Endocrine 6.5.7, H.1.3-H.1.4, H.2.

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By: Asfa Siddiqui, Ashley Birakos

6.5.7 State that the endocrine system consists of glands that release hormones that are transported in the blood.
Endocrine glands secrete hormones Hormones: chemical messengers that most often have a psychological effect far from the gland of its origin Hormones are transported through the blood stream to target cells Target cell: a cell affected by a hormone Hormones are under the control of a negative feedback mechanism There are some exceptions such as oxytocin which is affected by positive feedback Positive feedback: A feedback mechanism resulting in the amplification or growth of the output signal Glands may exist alone or in pairs

Gland Hypothalamus Pineal Pituitary Parathyroid Thyroid Thymus Adrenal Pancreas Ovary Testes Heart

Hormone
Melatonin Many Parathyroid Hormone T3 & T4 Thymosin Norepinephrine Insulin and Glucagon Estrogen Testosterone Atrial natriuretic peptide 7

Action
Helps pituitary gland secrete hormones Helps regulate sleep and reproductive cycles Regulates breakdown of calcium and metabolism in the body Regulation of metabolism Stimulates development of T-cells Increases in heart rate Regulate blood sugar levels in the body Instrumental in breast development Development of male reproductive tissues Helps regulate Na and H2O balance

H.1.3 Recognize the differences between the mode of action of steroid hormones and protein hormones
Steroid hormone Synthesized from cholesterol Classified as a lipid Contains a double layer of phospholipids Easily pass through cell membranes Non-polar Once into cell cytoplasm it binds to receptor protein and forms a hormone receptor complex. It then passes through the nuclear membrane and binds selectively to certain genes Hormones can inhibit or induce transcription Control production of proteins in the target cell Steroid hormones cause their target cells to dramatically alter their biochemistry Ex. progesterone and testosterone

Hormone Type
Steroid Peptide

Example
Oestrogen Insulin

Effect
Increase thickness of the uterine lining Promotes glucose uptake by body cells
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Steroid Hormones : Mechanism of Action

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CaMKuXKZ70g

H.1.3 Recognize the differences between the mode of action of steroid hormones and protein hormones
Protein (peptide) hormone Binds to a specific receptor protein on the outer surface of a target cell Presence or absence of a hormones receptor protein determines if the cell is a target cell The union of the hormone and the receptor has an effect on the enzyme adenylate cyclase which is bound to the other side on the membrane (enzyme goes from being inactive to active) This enzyme causes ATP to break down into cyclic AMP Once a hormone chemically bonds to a receptor protein a secondary messenger molecule, cyclic AMP is triggered in the cytoplasm of the cell The cyclic AMP activates protein kinase which then causes the target cell to respond to the hormone activation by inciting a distinctive physiological function Note: a peptide hormone doesnt enter the cell... why? Secondary messenger molecule in the cytoplasm results in the action associated with the hormone
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Steroid vs. Protein

Table 18.2 in Tortora

Steroid
Enter cells and interact with genes directly
Lipophillic- tend to combine with or dissolve in lipids or fats

Protein
Bind to receptors in membrane which causes a release of a secondary messenger inside the cell Charged and cannot cross the membrane Live for minutes Most hormones made from proteins Secreted by pituitary, parathyroid, heart, stomach, liver & kidney Consist of chains of 3 to 49 amino acids Water soluble
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Live for days Lipids derived from cholesterol Secreted by gonads, adrenal cortex & placenta Act slowly but act over a long period of time Lipid Soluble

Steroid vs. Protein Video

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AhVRNbcaTIA

H.1.4 Outline the relationship between hypothalamus and the pituitary gland

The pituitary gland produces many different hormones These hormones influence the production and secretion of other hormones This is all controlled by the action of the hypothalamus The pituitary gland is made up of two lobes

Ward, William, and Alan Damon. Pearson Baccalaureate: Higher Level (plus Standard Level Options) : Biology Developed Specifically for the Ib Diploma. Harlow, [England: Pearson Education, 2007. Print.
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Posterior lobe

Contains axons of neurosecretory cells These cells are very long with dendrites and cell bodies that are located in the hypothalamus Variety of hormones are produced at the cell body end of these cells which then move down the axon into the posterior gland

"Posterior Pituitary." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 12 June 2012. Web. 1 Dec. 2012.
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Anterior lobe
Hypothalamus contains capillary beds which takes in hormones produced by hypothalamus itself These hormones are called releasing hormones Ex. Gonadotrophin (GnRH) Capillary beds join together into a vessel called the portal vein which extends into the anterior pituitary lobe The portal vein branches into a second capillary bed and allows the releasing hormones to enter the blood stream Those hormones travel to their target cells in the anterior pituitary lobe These releasing hormones cause the anterior pituitary to release other specific hormones GnRH causes the secretion of both follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and lutenizing hormone (LH)

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H.2.4 Outline the control of digestive juice secretion by nerves and hormones, using the example of the secretion of gastric juice.
The body does not always secrete digestive juices Juices are secreted at the right times to help hydrolyze the type of molecule currently in need of digestion Ivan Pavlov Shows how seeing or smelling food prepares the body for digestion Measured the drops of saliva from dogs after the food bell was rung Proves how the nervous system controls the salivary glands When food enters stomach, receptors within the stomach wall are stimulated and send sensory signals to the brain Brain responds by making the stomach release the proper amount of gastric juice Distention of the stomach results in the production of a hormone called gastrin Gastrin leads to the sustained release of gastric fluid and the HCl acid component in the stomach
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Endocrine vs. Exocrine

Endocrine
Secrete into the

Exocrine
Secrete into the
"Endocrine System Diagram for Understanding Hormones." Endocrine System Diagram for Understanding Hormones. N.p., n.d. Web. 1 Dec. 2012.

internal environment external environment No ducts Have ducts Secrete other Secrete hormones substances such as sweat, oil, wax, enzymes, etc.

"Findingtheinnerme." Findingtheinnerme. N.p., n.d. Web. 1 Dec. 2012.

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Review Video!
http://www.youtube.com/watch?=WVrlHH14q3o

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Test Questions!
May 4, 2006 Paper 2 7. (a) Outline the regulation of pregnancy by two named hormones.[4] (b) Describe the principles of synaptic transmission in the nervous system. [6] (c)Explain homeostasis giving two specific examples that show the role of the endocrine or the nervous system. [8]
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