spring is pulled down a bit further and released

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Simple Pendulum
Period
T= 2 L = 2 g

L Tension FT

mgsin s

Non-elas+c thread: Hookes Law does not apply At equilibrium: Tension = mg Tension always perpendicular to the path so cannot provide accelera+on along path When displaced by angle
Parallel to path

mgcos

mgsin = ma a = gsin
Perpendicular to path v2

Weight

For small angles : sin= and s=L

g 2 So a = g = s = s (SHM) L

FT mg cos = m

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Example
A small mass of 20g oscillates as a simple pendulum, with amplitude 5cm and period 2 seconds. Find the speed of the mass and the tension in the suppor+ng thread when the speed of the mass is at maximum. Assume g=9.8 m/s2

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K.E. and P.E. of oscillating systems

For undamped oscilla+ons: K.E.+P.E.=constant
1 2 1 K.E. = mv = m 2 (r 2 s 2 ) 2 2
since

v = r 2 s 2

Average force required to move from equilibrium to distance s 1 F = m 2 s 2 1 Work done in moving mass to s W = Fs = m 2 s 2 = P.E. 2 Total Energy
1 1 1 E = P.E. + K.E. = m 2 s 2 + m 2 (r 2 s 2 ) = m 2 r 2 2 2 2
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K.E. and P.E. of oscillating systems

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Example
A mass of 4kg is a]ached to a spring and undergoes SHM with a period of 0.35s. The total energy of the system is 2.5J. Es+mate a) The spring constant b) The amplitude of the mo+on

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To Do
Read sec+on 5 from the book [p.69-p.82 Oscilla+ons] Homework Assignment wk5: ques+ons 5.1, 5.3, 5.5, 5.9, 5.10, 5.13 Hand it in no later than 4:00pm next Wednesday - LATE WORK WILL NOT BE ACCEPTED

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