EFH Chapter 3 Hydraulics Final Draft Not an official document

July 2008

The chamber should have a height of D/2 = 0.5 ft = 6 in, and a minimum diameter of
Dc D2 2 (1 ft ) 2 2 0 . 7 ft . 07

The distance from the water intak to the air vent should be at least e L = 1.76 V D = 1.763.18 1 = 5.60 ft ____________________________________ ____________________________________
0333. Pressure Relief Valv 3 es

P ressure relief valves (or p ressure safety valves) in p elines can be used to control or ip limit the local p ressure in the event of a hy draulic transient (unsteady flow) caused by a sudden valve closure, a p ump failure, or a sudden demand increase. The valves release some of the water flowing in the p eline onto the air or into a secondary p eline if the ip ip local p ressure gets larger than a p reset value. Details on the op eration of p ressure relief valves are available from the valve manufacturers. I the analy of p e network n sis ip s, p ressure relief valves can be rep laced by a constant head reservoir whose elevation corresp onds to the p ressure setting in the valve.
0333. Surge/ Chambers 4 Air

S urge or air chambers are vertical chambers, ty ically of cy p lindrical crosssection and op to the atmosp en here, attached to p elines to allow p ip ressure relief during hy draulic transients. They p erform a similar role as p ressure relief valves, ex t that instead of cep releasing water flow to another p eline, they allow the water surface level in the ip chamber to increase in resp onse to a local p ressure increase. During a hy draulic transient (unsteady flow) the water surface in the chamber will oscillate until a steady state is recovered. S urge chambers are ty icallyused in p p enstock feeding hy s droelectric turbines. F igure 8 below, shows a schematic of a surge chamber in a p - ip 9, ump p eline sy stem. The surge chamber in this case would help dissip a p ate ressure wave that may result after a sudden failure of the p . The sy ump stem also includes a check valve that shuts off flow as the flow reverses.

Figure 89. Schematic of pump-pipeline system protected with a surge chamber.

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EFH Chapter 3 Hydraulics Final Draft Not an official document

July 2008

F the situation illustrated in the figure above, if the crossor sectional area of the surge chamber is Ac and that of the p eline is A, the max ip imum height S of the water surface in the chamber above its steady state level (i.e., the amp litude of the oscillation) is calculated as Q Ac L S , [ . 21 Eq 4 ] Ac A g where Q is the steady state discharge, L is the length of p eline between the up ip stream reservoir and the check valve, and g is the acceleration of gravity ( 9 m/2 = 32.2 = .81 s ft/2). The time req s uired for the water level in the chamber to first reach its max imum height (half the p eriod of the oscillation) is calculated as S Ac L T . [ . 22 Eq 4 ] 2 A g The water in the chamber will oscillate until friction in the p e, and in the chamber, ip slows down the oscillation and p roduces a comp flow shut off in the p e up lete ip stream of the check valve. Notice that in the absence of a check valve, flow reversal will occur through the p umpwhich could affect its op eration after start up . ____________________________________ ____________________________________
Ex ample 1 3Surge chamber calculation 1

Let the p eline in F ip igure 8 be a 10- diameter p eline, and the length from the sup ly 9 ft ip p reservoir to the checkvalve be 3000 ft. I the p e carries a steady state discharge of 84 f ip 3 cfs, determine the max imum water surface increase in a surge chamber of crosssectional area Ac = 314ft2. I the static level at the chamber is H0 = 500 ft, how high will the water f level reach in the surge tank W hat is the time T req ? uired to reach the max imum water elevation? S olution W ith D = 10 ft, the p e area is (Eq [ ] ip . 38 ): A = SD2/ = 3.14 ( ft) / = 78.54ft2, 4 6 10 2 4 W ith L = 3000 ft, Q = 8 3 cfs, g = 32.2 ft/s2, then 4
S Q Ac Ac L A g 8 3 ft 3 / s 4 314ft 2 u 3000 ft 314ft 2 7 .54ft 2 u 32.2 ft / s 2 8 51.8 ft 1

Thus, the max imum water level is H = H0 + S = 500 ft + 51.81 ft = 551.81 ft. The time req uired for T

S
2

Ac L A g

3.14 16 314ft 2 u 3000 ft 2 7 .54ft 2 u 32.2 ft / s 2 8

30.31 s

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