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ABSTRACT

This systematic individual nature and the when new

of

is

an

initial to

summary improving

report the

of

project

taking

new

and of the the

approach human the

intellectual conceptual individual to

effectiveness explores

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system

composed

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and

methods

11

FOREWORD

This Research Directorate Research Project

report Institute of

describes under the

study joint

that

was

carried of

on

at

Stanford and the

sponsorship of the

the

Institute

Information

Sciences

Air Force
Rowena

Office

of

Scientific the

AF
Supervisor for

496381024
this

Mrs

Swanson

was

AFOSR

study

iii

CONTENTS

ABSTRACT
FOREWORD LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS vi

INTRODUCTION GENERAL OBJECTIVE

II

OF

THE

STUDY

CONCEPTUAL
GENERAL

FRAMEWORK

JVQ
DETAILED The

OF

THE

BASIC

PERSPECTIVE

15

DISCUSSION
Source of

OF THE

HLAMT

SYSTEM

17

Intelligence

17
19 20

Intelligence

Amplification
System and Hypothesis Hierarchy

TwoDomain Concepts
Capability Basic

Symbols

21 29 29

Repertoire Capabilities Types Levels Executive in and of

Structure Roles Model

31 40 Superstructure Executive Role 42 43

Flexibility Compound
III

the

Effects

EXAMPLES

AND

DISCUSSION

47

BACKGROUND What

Vannevar Bush
Related to Possibilities Equipment

Proposed with

in

1945

48 55

Comments Some

Bushs Article
Cards and Relatively

Simple

56 Note the and File System 56 58

59

An Existing
Comments on

System

Possibilities AssociativeLinking An Experiment Illustrating Usage and

Further Quick Other System of Possibilities Relevant and Computer Work Technology

60 63
70

Summary

Related

Thought

iv

116

HYPOTHETICAL DESCRIPTION AUGMENTAT ION SYSTEM

Background

OF COMPUTERBASED
73 73

SingleFrame SingleFrame
Structuring General Process Team

Composition Manipulation an Argument

76

79 81
89

Symbol

Structuring

Structuring Advanced

92 105 Concepts 107

Cooperation

Miscellaneous

IV

RESEARCH

RECOMMENDATIONS

115

OBJECTIVES BASIC

FOR

RESEARCH
CONDITIONS FIRST FEATURE TOOLS

PROGRAM

115 115

RESEARCH
TO

WHOM
BASIC TOOLS

AUGMENT

REGENERATIVE DEVELOPED
PLAN PHASE

AND

USED

RESEARCH
SECOND

FOR ACTIVITY
IN THE

RESEARCH

PROGRAM
128

SUMMARY

VI

CONCLUSIONS

131

REFERENCES

133

ILLUSTRATIONS

Fig

of the Two Portrayal the HLAMT System Results The

Active

Domains

Within
20

Fig

Experimental to

of

Tying

Brick

to

Pencil 27

TheAugment

Individual

Fig Fig Fig

Initial

AugmentationResearch

Program

120

Regeneration

121

Total

Program

126

vi

AUGMENTING

HUMAN

INTELLECT

INTRODUCTION

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STUDY

The within whose the

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21

concepts
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22

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23

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24

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25

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28

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29

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30

mechanicallimit
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31

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32

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34

structures cantly his

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35

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36

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37

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38

capability upon the

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39

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40

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41

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42

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sophisticated
reason process to

efficient bilities from cutive this and

manner

there

believe

possi
stem

for muchimproved automation will

symbol directly

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provide in

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exe

directcontributive

processes

in the

Executive in be

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executive and there and

superstructure
is

is

necessary component
capability

HLAMT

system

finite

human

which

must An

divided

between

executive

directcontributive
43

activities

important

aspect

of

the

multirole

activity

of

the

human

in

the

system

is

the

development his

and

manipulation of the
roles

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structures executive

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roles
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pursued
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direct
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development

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concepts problem

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within the
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situation
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require

activityeg
from

comprehension
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selection
structures For

supervisionthat
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benefit

well

fast

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them

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processes

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is

making
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plan

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the

problem

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make

human

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truly the

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structure
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soon

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HLAMT
of as some they

systems

are

essentially

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within
one

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structure another them This

sort
guide

shifting and execute and

structure

processes problem

ultimately that

provide

with the view

comprehension our

solutions

they

seek

increases

respect

44

for

the

essential efficient particular upon to the

importance symbol concepts symbology and

of

the

basic

capability

of

composing depends as

and heavily

modifying upon the

structures
that used are to

Such isolated represent

capability and

manipulated upon upon the the

entities
that help

them
and other

artifacts methodology this

manipulate and using

display

the

symbols
In

for developing bility depends

symbol

structures language

words
and

capa

heavily

upon

proper

artifacts

methodology

basic

augmentation When the

means
course of action of must respond to new

comprehension
or

new

insights
it

and

new be

intuitive an

flashes

possible Existing

explanations means of

solu

tions
and

will

not

orderly structures
of

process
penalize promise can have

composing very

working and of

with
it

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is

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processes

heavily
systems

part that

the

real

automated and

HLAMT
power of

tomorrow

the

human

freedom

disorderly

processes

Since involved any factor in the that

many

processes
of

in many

levels

of

the

hierarchy
of

are

execution influences total

single

higherlevel
in

process

the have

system

process upon

execution the

general

will

highly several

compounded such

effect

systems

performance

There

are

factors

which

merit

special

attention
such as

Basic or pattern perception today and no Each enough permit

human can have

cognitive have such

powers

memory
The

intelligence
augmentation

compounded evolved made to to among fit

effect
large them his to

means

employed

generally has been

statistical individual needs but

populations
and

attempt

abilities
is not to

individual

tends

evolve

own nor

variations
enough

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mutation
very the to human

and

selection

activity

selection

feedback
system the

significant opportunity individual cognitive

changes
for

good
significant

automated adaptation The

HLAMT
of

should

provide means

augmentation of

characteristics
powers would suggests require special

compounding that

effect tems be

fundamental for as

further that

sys

designed

maximum effectiveness
as

these

powers

developed

fully new

possibleby

training

mental

tricks

improved

language

methodology
45

In should levels in
it

the

automated on

system

that

we

contemplate

the

human
at

be in

able the

to draw repertoire

explicitartifact hierarchy

process artifacts the future

capability are

many explicitly

today
In

involved for

only should

the be

lowerorder
possible in his in to

capabilities
have computer
at

systems
direct expect

instance

processes

provide We thus

and the

sig
effect deal is picture type of in
of

nificant of the

help computer in

processes system

many

levels
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the

to

be very for many the

compounded

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richness implied the

the

future

possibilities more than do

automated people things

HLAMT
realize

hereconsiderably
as is just helping to

who

computer

them

they

do
of

now
change

compounding Section

related

the

reverberating

waves

discussed

IlA
Another factor
can the clear is exert this type of compound effect upon

overall
psychology

system seems

performance
to provide

humans
evidence

unconscious that

processes
proportion basically in

Clinical of prompted

large or

humans
by

everyday

activity mental

significantly

mediated

unconscious are not by

processes The trained

that

although

natural
of

functional processes the us irrationality will admit

sense

rational another
actions might for

observable

mechanisms includes so of

these of of

observable
of the

person
so

masking
that us few can

humans
actions

which
be

are

affected
and may most be

that fying

our

irrational
action that

construct

satis

ratibnales

any

challenged
general an effect upon for our

Anything
mental actions as in be is the that will

that

might

have
is

so

implied

here

certainly of our

candidate

ultimate

consideration

continuing the have first to

development stages of

intellectual on augmenting to do

effective
the

ness
human about may be

It

may

research being as well

intellect this one

proceed

without to
it

able as

anything This our

problem of of the

except very

accommodate

possible
awaits

significant

problems

whose

solution

development

increased

intellectual

effectiveness

46

III

EXAMPLES

AND

DISCUSSION

BACKGROUND

The the

conceptual of the

structure

which we

have

evolved

to

orient has

and

guide

pursuit in

increasing foregoing we shall

of

mants sections try to

intellectual in develop rather more

effectiveness general concrete for and

been

des

cribed
In

abstract of

fashion
these and
of

this

section
of

images

concepts
the

some

the

future these

possibilities different

augmentation
and

relationship
It

between

concepts deal
of

possibilities
and invention that are

must to be

be

borne

in mind

that the

great improved

study

is yet bound are

done and

in developing that to the

augmentation means
present in this

to

come

examples

which we
by the of

report which we

intended and and to

only

show

what

is meant on the we

generalizations reader develop for in the our

use
ness

provide
of

feeling the

part can are the

the

rich

power

improvements
of

likely

aug

mentation means
some have been

Many

the and

examples most of

realizable rest are We

today

in fact
straight
what with

realized

reasonably that

forward actually our

extrapolations develops in

into the new

the

near

future

predict will be

augmentation that the

means

consistent be full
of

conceptual

framework

but

particulars

will

sur

Each the human

of

the take

examples

will

show

facet

of

how

the

little can to and

steps be

that

can

with his

sensorymentalmotor
capabilities
of

apparatus artifacts

or

ganized

cooperatively things This the

of

with the
in the way

of

accomplish solving can be

significant

achieving have
of

comprehension shown in Section

problems
viewed where solving in point way the as much

organization
different structuring is the for human to the up

as we types that purpose where he

II
we

five the

structuring on in the

which

outlined
total

goes of

humans
mental is going

problem
which can

activity

building see what

structure on and

puts

can

direction

move

next

47

An

early

paper
fits was

offering well and

suggestions significantly

toward

augmenting the

the

human which
it

intellect
we have so

that

within

framework

developed

written by Vannevar
its points to

6h
that
it

1945
it

Indeed
deemed and

fits

well
to

and our

states

so nicely summarize

was

appropriate from
it at

purpose

here

in detail

to quote

considerable

length
Bush proposed War to be
II

Vannevar He cipal purpose who

in

wrote

as World to soon be to

was new

coming

to

an

end

and

his

prin
to those

seemed were
It

offer freed he

professional

objectives research

scientists

from warmotivated also wished to induce

and

development
recognition of of

would growing

seem

that

general

problemstorage
by intellectual

retrieval
to

and

manipulation
the

information he

for

and for such

workersand
of

show

possi
could

bilities

foresaw aid

scientific workers is in

development facing this

equipment He

which

significantly the

problem
of

summarized

situation
is

There
by the

growing and of

mountain
conclusions

research The
of thousands and of

investi
other the

gator

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findings methods

workers
results become

Professionally our
of

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is

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old

significant

attainments
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at

inconsequential
prodigious maze days to
of

The rate
the

summation the

human we use

experience for item

expanded the was

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means

threading
is

through same as

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momentarily

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the

used

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ships
for

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out

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But
come

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ray

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scientific use

records

points

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todayeg
expensive world reliability

calculating to produce has and

machine in

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of our
of

impossibly

earlier
at

eras an is

technological complex
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development
devices
of

arrived something

age bound

cheap come

great

to

it
48

In

six and to outline very

half

pages

crammed

full

of

wellbased
and

speculations develop

Bush ments

proceeds to

enough

plausible case
of

artifact the

methodology
of

convincing Extension

for

augmentation photographic

the

individual to

intellectual give each

worker

existing available

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miniature
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cording

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1001
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For the detailed

of

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and

logical

ex
by

pressions
subsequent proportion the

Bush

projects

which

surpassed

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individual the tasks

exercise

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his

time

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appropriate to the

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associated And application arguments cash on

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mathematical

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mathematician
may we some now day

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everyday same

affairs
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machine

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enter

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merely
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purposes

scientific by his

research

involves acquired

process

which man

profits

inheritance

of

49

knowledge indeed
experience acceptable week the could by

The There on

prime may be

action

of

use
of

is

selection thoughts
encased

arid

here the

we

are

halting
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millions are

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heart

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ineptitude
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at

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of mechanisms caused of that the by the

Our

record observes

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re
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advantage

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device use put and

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it

capability effect
its

points

out is

features and

This

material

relevant

so well

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quote

in

entirety
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Consider
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future

use
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is

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at

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name
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50

the repository freely

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51

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52

Wholly
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66

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67

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69

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102

very

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103

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104

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105

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106

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107

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spiral has upwards been
it

The but and once the

research the first

of

could

probably Section

indefinitely
verified best let to us say

hypothesis of our

see

IVA

reasonably would be

stated To

objectives describe and into are

satisfied
our

reorganize
that two

the

program activies
or

recommendation are and set up

here
of

research
is

in place group

Whether does not

split
matter the

turned

new of

formed

for

really to

herewe

speaking
of

separate

activities
that will

corresponding benefit from

responsible

pursuit

separate

goals

close

cooperation
assign as the job
of

To be used

Activity
specifically

developing by

augmentation the researchers

means of

to

tools

and

techniques

both

123

and Section lems of

This

establishes will now in the set

continuing up and

pursuit

for

Objective
studies the of

of

IVA
all the

subactivity
and of the isolates will best

that

prob

workers

succession means to

capabilities

for which should be

research with

develop

augment
to an

Activity
experimental To that can

equipped

artifacts

available

laboratory
assign the job into of developing augmentation systems This
It

Activity
be

practically direct and that

adopted continuing the first

realworld
of Goal

problem situations
of that well to Section

provides is to will up cal be be

pursuit

IVA
design to able the

assumed for

realworld
For in this

system
it

will be fit

computer

programmers

might
it

clean

the

laboratory

model

developed by

modify

practi

limitations and offer do

represented
it as

realworld
for

economics

working environments
Or Activity

etc
model

prototype

practical from the

adoption
experience

might

redesign

benefitting

with the

first

Activity
and in guide its the

will succession

need of of

subactivity developments increased be the as

to that

study
it

its

potential

users

pursues
among subject

Activity workers matter in in From can more general

continued

pursuit

effectiveness for basic

idealized the the

environment
of

will

source for and

developments continuously

as well

its

tools

and

techniques
of

expanding

knowledge

developments for

organize

successive

practical

systems

suitable

ever

utilization
We and have assumed that what was developed not By being this in

was
to

primarily

language

methodology

with the
the trends that and

artifacts

subject second

appreciable enough of has been

modification learned computer types be for about

during the

research
and

phase
type can be

possibilities

for

this

online man
for the

cooperation

some

wellbased
to

guidance artifact to

derived that

of modifications

extensions could perhaps storage

capability derive

would guidance in

most

valuable

Activity

continue

longrange
innovations

equipment

development systems

developing

laboratory or

computers

display

systems

communication

systems

124

but

at

least

experimenting of

with

the

incorporation

of

the

new

artifact

innovations

others
of the the out type of guidance discussed within derived in the that the from this research might

An be

example

extracted We and

from point

concepts there symbol of the

Section computer represent than there

Structure
might be of

Types
built the

that

manipulated structures which

structures to

better would To the any

images symbol

concept

interest human could

human

structure computer

with

work directly
which of can this

human
to him that be

the

represents image From

special of any

instrument characteristic

display structure would depends

comprehensible be of of

may

interest

our

conceptual human all to

of

viewpoint harness
the

this but
it

source upon the would

tremendous being form is

power able

for to

the

computer be in

read

stored to

information

which
if

essentially borne out

incomprehensible there would be

human
less

Now
value

this in

conjecture image other much this

considerably is now

micro
In

informationstorage

systems

than

generally

presumed

words
more and

we

now

conjecture
if

that in

future

reference

information The

will

be
of

valuable other

stored

computersensible
from our

form

validity

conjectures questions that this

stemming

conceptual of

framework

could

represent
It is

critical

to manufacturers

information

systems

obvious To carry

this to we

report something present

stems of

from

generalized

largeview
to the

thinking
research

final

view

relative be itself its

recommendations
by this

Fig

which
is

should

largely by the are of

selfexplanatory
bootstraps siphoned the in new fact be to up the

time
of

Activity

lifting and and of our and

scale

intellectual Getting most critical of

capability
acceptance problems all by help

products

the

world to

via the

application society Activity

techniques be the most

might

critical should be

problem given and

then
from

would

one

which

special

There
is

is

another to as goal

general for as

longrange

picture

to

present
that the

This would

in regard to

practically

usable might

system call

want

develop Computer

soon

possible

You

this

first

general

Augmentation

SystemCAUGI
125

pronounced

cogone

Attacking
by those of dearth

the who

critical can

problems new

of

our

initiate but by

methods and

that are discernible society toward their solution No

such

now

expansion

reordering

of

the

list

gradually

affected

Isolating and those of who

critical

problems
among pursuit these those the

educating can their

awareness initiate

and Productdevelopment manufacture of augmentation

artifacts
and economic

and

organizational of

solutions
are assumed

Among
to be as

problems

es

problems
of

Ml

tablishing
and

and of

as well clarifying available critical

staffing training realworld operating

problems and

objectives resources

allocating solving

augmentation systemsall to make wider utili possible zation of powerful

aug

mentation

systems

Specialapplication
derive augmentation this

research
systems involves

building

on

basic

LAMT
to

developments given of

to

A3

problemsolving
Mostly

tasksamong

specifically applicable the first of which are expansion of language and

realworld
and in

those

methodology

develonin

appropriate

hiflerlevel

canabilities

Basic where

augmentation the

researchempirically specialcapability applications

and

totalsystem
for are

oriented

selected

development among those in

to provide critical to
spirit of

necessary and

research

focus
of

experimental from picked are adopted

Successful application

techniques new

experimental

Other

disciplines

relevant

to

basic

Aug

Res

linguistics

artificial display

eg

psychology
and

computer intelligence automated technology

technology

Fig
Total Program

Suggested relationship the major activities involved in achieving among the stated of objective human essentially significantly boosting power in and Solid lines represent information or artifacts subject used or generated within an activity and dashed lines represent special tools and techniques Subject for

connect

product

the activity in the box to which they doing of an activity output solid can be used as

material working input solid or as tools and techniques input dashed Tools and techniques as used or needed in an activity output dashed can be used as either to work on input solid or as tools and techniques to work with input dashed

126

It

would

be

derived needed

from what by both Give and

was

assessed

to be

the

basic human

set and

of an

capabilities mentation almost his any

generalproblemsolving

aug
in

researcher discipline
and expect

CAUGI
he has

to the

realworld
basic

problem

solver

capabilities

for that

structuring almost

arguments could

plans
to

organizing

special

files
to these

etc

anyone

need
are

In addition those and for of

directapplication
necessary process the for

capabilities
analyzing

however tasks

provided

capabilities evaluating him to new

problem

developing be required features

capa

bilities
tem to

etc
to

as

would

extend

CAUGI
the

sys
way he

match to

the

special

his

problem

area

and

likes

work
other

In

words

CAUG

represents tool kit

basic with

problemsolving
to extend the
In

tool

kit

plus tool quent

an kit

auxiliary to match

toolmakers
the

which

basic

particular could each

job be

and

particular out

worker

subse

IJG CAUGIll etc

evermorepowerful
to the basic capabilities

phases

Activity

turning

successive that

generations match an manner

incorporating hierarchy in an

features

capability of

evermoreefficient

the

human

127

SUMMAJtY

This human An been

report

has
In

treated the

one

overall
the

view

of

the

augmentation have been

of

intellect
hypothesis

report

following

things

done
has

has

been

presented
of

conceptual augmented man has

framework been

constructed
research approach

picture
has been

described
be

outlihed

These

aspects

will

re

viewed

here

briefly
hypothesis has of been human stated can that be the intellectual improved

An

effectiveness by an

significantly toward

engineeringlike
components framework of looking

approach of

redesigning

changeable

system
been the constructed implications from the this that and helps

conceptual provide bilities way

has
at

possi

surrounding this framework are the

stemming provides

hypothesis
that

Briefly
our

realization by means

intellects to have

already following

augmented

which

appear

characteristics
are the language learned

The and

principal

elements that

artifacts
to

methodology
elements operating structure to be best are

human

has

use
within

The an

dynamically

interdependent

system
of the system as seems to be

The and

hierarchical
of are process the

considered

hierarchy components the

capabilities basic human of

whose

primitive and

capabilities the

functional are

capa

bilities

artifactswhich

organized

successively

into

evermoresophisticated

capabilities
The capabilities of prime interest are those concepts

associated

with manipulating symbols

128

and

in

support which and

of are

organizing ultimately

and

executing human

processes

from

derived

compre

hension

problem
of

solutions
the symbol manipulation processes evolution associated seems
of

The

automation

with the
offer

minutebyminute
logical next step

mental in the

to

our

intellectual

capability
implications based Here and promise direct ways
of

picture

of been

the

this

frame
communi
the

work has
cation computer augmented picture and

described computer
be of

upon the
at

human

with could

many

in which levels This of

service
have but we

successive brought
it

capability
is

been

out
to and be

fanciful
of

believe
of

conservative

representative that are

the to be

sort

rich

significant

gains

there

pursued
for the testing the hypothesis

An approach
of Item which to

has and we

been for feel the the

outlined pursuing are

rich

and

significant is

gains
designed by

promised
of and

This

approach

treat from

redesign bottom

capability yet to as

hierarchy the as

reworking on by for This

up

make fast

research possible systems

augmentation deriving

means

progress usable solvers the into

practically problem by

augmentation
at

realworld
goal is

maximum
of

rate

fostered

recommendation the
of

incorporating

positive concentrating upon

feedback good

research the

develop

mentie
research in human

share

basic

attention that The are

augmenting in the

those

capabilities

needed

augmentationresearch
would for be pursued

workers
by

realworld
succession

applications of systems to the

designing

specialists

whose progression
generality augmentation of the means

corresponds capabilities have been

increasing coordinated

for which

evolved

Consideration

129

is

given

in this users with from

rather

global

approach domains of

to

providing

potential activity system special their other

in different basic they

of

intellectual

generalpurpose
themselves system
it

augmentation construct their used to the and

which

can match be

features ways hand of by

of

to

jobs
on the the

workingor
researchers special

could wanted

who

pursue for

development special

augmentation

systems

fields

130

VI

CONCLUSIONS

Three and

principal of

conclusions the ideas

may that

be

drawn been

concerning

the

significance

implications First

have

presented
effective solvers utilization the of most

any

possibility power
of

for

improving

the

the

intellectual

societys
is

mh

warrants

serious represents The for other their possibly contenders development an art or the for

This most

because

mans
resource are

problemsolving
possessed all by

capability

important

society
dependent for

first use

importance upon can that this

critically Any and

and

resource
directly

possibility

evolving to the

science

that
of

couple

significantly doubly

continued

development

resource

should

warrant

serious

consideration
the ideas presented are to be considered and the in both
of

Second
above

the

senses
To be

the

directdevelopment
the possibilities rewards how

sense have us

art

of but not do

sense
their have not or

sure
and until

longterm

implications
our

pursuit to wait to or

initial we

await the how

now
mental

By

view

we

do we

learn we

human to

processes more and now

work

have bigger

wait

until we

learn

make

computers powerful of what we

intelligent
economically know and

faster

can

begin on

developing the basis

feasible Pursuit into and the its

augmentation of further

systems

have

basic

knowledge and will

and

improved to be

machines integrated

will into now

continue the will but carry

unlimited improved not us only

future

want

art

augmentation orientation

systemsbut
and stimulation

getting for

started these

provide will out

pursuits
to

give the

improved

problemsolving

effectiveness

with which

Third

it

becomes the

increasingly

clear in

that

there
of

should

be

action

nowthe
and for on an

sooner

betteraction
scale
recommend We

number

research framework

communities and as plan

aggressive and we

offer these

conceptual be

action

that

considered

carefully

131

basis
at

for

action
serious

If

they

be

considered effort framework more

but

found be

unacceptable
toward to view of

then

least more

and

continued

should within

made

developing the or

acceptable toward

conceptual developing to

which
plan to

overall both

approach
This

acceptable and

action
who

is

an

open or

plea

researchers

those

ultimately toward the This the

motivate
possibility of

finance
of

direct

them

to

turn

serious that total

of

attention can treat

evolving

dynamic

discipline in cycle

problem discipline

improving aim
at

intellectual producing of the

effectiveness continuous improved

sense

should

improvementsincreased
for developing that new can

understanding mentation the

problem
improved

means

aug

systems
problem After and aimed the the

and

augmentation and sums

systems this for Why

serve workers in

worlds

solvers

in general spend great

disciplines
disciplines not consider

particular
understanding discipline the long

all

we

aimed

at

harnessing
at

nuclear

power
and

developing
In

understanding of the human

harnessing is

neural
really

power
the

run
of

power

intellect

much

more

important

two

132

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134

STANFORD
CALIFORNIA

INSTITUTE

Regional

Offices

and

Laboratories

Southern
820

California
Street

Laboratories

Mission

South

Pasadena

California

Washington
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17th

Office Street

NW
DC

Washington

New

York
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Office

Avenue 17 New

Room
York

1770

New

Detroit The 1025

Office Stevens
East Building

Maple

Road

Birmingham

Michigan

European

Office
37

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Switzerland

Japan
911

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Japan

uchisaiwaicho

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Hawaii

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England
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Street

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ly
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