Answers to AS problems in Chemical Ideas

Section 1.4
1 The particles in a gas are much further apart than in a liquid or solid. In a gas, therefore, the volume of the particles is a very small part of the total volume and does not significantly affect it. In a liquid or solid the particles are close together and their volumes must be taken into account when deciding on the total volume. 2 a CH4(g) + 2O2(g) CO2(g) + 2H2O(g) b Volume of oxygen is twice that of methane. c The volume of water vapour formed is twice the volume of methane burnt. 3 a H2(g) + Cl2(g) 2HCl(g) b Volumes of hydrogen and chlorine are the same. Volume of hydrogen chloride is twice the volume of hydrogen or chlorine. 4 a b 5 a e 2H2(g) + O2(g) 2H2O(l) 5 cm3 3 b 3 c 4 d 2 C3H4 (probably contains a triple bond or a benzene ring) 6 2.4 dm3 7 1.2 dm3 8 a 0.25 b 2 c 48 dm3 d 240 dm3 3 e 30 dm

Section 1.5
1 a i 0.02 dm3 ii 1.5 dm3 3 b i 220 000 cm ii 1600 cm3 2 There is 0.4 mole of sodium hydroxide dissolved in every dm3 of the solution. 3 a 0.5 b 0.4 c 1 d 0.2 e 0.05 f 0.002 4 a 2 b 2 c 5 d 0.2 e 4 f 0.2 5 a 0.25 b 0.2 c 5 d 0.4 e 0.5 f 0.125 6 a 40 g b 4g c 20 g d 0.4 g e 800 g f 1g 7 a 117 g b 3.95 g c 1.4 g d 9936 g e 0.00239 g f 2.385 g g 0.0126 g h 0.1825 g i 24.96 g j 13.895 g 8
Concentration/g dm3 31.5 13.4 0.6 Concentration/mol dm3 5.15 1.49 0.174 0.065

9 Na+ Cl + Na CO32 + Ag NO3 Mg2+ Br H+ SO42 (or HSO4) 10 a 1 mol dm3 b 0.02 mol dm3 3 c 0.3 mol dm d 0.4 mol dm3 11 a 0.0019 mol b 0.0019 mol c 0.076 mol d 0.076 mol dm3 or 2.77 g dm3 12 a 0.0022 mol b 0.0044 mol c 0.176 mol d 0.176 mol dm3 13 a 7.75 104 (0.000 775) mol dm3 b 0.0574 g dm3 14 a 0.0025 b 0.0025 c 25 cm3 15 a 0.02 mol b 0.04 mol c 1 dm3 d 500 cm3 e 20 cm3

Section 2.1
1
Isotope carbon-13 oxygen-16 strontium-90 iodine-131 iodine-123 Symbol
13 6

Atomic number 6 53 53

Mass number 90 131 123 Electrons 35 35 17 17

Number of neutrons 8 78 70

3 a Ar(Br) = 79.9 b Ar(Ca) = 40.1 4 a 100 x b 193x c 191(100 x) d 193x + 191(100 x) e [193x + 191(100 x)] 100 f 60% iridium-193, 40% iridium-191 5 40% antimony-123; 60% antimony-121 6 25% rubidium-87

2
Protons a b c d 35 35 17 17 Neutrons 44 46 18 20

Salters Advanced Chemistry, Pearson Education Ltd 2008. University of York. This document may have been altered from the original.

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Answers to AS problems in Chemical Ideas

Section 2.2
1 a 238 Pu 234 U + 4 He 2 92 94 b 221 Fr 217 At + 4 He 87 85 2 c 230 Th 226 Ra + 4 He 88 2 90 0 2 a 90 Sr 90 Y + 1 e 38 39 0 b 131I 131 Xe + 1 e 53 54 231 231 0 c 90 Th 91 Pa + 1 e 3 a 7 Li + 1 p 24 He 3 1 2 b 14 N + 1 n 14 C + 1 p 7 0 1 6 c 14 N + 4 He 17 O + 1 p 7 8 2 1 d 27 Al + 4 He 30 P + 1 n 13 2 15 0 4 226 Ra 222 Rn 218 Po 214 Pb 86 84 82 88 a a a 0 5 232 Th 64 He 41 e 208 Pb 2 82 90 6 a 5g b 0.625 g c 4.5 104 s d 0.039 g 7 b Approx. 4.3 g c Approx. 185 days 8 a 36 counts 18 is one half-life 18 counts 9 is a second half-life Two half-lives = 2 5730 = 11 460 years Date built = current year (e.g. 2008) 11 460 = 9452 BC b Some possible reasons for caution: Calculation assumes levels of 14C to 12C in atmosphere have remained constant over this time period. Very small amounts of the isotopes are being measured, particularly 14C, therefore precision errors may be significant. No loss/gain of either isotope in the intervening time. Half-life assumed to remain constant. No contamination from older material or modern material.

Section 2.3
1 No. Isotopes have the same number of protons and the same number of electrons. 2 4
Electronic shell configuration 2.4 2.8.4 Group 3 6 1 1 1 Period 2 3 2 3 4

nucleus plus filled shell 1

Core

Outer shell

with seven electrons

5 Elements A, C and E are in the same group. 3 a 2.1 b 2.8.5 c 2.8.8.2

Section 2.4
1 s block: metals p block: mixture of metals and non-metals d block: metals f block: metals 2 a The electron is in the first electron shell. b The electron is in an s type orbital. c There are two electrons in this orbital. 3 a s block b p block c p block d f block e d block f p block g f block h s block 4 Z = 16. The element is sulfur. 5 a Chlorine b Potassium c Titanium d Tin 6 a 1s2 2s2 2p1 b 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p3 c 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p5 d 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 e 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d6 4s2

Section 2.5
1 a X is in Group 1. b Y is in Group 0. Group 1 elements have a single electron in their outer shell, which they lose readily. Noble gases in Group 0 have 2 or 8 electrons in their outer shell and it is difficult to remove one of these electrons. 2 a 1st ionisation Ca(g) Ca+(g) + e 2nd ionisation Ca+(g) Ca2+(g) + e 3rd ionisation Ca2+(g) Ca3+(g) + e b Once an electron has been removed the remaining electrons are held more tightly. Hence it is more difficult to remove a second electron. c Second ionisation enthalpy involves removal of an electron from shell 4 but third involves removal of an electron from the completely filled shell 3 which is closer to the nucleus. 3 The second ionisation enthalpy for sodium is high because removing a second electron involves removing an electron from the full second shell. This requires much more energy than removing the second electron from the third shell of magnesium which is further from the nucleus. 4 a Attraction between the nucleus and the outermost electron decreases on going down the group because there are more filled shells of electrons between the nucleus and the outermost electron. These shield the positively charged nucleus from the outermost electron, thus reducing its attraction to the electron. b There is a regular pattern in the decrease in values.

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Salters Advanced Chemistry, Pearson Education Ltd 2008. University of York. This document may have been altered from the original.